Central steam heating system Central Heating is a heating system in which air or water is heated at a central point and sent through the whole interior of a building via vents or pipes and radiators to provide warmth in multiple rooms or parts of a building. Central heat sources can be boilers for oil, gas, biomass or solar heating systems. Depending on the size of the building and available energy sources, a central heating solution might have multiple shapes.

1. CENTRAL STEAM HEATING SYSTEM
Presented by:
Maaz Khan
Zavain Rehman
Usman Pervez
H.M Immad Tariq
Awais Iqbal
HP
By Group B
REG # 234
REG # 236
REG# 245
REG# 233
REG # 230

2. By Group B
[CENTRAL STEAM HEATING SYSTEM]
ABSTRACT
In this report we discuss thoroughly about the central heating system, it provides some
recommendation to upgrade and improve the efficiency of central heating system in
houses, For that first a basic view of the heat load and heat load calculation. Secondly
the perimeters used to overcome the heat losses which can effects the energy
efficiency of the heating system. Third case, we discuss about the boiler and the types
of boiler used normally and the basic importance of using them. In fourth case we
discuss bout the radiator used and there types. Heat load, radiator, boiler, pipes
calculation
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3. By Group B
[CENTRAL STEAM HEATING SYSTEM]
TABLE OF CONTENT
Abstract
Main Text:
CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEM
5
1.
Introduction_______________________________________________________________________5
1.1
How central heating system works___________________________________________________5
SECTIONS:
2. HEAT LOAD
6
2.1
What is Heat Load______________________________________________________________6
2.2
Factors Affecting Comfort in winter______________________________________________6
2.3
Mathematical Calculation_______________________________________________________7
2.3.1
Calculation ________________________________________________________________9
2.3.1.1
Apartment#1 ___________________________________________________________9
2.3.1.2
Apartment#2___________________________________________________________11
2.4
Table____________________________________________________________________15
2.5
assumption_______________________________________________________________15
3. INSULATION OF WALLS/ROOF/BOILER AND CONNECTING PIPES
16
3. What is Insulation_________________________________________________________________ 16
3.1
Types of Insulation______________________________________________________________17
3.1.1 Insulation Used________________________________________________________________17
3.2
4.
table___________________________________________________________________________17
BOILER SELECTION
4.1 What is Boiler_____________________________________________________________________18
4.2 Types of Boiler___________________________________________________________________18
4.3 Selection of Boiler________________________________________________________________18
4.3.1
Fire tube boiler_______________________________________________________________18
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[CENTRAL STEAM HEATING SYSTEM]
4.3.2
Our boiler specification __________________________________________________18
4.3.3
Types of Fuel Used in Boiler_______________________________________________19
4.3.4
Benefits are ____________________________________________________________19
4.3.5
Combustion energy______________________________________________________19
4.4
Boiler Losses and Measure of Efficiency__________________________________________20
4.5
Boiler Accessories___________________________________________________________ 21_
4.6 Calculations__________________________________________________________________22
5
T-S DIAGRAM
6
PLUMBING
23
24
6 What is Plumbing__________________________________________________________________24
6.1.
Types of Piping_______________________________________________________________24
6.1.1 One pipe ___________________________________________________________________24
6.1.2 Two pipe ___________________________________________________________________24
6.2 Selection of Piping______________________________________________________________25
6.3 Steam Mains for gravity flow______________________________________________________25
7
RADIATOR SELECTION
26
7.1
What is Radiator_______________________________________________________________26
7.2
Types of Radiator______________________________________________________________26
7.3 Working ______________________________________________________________________29
7.4
Material _____________________________________________________________________29
7.5 Radiator selection_____________________________________________________________29
7.5.1 Material selection _________________________________________________________29
7.6
Sizing _______________________________________________________________________30
7.6.1
for apartment #2, 3, ______________________________________________________30
7.6.2 for apartment # 1_________________________________________________________30
8 BIOGRAPHY AND REFERENCE
31
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[CENTRAL STEAM HEATING SYSTEM]
CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEM
1
INTRODUCTION:
A central heating system provides warmth to the whole interior of a building (or portion of a building)
from one point to multiple rooms. When combined with other systems in order to control the
building climate, the whole system may be an HVAC (heating, ventilation and air conditioning) system.
