2. INTRODUCTION
Daulat Khan Lodi (A cousin of Sultan Ibrahim) unsatisfied by
the Sultan’s rule, persuaded Zahiruddin Muhammad to
invade India and defeat the Sultan. So, at the Great Battle
Of Panipat Ibrahim Lodi’s large army was defeated by
Babur and a new dynasty was founded by Babur:
THE GREAT MUGHAL DYNASTY
The Battle of
Panipat
3.
4. EARLY LIFE
Babur was born on 14 February 1483 in the town of
Andijan in the Fergana Valley in Uzbekistan. He belonged to
the Mongol tribe that also embraced Turkish and Persian.
Babur is a Arabic word meaning tiger, the nickname given
to him because of his attitude shown in battle. His actual
name was Zahiruddin Muhammad, yet he was commonly
known as Babur. Babur is said to have been born, extremely
strong and physically fit. He could allegedly carry
two men, one on each of his shoulders, and then climb
slopes on the run, just for exercise. Legend
holds that Babur swam across every major river he
encountered. At the age of 11 Babur, succeeded his
father, Omar Sheikh Mirza.
6. The Reign of Babur (1526-
1530)
Babur established his empire after
defeating Ibrahim Lodi at the Battle of
Panipat, the Rajputs under Rana Sanga Babur’s
of Mewar at the battle of Kanwar and the expansion
consolidated Afghans chiefs at the banks in India
of river Ghagra. His kingdom extended
from Kabul and Kandhahar in the north-
west to Bihar in the east and from the
Himalayas in the north to Gwalior in the
south. However he was not able enjoy
the fruits of his hard-earned
victories. Still,his rule was a brilliant one
and had a great influence on Arts and
Architecture in India. However , after only
4 years of his rule he died And his son,
Humayun became emperor after him.
Babur’s successor Humayun
7. BABUR’S INTERESTS
Babur the Moghul had many interest’s.
His memoir’s reflect that he had an interest
in reading, society, hunting, nature, politic’s and
economics. He had ideas about architecture,
administration, and civilization
Although Babur ruled only four years, his love of
nature led him to create gardens of great beauty
which became an intrinsic part of every Mughal
fort, palace and state buildings during the
centuries that followed. While alive, Emperor
Babur laid out the classical Moghul-style gardens
located on a high point in west Kabul which
comprised a series of beautiful landscaped hillside
9. BABUR’S ACHIEVEMENT’S
The achievements of Babur can be stated as follows:
Babur established the Mughal dynasty in India by defeating Ibrahim Lodi,
the last Delhi Sultan, bringing an end to the Delhi Sultanate, in the 1st Battle
of Panipath in 1526 AD.
In 1527 AD, Babur defeated the Rajput confederacy formed by Rana
Sangram Singh of Mewar along with a number of Rajput kingdoms like
Marwar, Gwalior, Ajmeer, Ambar, etc. under the leadership of Mahmud Lodi,
the brother of Ibrahim Lodi, in the Battle of Khanua.
In 1529 AD, Babur defeated the Eastern Afghans i.e. of Bengal, Bihar,
Assam, Orissa, etc., who has formed a powerful alliance with Mahmud Lodi,
in the Battle of Gogra. It temporarily weakened the anti-Babur strategies and
saved the fledgling Mughal reign.
Due to the conquests of Babur, the Mughal empire extended from Kabul in
the west to Gogra in the east, from the Himalayas in the north to Gwalior in
the south.
Babur was a great patron of cultural activities, and welcomed poets, authors
and littérateurs at his court. He was adept in Arabic, Turkish and Persian,
10. BABUR’S VICTORIES
◦ Babur as well as being a brilliant conqueror and
warrior, was also very clever. For example he
divided his empire into a brilliant military state. He
also used firearms (cannons, matchlock pistols etc)
to win numerous numbers of battles
◦ FIREARMS USED BY BABUR IN BATTLES
11. The Battle Of Panipat
In the year 1526, the first Battle of Panipat took place at
Panipat, few miles away from Delhi. Babur had only
twelve thousands army while the opponent Sultan Ibrahim
Lodi; the Sultan of Delhi had a much larger force. Babur
was equipped with more advanced weapons, both
matchlock men and field cannon, which proved to be very
useful against the Afghan cavalry. Like the other Indian
rulers Lodi was not also introduced with firearms. Ibrahim
Lodi was killed in the battle along with dozens of other
Indian chiefs. Babur emerged victorious and occupied
Delhi. Then he sent his son Humayun to Agra, the capital
of Lodi to capture the Royal palace and the treasure.
Shortly after that Babur joined Humayun at Agra,
distributed the seized treasures among his followers.
Then he ascended the throne of Agra and turned it to his
capital.
