4. “PHONOLOGY”
PHONOLOGY IS THE STUDY OF HOW
SOUNDS ARE ORGANIZED AND USED IN
NATURAL LANGUAGES.
IS A BRANCH
OF LINGUISTICS CONCERNED WITH THE
SYSTEMATIC ORGANIZATION OF SOUNDS IN
5. “DISCUSSION”
PHONETICS IS JUST ONE OF SEVERAL
ASPECTS OF LANGUAGE. IT IS RELATED TO
OTHER ASPECTS SUCH AS PHONETICS,
MORPHOLOGY, SYNTAX AND PRAGMATICS
HERE IS AN ILLUSTRATION THAT SHOWS THE
PLACE OF PHONOLOGY IN AN INTERACTING
HIERARCHY OF LEVEL IN LINGUISTICS.
6. “DISCUSSION”
IT HAS TRADITIONALLY FOCUSED LARGELY ON
THE STUDY OF THE SYSTEMS OF PHONEMES IN
PARTICULAR LANGUAGES.
IT MAY ALSO COVER ANY LINGUISTIC
ANALYSIS EITHER AT A LEVEL BENEATH THE
WORD
PHONOLOGY ALSO INCLUDES THE STUDY OF
EQUIVALENT ORGANIZATIONAL SYSTEMS IN SIGN
LANGUAGES.
9. “KINDS OF PHONOLOGY”
SEGMENTAL:-
IT IS ANALYSES SPEECH INTO DISCRETE
SEGMENTS, SUCH AS PHONEMES.
SUPRA-SEGMENTAL:-
IT ANALYSIS THOSE FEATURE WHICH
EXTEND OVER MORE THEN ONE SEGMENT
SUCH AS INTONATION.
14. “TYPES OF VOWELS”
LONG VOWELS:-
IF A WORD WITH A CERTAIN VOWEL IN IT SAYS
THE NAME OF THE VOWEL, THEN THAT VOWEL
IS MAKING A “LONG” SOUND. THIS IS KNOWN AS
A LONG VOWEL SOUND.
EXAMPLE:-
THE WORD “YOU” IS A LONG VOWEL WORD,
BECAUSE THERE IS LONG U SOUND.
15. “TYPES OF VOWELS”
SHORT VOWELS:-
A SHORT VOWEL SOUND IS A VOWEL SOUND THAT
DOES NOT FOLLOW THIS RULE. WHEN READING A
WORD THAT USES A SHORT VOWEL SOUND, WILL
SAY THE SOUND THAT THE LETTER CAN MAKE
THAT IS NOT ITS ACTUAL NAME.
EXAMPLE:-
THE WORD “BUG” IS A SHORT VOWEL WORD,
16. “CONSONANTS”
DEFINITION:-
A CONSONANTS IS A SPEECH SOUND THAT IS
NOT A VOWEL. IT ALSO REFERS TO LETTERS OF
THE ALPHABET THAT REPRESENT THOSE
SOUNDS: Z, B, T, G, AND H ARE ALL
CONSONANTS.
A BASIC SPEECH SOUND IN WHICH THE BREATH
IS AT LEAST PARTLY OBSTRUCTED AND WHICH
19. “SUPRA-SEGMENTAL
TYPES”
PITCH:-
THE PITCH OF A SOUND IS DETERMINED BY THE RATE
OF VIBRATION, OR FREQUENCY, OF THE SOUND WAVE.
STRESS:-
STRESS IS THE DEGREE OF EMPHASIS GIVEN A SOUND
OR SYLLABLE IN SPEECH. ALSO CALLED LEXICAL
STRESS OR WORD STRESS.
JUNCTURE:-
IS THE MANNER OF MOVING (TRANSITION) OR MODE OF
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TWO CONSECUTIVE SOUNDS. IT IS
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TWO
20. “PHONETICS”
IS A BRANCH OF LINGUISTICS THAT COMPRISES
THE STUDY OF THE SOUNDS OF
HUMAN SPEECH, OR IN THE CASE OF SIGN
LANGUAGES THE EQUIVALENT ASPECTS OF
SIGN.