Central Heating is a heating system in which air or water is heated at a central point and sent through the
whole interior of a building via vents or pipes and radiators to provide warmth in multiple rooms or parts
of a building.
Central heat sources can be boilers for oil, gas, biomass or solar heating systems. Depending on the size
of the building and available energy sources, a central heating solution might have multiple shapes.
1.1
HOW CENTRAL HEA TING SYSTEM WORKS
Central heating system as a continuous circuit moving steam out from the boiler, through all the radiators in
turn and then back again to pick up more heat The water is permanently sealed inside the system (unless it's
drained for maintenance); the same water circulates around your home every single day.
1. Natural gas enters your home from a pipe in the street. All the heat that will warm up your home is
stored, in chemical form, inside the gas.
2. The boiler burns the gas to make hot jets that play on a copper pipe
containing water. The copper pipe bends back and forth several
times through the gas jets so it picks up the maximum amount of
heat (in other words, the pipe works as a heat exchanger). The heat
from the gas is transferred to the water.
3. An electric pump pushes the heated water through the system.
4. The water flows around a closed loop inside each radiator, entering
at one side and leaving at the other. Because each radiator is giving
off heat, the water is cooler when it leaves a radiator than it is
when it enters. After it's passed through all the radiators, the water
has cooled down significantly and has to return to the boiler to pick
up more heat. You can see the water is really just a heattransporting device that picks up heat from the gas in the boiler
and drops some of it off at each radiator in turn.
5. The pump is powerful enough to push the water upstairs through
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6. By Group B
[CENTRAL STEAM HEATING SYSTEM]
the radiators there.
6. A thermostat mounted in one room monitors the temperature and switches the boiler off when it's hot
enough, switching the boiler back on again when the room gets too cold.
7. Waste gases from the boiler leave through a small smokestack called a flue and disperse in the air.
2
HEAT LOAD:
2.1
WHA T IS HEA T LOAD?
Heat load (including heat loss, or
heat gain) is the term for the amount of
heating (heat loss) or cooling (heat gain)
needed to maintain desired temperature
and humidity in controlled air (e.g., in a
structure). Regardless of how wellinsulated and sealed a building is, buildings
gain heat from warm air or sunlight or
lose heat to cold air and by radiation.
Engineers use heat load calculations to
determine the HVAC needs of the space
being cooled or heated.
2.2
FACTORS AFFECTING COMFORT IN WINTER
1. TEMPERATURE difference between the inside and outside of the building is the primary cause
of heat loss in the winter months. The greater this difference, the higher the rate of heat loss.
Since most buildings are controlled to a constant inside temperature by the occupants, higher
heat loss occurs when it is colder outside.
2. WIND is the second greatest source of heat loss during the winter. High winds can occur on
the cold nights and when they do, heat loss can be higher because of air scrubbing the outside of
the space covering. Winds can also force their way through cracks in the structure, causing
infiltration and drafts. In fact, up to one-third of the annual heating energy goes to heat this
moving infiltration air many times each winter day.
3. HUMIDITY levels can also affect the comfort within a structure. Very low humidity levels (less
than 20% relative humidity) cause scratchy throats and dry noses in most people.
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[CENTRAL STEAM HEATING SYSTEM]
4. RADIATION sources can also affect comfort in a structure. The sun shining through a window
will make a room very comfortable in winter; that same sun could make it unbearable in summer.
Walls and windows also release and absorb radiation. A Trobe wall heated by the sun will keep a
room feeling warm with an air temperature less than 60°F. A large expanse of cold glass windows
can also make a room feel chilly
2.3
MA THEMA TICAL CALCULA TION
The heat loss is divided into two groups:
1) The conductive heat losses through the building walls, floor, ceiling, glass, or other surfaces,
2) The convective infiltration losses through cracks and openings, or heat required to warm
outdoor air used for ventilation.