12. The Battle Of Khanua
The very next war there was a battle between Babur and
Rajput confederacy at Khanua. The Rajputs were led by
Rana Sanga, ruler of the State of Mewar in Rajastan. The
Rajput cavalry was huge with eighty thousand soldiers and
five hundred armored war elephants while the Mughal force
was much smaller in size. But Babur had guns and the
cavalry was well practiced with Central Asian tactics, which
proved to be very effective against the Rajput. This battle
also brought victory to Babur. Rana Sanga and many other
renowned Rajput leaders died at battle of Khanua that
ended the possibility of resurgence of Rajput power in the
north India. In the year 1528 Babur marched to the great
bastion of Chanderi, which was the fort of a feudal leader
under the Rana of Mewar. The Mughal army attacked the
fort and slaughtered many lives there.
13. BATTLE OF GHAGRA
Although the Rajput menace was removed, there were still the Afghans who
had to be subdued. Mahmud Lodi, a brother of Ibrahim Lodi, had fled and
taken refuge in Bihar and established his position there. He had a large
army estimated at about one lakh strong. Supported by this army, he went to
Banaras and from there to Chunar. When he laid siege to Chunar, Babur
sent his own son Askari against Mahmud Lodi and later on himself marched
against him.
When the Afghans came to know of the movements of Babur, they raised
the siege of the Chunar and withdrew. On his way to Buxar through
Allahabad, Chunar and Banaras, a number of Afghan Chiefs offered their
submission to Babur. Mahmud Lodi had taken refuge in Bengal. Althout h its
Ruler Nusrat Shah had assured Babur of his friendship, Babur decided to
put an end to ti, Afghan menace, even at the risk of a war and marched
towards Bengal. The Battle of Ghagra was fought on 6 May, 1529 and the
Afghans were completely defeated. Babur's artillery rendered him great
service in his action against the Afghans. The defeat of Ghagra was final so
far as the Lodis were concerned. Babur entered into a Treaty with Nusrat
Shah by which both the parties agreed to respect each other's sovereignty
and Nusrat Shah agreed not to give shelter to the enemies of Babur in
future.
It was in this way that "in three battles Babur had reduced Northern India to
submission." The rest of his life was spent in organizing the administration of
15. Art’s and Architecture
Mughal Architecture influenced greatly in Babur’s rule. Mughal
architecture under Babur was a beginning of an imperial
movement, impressed by local influences. Babur’s elegant
and stylish buildings evolved gradually because of the gifted
artists in those provinces.
Babur constructed many mosques around India, mostly taken
from desecrated Hindu temples. Three of the famous
mosques are the Babri Mosque, The Partnipat Mosque and
The Jama Masjid.
16. Babri Mosque: The Babri mosque was built in Ayodhya,
a city in Faizabad. It was constructed in 1527. The
Mosque was also called Masjid-i-Janmasthan which means
City Of The Birthplace. The Babri Mosque was one of the
largest mosques in Uttar Padesh. he Babri Masjid was a large
imposing structure with three domes, one central and two
secondary. It is surrounded by two high
walls, running parallel to each other and enclosing a large
central courtyard with a deep well, which was known for its
cold and sweet water. On the high entrance of the domed
structure are fixed two stone tablets which bear two
inscriptions in Persian declaring that this structure was built
by one Mir Baqi on the orders of Babur. The walls of the Babri
Mosque are made of
coarse-grained whitish sandstone blocks, rectangular
in shape, while the domes are made of thin and small
burnt bricks. Both these structural ingredients are
plastered with thick chunam paste mixed with coarse
17. Bagh-e-Babur: The Gardens of Babur locally called Bagh-
e-Babur is a historic park in Kabul, Afghanistan, and also the
last resting-place of the first Mughal emperor Babur. The
gardens are thought to have been developed around 1528 AD.
The site of Bagh e Babur is thought to be that of the "paradise.”
It is one of several gardens that Babur had laid out for
recreation and pleasure during his life, while choosing this site
as his last restingplace. Initially buried in Agra, Babur's body
was laid to rest in the 1540s in the garden.
Babur’s tomb inside the garden
18. Panipat Mosque:
The mosque that Babur himself provided is located in
Panipat, presently laced in Karnal District of
Haryana State. Inscriptions indicate that the
mosque was not set of well into motion. The
structure of the mosque is now gone, and the
location was not found, until later. The mosque has
a rectangular prayer chamber which is dominated
by a large central dome. The northwest and the
southwest corners of the mosque were marked by
octagonal towers crowned by domed pavilions,
although only one survives. It was completed
in 1528 by Babur.
20. THE BABURNAMA
The main source for Babur's biography is a written account of his
life, written by Babur himself. His memoirs are known as
the Baburnama and are considered the first true autobiography in
Islamic literature. He wrote the Bāburnāma in Chaghatai Turkic, his
mother-tongue, though his prose was highly Persianized in its
sentence structure, morphology, and vocabulary.[4] The work gives
a valuable impression of Babur's surrounding environment.[9]
I have not written all this to complain: I have simply written the truth.
I do not intend by what I have written to compliment myself: I have
simply set down exactly what happened. Since I have made it a
point in this history to write the truth of every matter and to set
down no more than the reality of every event, as a consequence I
have reported every good and evil I have seen of father and brother
and set down the actuality of every fault and virtue of relative and
stranger. May the reader excuse me; may the listener take me not
to task.