THE STUDY OF HOW SPEECH SOUNDS ARE
MADE, AND WHICH SOUND ARE USED IN A
GIVEN LANGUAGE.
21. “HISTORY”
PHONETICS WAS STUDIED BY 4TH CENTURY BCE, AND POSSIBLY
AS EARLY AS THE 6TH CENTURY BCE.
MODERN PHONETICS BEGINS WITH ATTEMPTS SUCH AS THOSE
OF JOSHUA STEELE (IN PROSODIA RATIONALIS , 1779)
AND ALEXANDER MELVILLE BELL(IN VISIBLE SPEECH, 1867) TO
INTRODUCE SYSTEMS OF PRECISE NOTATION FOR SPEECH
SOUNDS.
THE STUDY OF PHONETICS GREW QUICKLY IN THE LATE 19TH
CENTURY PARTLY DUE TO THE INVENTION OF PHONOGRAPH,
WHICH ALLOWED THE SPEECH SIGNAL TO BE RECORDED.
USING AN EDISON PHONOGRAPH, LUDIMAR
HERMANN INVESTIGATED THE SPECTRAL PROPERTIES OF
VOWELS AND CONSONANTS.
22. “COMPONENTS”
IDENTIFYING THE PLACE OF THE
ARTICULATION IN THE VOCAL TRACT,
MOUTH AND NOSE.
IDENTIFYING THE MANNER OF
ARTICULATION, INCLUDING HOW AIR IS
CHANNELED AND/OR STOPPED DURING
SPEECH SOUNDS.
IDENTIFYING WHICH SPEECH SOUNDS
24. “ARTICULATORY
PHONETICS”
IS CONCERNED WITH THE ARTICULATION
OF SPEECH: THE POSITION, SHAPE, AND
MOVEMENT
OF ARTICULATORS OR SPEECH ORGANS,
SUCH AS THE LIPS, TONGUE, AND VOCAL
FOLDS.
25. “ACOUSTIC PHONETICS”
IS CONCERNED WITH ACOUSTICS OF
SPEECH: THE SPECTRO TEMPORAL
PROPERTIES OF THE SOUND
WAVES PRODUCED BY SPEECH, SUCH AS
THEIR FREQUENCY, AMPLITUDE,
AND HARMONIC STRUCTURE.
26. “AUDITORY PHONETICS”
IS CONCERNED WITH SPEECH
PERCEPTION:
THE PERCEPTION, CATEGORIZATION,
AND RECOGNITION OF SPEECH SOUNDS
AND THE ROLE OF THE AUDITORY
SYSTEM AND THE BRAIN IN THE SAME.
27. “APPLICATIONS”
1) FORENSIC PHONETICS: THE USE OF
PHONETICS (THE SCIENCE OF SPEECH) FOR
FORENSIC (LEGAL) PURPOSES.
2) SPEECH RECOGNITION: THE ANALYSIS AND
TRANSCRIPTION OF RECORDED SPEECH BY A
COMPUTER SYSTEM.
3) SPEECH SYNTHESIS: THE PRODUCTION OF
HUMAN SPEECH BY A COMPUTER SYSTEM.
4)PRONUNCIATION: TO LEARN ACTUAL
28. “PRACTICAL PHONETIC
TRAINING”
STUDYING PHONETICS INVOLVES NOT ONLY LEARNING
THEORETICAL MATERIAL BUT ALSO UNDERGOING
TRAINING IN THE PRODUCTION AND PERCEPTION OF
SPEECH SOUNDS. THE LATTER IS OFTEN KNOWN
AS EAR-TRAINING. STUDENTS MUST LEARN CONTROL
OF ARTICULATORY VARIABLES AND DEVELOP THEIR
ABILITY TO RECOGNIZE FINE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
DIFFERENT VOWELS AND CONSONANTS.[AS PART OF
THE TRAINING, THEY MUST BECOME EXPERT IN USING
PHONETIC SYMBOLS, USUALLY THOSE OF
THE INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET.