We neglect the infiltration and ventilation losses across the walls of apartments.
Q = A * U * (Ti – To)
Where
Q = Total hourly rate of heat loss through walls, roof, glass, etc in
Btu/hr
U = Overall heat-transfer coefficient of walls, roof, ceiling, floor, or
glass in Btu/hr ft2 F
A = Net area of walls, roof, ceiling, floor, or glass in ft2
Ti = Inside design temperature in °F
To = Outside design temperature in °F
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8. By Group B
[CENTRAL STEAM HEATING SYSTEM]
Heat loads of the Apartments is equal to Heat load across wall + Across Windows+ across
Roof Ceiling + Across Floor
Resistivity value of different materials used is as follows:
R(brick) per
inch
0.2
9 * 0.2 = 1.8
U=
R (gypsum) per
5/8 inch
R(Cellulose) per inch
0.45
3
2.5*3=7.5
𝟏
𝑹𝟏+𝑹𝟐+𝑹𝟑
U=0.102
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9. By Group B
2.3.1
[CENTRAL STEAM HEATING SYSTEM]
CALCULATION
2.3.1.1 APARTMENT # 1
Bedroom # 2
Walls:
A= 188 ft sq
U= 0.102
∆T= 56.7
U= 188 * 57.6 * 0.102
Q=1104.5 Btu/hr
Window:
A=16 ft sq
Double Pane with 1/4" air space R=1.69
width= 0.5”
R=1.69
U= 0.5
Q=0.5*57.6*16= 460 BTU/hr
Q=920 Btu.hr (for 2 windows)
Roof:
A=120 ft sq
R=7.05 U=0.1233
Polyutheren 1”
6.25
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[CENTRAL STEAM HEATING SYSTEM]
Q= 120 * 57.6 * 0.1233
Q=967.68 Btu/hr
Total Room 2
Q= 2991.68 Btu/hr
BEDROOM #1
Walls
Q=0.102*57.6*204 =1198.5 Btu/hr
Windows:
Q= 460 Btu/hr
Roof:
Q= 0.14*57.6*120=967.6 Btu/hr
Total Room # 1
Q= 2627 Btu/hr
TV ROOM:
Walls
A=344 ft sq
Q= 344*0.102*57.6=2021.1Btu/hr
Windows:
Q=460 Btu/hr
Roof:
Q=0.14*57.6*186=1500 BTU/hr
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[CENTRAL STEAM HEATING SYSTEM]
Total
Q= 3981 BTU/hr
TOTAL APT # 1
Q= 9600 BTU/hr
2.3.1.2 APARTMENT # 2
Bedroom 2
For the wall which are exposed to outside environment.