21. THINGS BABUR WROTE IN THE BABURNAMA
He is said to have created several pillars and pyramids of
skulls
Babur is frank and open, but tends to describe actions
rather than motivations. The Baburnama does, however,
extend far beyond the military and political history
summarised above. Babur includes descriptions of many of
the places he visits and is interested in flora and fauna and
techniques of hunting, fishing, and agriculture; there are also
set-piece geographical overviews of Fergana, Transoxiana,
and the area around Kabul, as well
as a twenty page description of Hindustan. And on a few
occasions he describes events at a distance, outside his
own direct experience
Babur writes extensively about people, including personal
22. Babur enjoying feast at Herat
Babur visiting Hindustan
Babur in Andijan
Babur and his companions warming
Babur’s expedition to Uzabekistan
Babur nama was an action-packed and colourful
23. BABUR’S WEAKNESSES
Babur the emperor did not have many
weaknesses except that he was a strong
addict of alchohol and opium like his
ancestors. Later, when Babur became very ill
and was on his deathbed many historians
think that he became ill because of taking too
much opium. Babur did not have any political
nor religious weaknesses either.
24. Babur’s Defeat’s
The Battle Of Kul-i-Malik:
The battle of Kul-i-Malik (May 1512) was a defeat for Babur
that forced him to abandon Samarkand. The details of the
battle are sadly obscure. It took place during one of a
number of gaps in Babur's own memoirs, so his account is
missing. . Babur was forced to abandon Tamerlane's city for
the third and final time, and flee to Hisar. His supports
attempted to hold out in Tashkent and Sairam, although both
places eventually fell to the Uzbeks. Babur was able to hold
on to Hisar for long enough for a Persian army to reach him,
but after this army was defeated at Ghaj-davan on 12
November 1512 Babur was forced to return to his Afghan
kingdom.
25. BABUR’S DEATH
After Babur fell seriously ill, Humayun was told of a plot by the
senior nobles of Babur's court to bypass the leader's sons and
appoint Mahdi Khwaja, Babur's sister's husband, as his succe- BABURS
TOMB
ssor. He rushed to Agra and arrived there to see his father was well enough again,
although Mahdi Khwaja had lost all hope of becoming ruler after arrogantly
exceeding his authority during Babur's illness. Upon his arrival in Agra it was
Humayun himself who fell ill, and was close to dying.
Babur is said to have circled the sick-bed, crying to God to take his life and not his
son's. The traditions that follow this tell that Babur soon fell ill with a fever and
Humayun began to get better again. His last words apparently being to his son,
Humayun, "Do nothing against your brothers, even though they may deserve it."
He died at the age of 47 on January 5 [O.S. 26 December 1530] 1531, and was
succeeded by his eldest son, Humayun. Though he wished to be buried in his
favourite garden in Kabul, a city he had always loved, he was first buried in
a Mausoleum in the capital city of Agra. Roughly nine years later his wishes were
fulfilled by Sher Shah Suri and Babur was buried inBagh-e Babur (Babur Gardens)
in Kabul, Afghanistan. The inscription on his tomb reads (in Persian):
If there is a paradise on earth, it is this, it is this, it is this!
Babur is considered a national hero in Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan, and is held in
high esteem in Afghanistan where he is buried. In October 2005 the Pakistan
military developed the Babur (cruise missile), named in honour of him.
26. Babur’s tomb and location
Babur’s tomb inside the Bagh-e-Babur
Babur’s grave
Babur’s tomb is inside the Gardens of
Babur Babur died and his son Humayun was enthrone
27. Downfall Of The Mughal Dynasty
After Emperor Aurangzeb's death in 1707, the empire fell into
succession crisis. Barring Muhammad Shah, none of the Mughal
emperors could hold on to power for a decade. In the 18th century,
the Empire suffered the depredations of invaders like Nadir Shah of
Persia andAhmed Shah Abdali of Afghanistan, who repeatedly
sacked Delhi, the Mughal capital. Most of the empire's territories in
India passed to the Marathas, Nawabs , and Nizams by c. 1750. The
Mughal Emperors lost effective power in favor of the British after
the Battle of Buxar in 1764. In 1804, the ineffective Shah Alam
II formally accepted the protection of the British East India Company.
The company had already begun to refer to the weakened emperor
as "King of Delhi", rather than "Emperor of India". The once glorious
and mighty Mughal army was disbanded in 1805 by the British; only
the guards of the Red Fort were spared to serve with the King of
Delhi, which avoided the uncomfortable implication that British
sovereignty was outranked by the Indian monarch. Nonetheless, for
a few decades afterward the British East India Company continued to
rule the areas under its control as the nominal servants of the
emperor and in his name. After the Revolt of 1857, even these
courtesies were disposed. The rebels declared their allegiance to
Shah Alam's descendant, Bahadur Shah II which led to a
28. British Soldiers looting Qaisar Bagh Decline Of Mughal Era
END OF MUGHAL ERA
Bahadur Shah Zafar 2 surrending to Britishs
Bahadur Shah Zafar 2
