Its just a 101 of Aerodynamics.

1. Basics ofBasics of
AerodynamicsAerodynamics
Presented by:
Zubayer Al Billal Khan
Consultant
zubayer_007@yahoo.com
www.zubayer.name
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2. AerodynamicsAerodynamics
“A branch of dynamics that deals with the motion of air and
other gaseous fluids and with the forces acting on bodies in
motion relative to such fluids.”
Source: Merriam-Webster Online

3. Forces of FlightForces of Flight

4. Forces Of FlightForces Of Flight
Lift
Weight
Thrust
Drag
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5. Definitions: Forces Of FlightDefinitions: Forces Of Flight10/27/18 Zubayer Al Billal Khan 5

6. LiftLift

7. LiftLift
In addition to allowing the aircraft to fly,
changing the force of lift on various parts
of the aircraft allows the aircraft to be
maneuvered in flight
◦ We will review how lift is created first
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8. Physics ReviewPhysics Review
Newton’s laws summed up.
◦ 1st
- A body at rest tends to stay at rest and a
body in motion will stay in motion unless acted
on by a force.
◦ 2nd
– Force = Mass * Acceleration
◦ 3rd
– For every action there is an equal and
opposite reaction
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9. Bernoulli’s Theory of LiftBernoulli’s Theory of Lift
Bernoulli’s principal summed up:
◦ as the velocity of a fluid increase, its internal
pressure decreases.
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10. LiftLift
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11. LiftLift
Changing the basic shape of the airfoil
allows for different flow patterns about the
wing changing the amount of lift created
Changing the amount of lift created by
various airfoils on the aircraft allows the
pilot to maneuver the aircraft in-flight
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12. TermsTerms

13. TermsTerms
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14. Chord LineChord Line
Chord Line : An imaginary line leading
from the leading edge to the trailing edge
of an airfoil
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15. Angle Of AttackAngle Of Attack
Angle of attack: Referred to as “AOA”, is
the angle made up between the chord line
and the relative wind
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16. StallsStalls

17. Airspeed and StallsAirspeed and Stalls
We can only increase AOA so much before
we induce an aerodynamic stall
Though airspeed is often associated with a
stall, a stall can happen at any airspeed
and in any attitude if the critical AOA is
exceeded
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18. StallsStalls
For a given airfoil, we can only increase
AOA so much before we experience an
aerodynamic stall
Airfoil in normal flight Airfoil in stalled condition
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19. StallsStalls
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20. Maneuvering FlightManeuvering Flight

21. Primary Flight ControlsPrimary Flight Controls
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22. Maneuvering FlightManeuvering Flight
The flight controls allow pilots to
maneuver the aircraft by changing the
pressure distribution (and the amount of
lift created) on various parts of the
aircraft.
The primary flight controls do this by
changing the AOA to change the lift
created thereby allowing the aircraft to
pitch bank and yaw
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23. AileronsAilerons
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24. RudderRudder
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25. DragDrag

26. DragDrag
Drag is broken into two types
◦ Parasite
◦ Induced
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27. DragDrag
Parasite drag:
◦ Further broken into
 Form drag
 Skin friction drag
 Interference drag
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28. DragDrag
Parasite / form drag
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29. DragDrag
Parasite / Skin friction drag
◦ Airflow is stagnate near the surface of the wing
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30. DragDrag
Parasite / Interference drag
◦ Airflow is disrupted by how various objects are
arranged on the aircraft
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31. DragDrag
Parasite drag increases with velocity
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32. DragDrag
Induced drag
◦ Any time a wing is producing lift their is
induced drag
◦ The higher the AOA the more induced drag
◦ Slow aircraft = high AOA = high induced drag
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33. DragDrag
Combined drag curves gives us total drag
◦ 1 airspeed gives us least total drag
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34. Wake TurbulenceWake Turbulence

35. Wingtip VorticesWingtip Vortices
Aircraft producing lift produce a wake
(wingtip vortices)
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36. Wingtip VorticesWingtip Vortices
Airflow moves from
high to low – at the
wing tips it is allowed
to spill over the top
creating a vortex
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37. Wake TurbulenceWake Turbulence
Avoid flight where the wake turbulence
could be.
Taking Off
Landing
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38. Secondary FlightSecondary Flight
ControlsControls

39. Secondary Flight ControlsSecondary Flight Controls
On most training aircraft secondary flight
controls are limited to:
◦ Flaps
◦ Trim
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40. Secondary Flight ControlsSecondary Flight Controls
Flaps
◦ Allow decreased minimum flight speed
◦ Allow increased drag / Steeper descents
 Often used during landing for this purpose
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41. Secondary Flight ControlsSecondary Flight Controls
Flaps
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42. TrimTrim
Accelerate you get more tail down force
◦ Not desirable if you want to maintain level
flight
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43. Multi Rotor Flying PrincipalMulti Rotor Flying Principal
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44. Weight Balance MechanismWeight Balance Mechanism
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45. TrimTrim
Trim reduces pilot workload (yes)
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46. ConclusionConclusion
Concluding RemarksConcluding Remarks
What was not discussed
◦ Transonic flow
◦ Drag-divergence Mach number
◦ Supersonic flow
◦ Wave drag
◦ Swept wings
◦ Compressibility effects
◦ Boundary layer theory
◦ The history of aerodynamics
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47. Ask your question:Ask your question:
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