Ti= 89.6 F
To =32 F
U= 1/R (where R is the resistance)
Walls:
R(brick) per inch
R (gypsum) per 5/8 inch R(Cellulose) per inch
0.2
0.45
3
so for wall R= 9.75 ( 9” brick wall) + ( 2.5” cellulose)+(5/8” gypsum)
U=0.102
Area = 213 feet sq
∆T= 57.6 F
Q= U* ∆ T * A
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12. By Group B
[CENTRAL STEAM HEATING SYSTEM]
Q= 0.102*57.6*213 = 1226.88 BTU/hr
WINDOWS:
A=16 ft sq
Double Pane with 1/4" air space R=1.69
width= 0.5”
R=1.69
U= 0.5
Q=0.5*57.6*16= 460 BTU/hr
For 2 windows Q= 920 BTU/hr
ROOF/FLOOR:
A=151.2 ft sq
R=7.05 U=0.1233
Polyutheren 1”
R= 0.80
6.25
4” concrete
Q=151.2*57.6*0.14
=1235.3 BTU/hr
TOTAL H.L BEDROOM # 2:
= 3383.7 BTU/hr
Bedroom # 1
WALLS:
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[CENTRAL STEAM HEATING SYSTEM]
A= 229 ft sq
R=9.75
U = 0.102
Q = 229 * 0.102 * 57.6
Q= 1345.4 Btu/hr
Window:
Q= 460 BTU/hr
Roof:
Q= 1235.3 Btu/hr
TOTAL BEDROOM # 1
Q= 3040.7 BTU/hr
TV ROOM:
Walls:
A=104 ft sq
Q= 104*57.6*0.102
Q= 611.02 BTU/hr
Windows:
Q=460 BTU/hr
Roof:
Q=187.2 * 57.6 * 0.14
Q=1509.5BTU/hr
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14. By Group B
[CENTRAL STEAM HEATING SYSTEM]
TOTAL TV ROOM
Q= 2580 BTU/hr
HALL:
Walls:
A=60 ft sq
R=9.75
U=0.102
Q=350 * 57.6 * 0.102
Q=2056.32 BTU/hr
ROOF:
A= 143 ft sq
Q= 143*57.6 * 0.14
Q= 1153.15 BTU/hr
Total Q= 3209.47 BTU/hr
TOTAL APT # 2
Q=12213.87 BTU/hr
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15. By Group B
2.4
Apartment
[CENTRAL STEAM HEATING SYSTEM]
TABLE
Apartment
Apartment
Apartment
Apartment
#1
#2
#3
#4
Bedroom #1
(BTU/hr)
2627
3040.7
3040.7
3040.7
Bedroom #2
(BTU/hr)
2991.68
3383.7
3383.7
3383.7
TV Room
3981
2580
2580
2580
3209.47
3209.47
12213.87
12213.87
BTU/hr)
Hall
(BTU/hr)
_
Total
9600
2.5
3209.47
12213.87
ASSUMP TION :
The heat losses of Apartment 2 is equal to the heat losses of Apartment 3 and 4 because of the same
dimensions of the apartments and it is also assume that the heat loss from the floor of Apartment 2 is
equal to the heat loss from the floor of Apartment 3 and 4.
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3
[CENTRAL STEAM HEATING SYSTEM]
INSULATION
Insulation is the reduction of heat transfer (the transfer of thermal energy between objects
of differing temperature) between objects in thermal
contact or in range of radioactive influence. Reducing
the heat load can save energy and cut your running
costs. It can also reduce the capital cost of a system.
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[CENTRAL STEAM HEATING SYSTEM]
3.1 TYPES OF INSULA TION:
There are basically four different types of insulation you can use in your home:
Blankets of Insulation
- Fiberglass and Rockwool
Blown In Insulation
- Cellulose and Fiberglass
Spray Foam Insulation
- Open and Closed Cell
Foam Board Insulation
- EPS, XPS and ISO
3.1.1
INSULA TION USED:
The insulation which is used to insulate the walls of the are cellulose and gypsum while in windows, we
have use double glazed window which helps to lessen the amount of heat loss, on the other hand, we use
polyutheren as insulation which also helps to lower the heat losses.
R(brick)
per inch
0.2
9 * 0.2 = 1.8
R (gypsum)
per 5/8 inch
0.45
R(Cellulose) per inch
3
2.5*3=7.5
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4
[CENTRAL STEAM HEATING SYSTEM]
BOILER
4.1
WHA T IS BOILER?
A boiler is a closed vessel in which water or other fluid is heated. The heated or vaporized fluid exits the
boiler for use in various processes or heating applications, including central heating.
4.2 TYPES OF BOLILER
Fire tube boilers
Watertube boilers
Electric boilers etc
4.3 SELECTION OF BOILER
We selected fire tube boiler because:
4.3.1
FIRE TUBE BOILER
where the hot combustion gases pass down a tube and into subsequent bundles of tubes immersed below
water level. The heat from these gases is then transferred to heat the water. Most steam and hot water
boilers in the UK are derivatives of the shell type, which are also referred to as ‘fire tube’.
4.3.2
OUR BOILER SPECIFICA TION
Specification
Vertical Fire Tube Boiler
Efficiency
Medium
Floor Space Required
Very Low
Maintenance
Low
Initial Cost
Low
Pressure Range
15 psi
Typical Applications
Heating System
Temperature
Up to 240 F or 100 C
power
1.2 ton for APT #1 & 1.5 ton for APT #2, 3, 4
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4.3.3
[CENTRAL STEAM HEATING SYSTEM]
TYPES OF FUEL USED IN BOILERS
There are a wide range of fuels used. Boilers commonly burn standard hydrocarbon fuels, such as natural
gas, oil and coal, but some burn tallow or waste materials. Some boilers, known as dual-fuel boilers, can
burn gas or oil. This is useful in the rare cases where an interruptible gas supply contract is held. Coal
burners can be a variety of designs mainly centring on how the coal is fed to the boiler and burnt.
Currently, gas boilers are the most popular type of steamraising or hot-water-producing equipment.
So we are using natural gas
4.3.4
BENEFITS ARE:

Natural gas is convenient. The energy source is piped directly to the customer's facility through the
safe, efficient pipeline system. There's no need to store oil on site in tanks, or schedule oil deliveries .

There is an abundant supply of domestic natural gas. Over half of the oil used in this country is
imported. The price and supply of oil is susceptible to international events .

Natural gas is reliable. The pipeline system can't be easily damaged by weather or affected by weather
conditions. In contrast, oil must be trucked to the customer's location, and truck deliveries are
susceptible to weather conditions.

Natural gas is the cleanest burning fossil fuel. Because the combustion process for natural gas is
almost perfect, very few byproducts are emitted into the atmosphere as pollutants.
4.3.5
COMBUSTION ENERGY
 Flame thermal power (thermal load) Mixture composition, gas velocity, heat of combustion of
a fuel
 Heat of combustion higher heating value (HHV) (or higher calorific value lower heating value
(LHV) (or lower calorific value)
Fuel
HHV MJ/kg
LHV MJ/kg
Methane
Fuel + oxidizer
55.5
50
products + energy
Combustion is an exothermic reaction between fuel and oxidizer.
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20. By Group B
4.4
[CENTRAL STEAM HEATING SYSTEM]
BOILER LOSSES AND MEASURES OF EFFICIENCY
The operational efficiency of a boiler is measured by the percentage of the fuel input energy that is
eventually delivered as useful heat output. Not all of the heat released when the fuel is combusted can be
used and some potential heat is never released due to incomplete combustion. Major sources of heat loss
from steam boilers are through the flue gas, blow down and radiation to the boiler’s surroundings. See
Figure for a diagram of major losses; note that losses in the flue gas are the most significant. Many
measures of performance can be used to define efficiency. Two common ones are combustion efficiency
and boiler efficiency, the calculations of which are shown in the example. The box, right, shows how
efficiencies can be quoted. Bear in mind that figures may be expressed as either gross efficiency or net
efficiency, depending on whether the gross or the net calorific value of the fuel is used when calculating
the energy content of the fuel. Gross calorific value includes the energy (heat) that is held in the water
vapour formed during combustion of the fuel. This energy is not included in the net calorific value of a
fuel.
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21. By Group B
4.4.1
[CENTRAL STEAM HEATING SYSTEM]
CALCULA TIONS OF EFFICIENCY –A T A GLANCE
Calculations of efficiency – at a glance Combustion efficiency is defined as the percentage of energy in
the fuel that is released after combustion within the boiler. Some of the energy contained in the fuel is
lost due to incomplete combustion. Combustion efficiency (%) = (Actual energy released during
combustion x 100)/Total energy content of the fuel.
4.5
BOILER ACCESSORIES
LOW WATER CUT OFF SENSES water level in a steam boiler it will stop burner when water level falls
below a safe level.
A WATER COLUMN with a gauge glass when mounted on the side of the steam boiler allows the
operator to see water level.
A PRESSURE GAUGE AND THERMOMETER mounted or near the boiler outlet to check the
performance.
VENT is use for the exhaust of fuel gases
SAFETY RELIEF VALVE :
4.5.1
A Safety Relief Valve opens if boiler pressure is
excessive. An automatic system that relieves by
static pressure on both gas and liquid
4.5.2
THERMOSTA T:
 A Thermostat is a component of a control
system which senses the temperature of a system
so that the system's temperature is maintained
near a desired set point
 A room thermostat constantly measures the air temperature of a space and can be set to
whatever temperature you like. This prevents your home getting warmer than it needs to be.
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22. By Group B
[CENTRAL STEAM HEATING SYSTEM]
When the temperature falls below the setting, it switches on the central heating. Once the room
reaches the set temperature, the thermostat switches the heating off.
4.6
4.6.1
CALCULA TION
ASSUMTION
We assuming that the steam dryness factor x = 0.10
at temperature 115℃ and at 1.71 bar
So specific volume v=0.104
The volume of the combustion chamber V=3ft³ or 0.044m³
And the volume of pipes an radiators is 6.9 ft³
When Pipes diameter =2.5 inch
So total volume of the system = 0.27m³
Mass of water to be added in system is 2.5 kg
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23. By Group B
5
5.1.1
[CENTRAL STEAM HEATING SYSTEM]
T-S DIAGRAM
IN THIS DIAGRAM:
Process 1 to 2: water boil and convert in to steam (constant pressure ).
Process 2 to 3: steam works and passes through pipes
Process 3 to 4 : steam transfer its heat and get condens. (constant pressure ).
Process 4 to 1: work done on the system (pump) or gravitational work
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6
[CENTRAL STEAM HEATING SYSTEM]
PLUMBING
6.1
6.1.1
BASIC STEAM HEATING SYSTEMS
ONE-PIPE
In a one-pipe, gravity-flow system, each heating unit has a single pipe connection through which it
receives steam and releases condensate at the same time. All heating units and the end of the supply
main are sufficiently above the boiler water line so that condensate flows back to the boiler by gravity.
6.1.2
TWO-PIPE
In a two-pipe system, steam supply to the heating units and condensate return from heating units are
through separate pipes. Air accumulation in piping and heating units discharges from the system through
the open vent on the condensate pump receiver. Piping and heating units must be installed with proper
pitch to provide gravity flow of all condensate to the pump receiver.
6.2
SELECTION OF PIPE
We are using one pipe gravity flow system return. And copper tubing
Water circulation in a gravity system is achieved by the change in the density of the water as it is heated
by the boiler, which is normally situated at the lowest part of system. A column of hot water weighs less
than a column of cold water of the same volume and height, and the heated water will therefore rise from
the boiler and the colder water will fall back via the pipe work system to the boiler. The addition to the
pipe work of radiators and a heating coil within a storage cylinder utilizes the circulating steam to
provide heating and domestic steam
Copper tubing advantages
 Frictional resistance is less than steel resulting in the possibility of smaller pump and less power
consumption.
 It is not subject to oxidizing and scaling
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APT #
[CENTRAL STEAM HEATING SYSTEM]
Length
Diameter
Volume
Ground Floor
95‘
2.5”
6.83 cubic feet
First Floor
105’
2.5”
6.9 cubic feet
6.3 STEAM MAINS FOR GRAVITY FLOW
Correct pitch for horizontal supply mains and dry returns must be 1/4" min. in 10' in the direction of
steam and condensate flow. Arrows indicate direction of pipe pitch.
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[CENTRAL STEAM HEATING SYSTEM]
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27. By Group B
[CENTRAL STEAM HEATING SYSTEM]
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7
[CENTRAL STEAM HEATING SYSTEM]
RADIATOR
7.1
WHA T IS RADIA TOR?
Radiators are heat exchangers used to transfer thermal energy from one medium to another for the purpose
of cooling and heating. The majority of radiators are constructed to function in automobiles, buildings, and
electronics. The radiator is always a source of heat to its environment, although this may be for either the
purpose of heating this environment, or for cooling the fluid or coolant supplied to it, as for engine cooling.
7.2
TYPES OF RADIA TOR:
Following are the different types of radiators used in central heating systems.
* Hot Water Radiator
* Hot water Base Board Radiator
* Steam Radiator
* Fan Assisted Radiator
* Under Floor Radiator
* Electric Baseboard Radiator
* Portable Radiator
7.2.1
HOT WA TER RADIA TOR:
A hot-water radiator consists of a sealed hollow metal container filled with hot water by gravity feed, a
pressure pump, or convection. As it gives out heat, the hot water cools and sinks to the bottom of the
radiator and is forced out of a pipe at the other end.
7.2.2
HOT WA TER BASE BOARD RADIATOR
The radiators are designed to heat the air in the room using convection to transfer heat from the radiators to
the surrounding air. They do this by drawing cool air in at the bottom, warming the air as it passes over the
radiator fins, and discharging the heated air at the top. This sets up convective loops of air movement within
a room.
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7.2.3
[CENTRAL STEAM HEATING SYSTEM]
STEAM RADIA TOR
Steam has the advantage of flowing through the pipes under its own pressure without the need for pumping
7.3
WORKING
In practice, the term "radiator" refers to any of a number of devices in which a fluid circulates through exposed pipes
(often with fins or other means of increasing surface area), notwithstanding that such devices tend to transfer heat mainly
by convection and might logically be called convectors.
7.4
MATERIAL
 cast iron radiator
 steel radiator
 aluminum radiator
 copper and aluminum composite radiator
7.5
RADIATOR SELECTION
We are using STEAM RADIATOR because Steam has the advantage of flowing through the pipes under its
own pressure without the need for pumping.
7.5.1
MA TERIAL SELECTION
COPPER AND ALUMINUM COMPOSITE RADIATOR
Copper and aluminum composite radiator to copper pipe as the water component, is a Chinese
characteristics of the radiator, the biggest advantage is resistant to corrosion, also have some of the
characteristics of light radiator, is very suitable for independent heating system used in.
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30. By Group B
7.6
7.6.1
[CENTRAL STEAM HEATING SYSTEM]
SIZING
FOR APARTMENT #2 , 3, 4
Rooms
Length(mm)
Width(mm)
B.room 1
B.room 2
T.V room
Hall
7.6.2
Height(mm)
400
400
400
400
1400
1600
1200
1600
70
70
70
70
Rooms
Height(mm)
Length(mm)
Width(mm)
B.room 1
B.room 2
T.V room
400
400
400
1200
1400
1800
70
70
70
Heat transfer
(btuhr)
3340
3040.7
2580
3209.47
FOR APARTMENT # 1
Heat transfer
(btuhr)
3000
2627
3981
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31. By Group B
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[CENTRAL STEAM HEATING SYSTEM]
BIOGRAPHY AND REFERENCE:
http://www.techtransfer.com/resources/wiki/entry/734/#Boilers
http://www.csgnetwork.com/areainftandincalc.html
http://www.waset.org/journals/ijeas/v5/v5-3-29.pdf
http://inspectapedia.com/heat/Steam_Radiator_Piping.php
http://www.jhychina.com/enshownews.asp?id=235
http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/steam-heating-systems-d_474.html#
http://www.oldhouseweb.com/how-to-advice/hvac-steam-heating-systems.shtml
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-17NX9LUk80
Book:
BASIC STEAM HEATING SYSTEMS n One-Pipe n Two-Pipe by Hoffman IIT industries
Design of central heating boiler by technische University Eindhove
Steam and high temperature hot water boilers introducing energy saving opportunities for
business
GETTING THE MOST OUT OF HYDRONIC HEATING SYSTEMS
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