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The utility of barcoding in documenting fish diversity
        in a poorly explored African river system
                        Ernst Swartz, Monica Mwale, Tuuli Makinen and Paul Skelton

                                           South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity
                                       Private Bag 1015, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa
                                             e.swartz@saiab.ac.za; www.saiab.ac.za




4th International Barcode of Life Conference                                                  November 2011, Adelaide, Australia
Kwanza River system



                               Congo                    DRC   Zambia


Kwanza                                       Angola




Atlantic                                      Namibia
Ocean




                                                                  South Africa
                     Cunene       Okavango


 iBOL 4, Nov. 2011                                                     Adelaide, Australia
Descriptions/Country or Region




iBOL 4, Nov. 2011                                    Adelaide, Australia
Accumulative Species Descriptions




iBOL 4, Nov. 2011                                       Adelaide, Australia
Species/Decade




iBOL 4, Nov. 2011                    Adelaide, Australia
Collections in Africa




iBOL 4, Nov. 2011                           Adelaide, Australia
0
                                                     200
                                                           400
                                                                 600
                                                                       800
                                                                             1000
                                                                                    1200
                                        D
                                         R
                                 Ta          C
                                    nza




iBOL 4, Nov. 2011
                             C          n
                              am ia
                                   er
                                       oo
                                           n
                                 M
                                     al
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                                U          a
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                                       nd
                                           a
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                                     ab
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                                 G
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                                       ne
                                                                                                                                             Why Angola?




                                           a
                                  G
                                     ha
                                         na
                                B
                                  ur
                          C           un
                           ot
                              e           di
                                 d'
                          Si        Iv
                            er         oi
                               ra         re
                                  Le
                                       on
                                           e
                                 Li
                                     be
                                                                                           Top 20: Number of Indigenous Freshwater Species




                                         ria
                                    N
                                      ig
                                          er
                                   B
                                      en
                                          in
Adelaide, Australia
Why Angola?




                                  FishBase & IUCN comparison (Freshwater)
     450
     400                                                                                                    FishBase
     350
     300                                                                                                    IUCN experts
     250
                                                                                                            IUCN GIS
     200
     150
     100
      50
       0




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                      oz




                                          So
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iBOL 4, Nov. 2011                                                                                                 Adelaide, Australia
IDs for Fisheries Management




iBOL 4, Nov. 2011                                  Adelaide, Australia
Lower Kwanza Unsustainable?




iBOL 4, Nov. 2011                                 Adelaide, Australia
Hydroelectricity development




iBOL 4, Nov. 2011                                  Adelaide, Australia
Hydroelectricity development




iBOL 4, Nov. 2011                                  Adelaide, Australia
Kwanza River system



                               Congo                    DRC   Zambia


Kwanza                                       Angola




Atlantic                                      Namibia
Ocean




                                                                  South Africa
                     Cunene       Okavango


 iBOL 4, Nov. 2011                                                     Adelaide, Australia
“Challenges”




iBOL 4, Nov. 2011                  Adelaide, Australia
Training




iBOL 4, Nov. 2011              Adelaide, Australia
Field Negotiations




iBOL 4, Nov. 2011                        Adelaide, Australia
Trees




iBOL 4, Nov. 2011           Adelaide, Australia
Identification success



           Field vs Barcode IDs                    ID confidence

Barcode only
                                                                       Species


                    18                                      21



                                                   57              8
                         68
                                                                           Family


                                           Genus
                         Barcode & Field


iBOL 4, Nov. 2011                                                Adelaide, Australia
C
                                   yp




                                                   0
                                                       5
                                                           10
                                                                15
                                                                     20
                                                                          25
                                                                               30
                                                                                    35
                                      rin
                                         id
                                              ae
                                   C
                                       ic
                                          hl
                                            id
                                              ae




iBOL 4, Nov. 2011
                              Po
                                   ec
                                      ili
                                          id
                            M                ae
                               or
                                  m
                                     yr
                                          id
                                             ae
                                 C
                                    la
                                       rii
                                           da
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                            Am               ae
                                  ph
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                              ith
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                                          id
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                                Kn
                                     er
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                                C
                                  lu
                                     pe
                                          id
                                             ae
                                 G
                                    ob
                                        iid
                             H               ae
                                ep
                      M
                                                                                         Number of species in families




                                    se
                       as               ti d
                          ta                 ae
                            ce
                                 m
                                    be
                                        lid
                           Po                ae
                               ly
                                  ne
                                      m
                                          id
                            Sc               ae
                                 hi
                                    lb
                                       ei
                                           da
                                              e
Adelaide, Australia
How does barcoding help?
                    Some Cyprinidae Diversity




iBOL 4, Nov. 2011                               Adelaide, Australia
22

Middle   10

                 11
         Lower
Environmental Impact Assessment




iBOL 4, Nov. 2011                                     Adelaide, Australia
Recreationalbarcoding help?
                     How does Angling Potential




iBOL 4, Nov. 2011                                 Adelaide, Australia
How does barcoding help?
                         Alien Invasive Species

 Capanda - Mozambique tilapia (Aug 2008)   Lucala - freshwater crayfish (Aug 2008)




iBOL 4, Nov. 2011                                                     Adelaide, Australia
Reddy & Swartz,
                                            unpublished
Aplocheilichthys macrurus – Kwanza River
                                                                A. myaposae &
                                                             A. johnstoni complex




Aplocheilichthys macrurus – Kunene River

                                                                  Kunene
                                                                A. macrurus


                                                                  Kwanza
                                                                A. macrurus

Aplocheilichthys spilauchen
                                                                        Other
                                                                   southern African
                                                                   Aplocheilichthys
     Maximum Likelihood

     Bayesian posterior
     probabilities                                                 A. spilauchen
Utilisation of Barcoding




iBOL 4, Nov. 2011                              Adelaide, Australia
Utilisation of Barcoding




                               Register/Catalog   “Language”




iBOL 4, Nov. 2011                                   Adelaide, Australia
Utilisation of Barcoding




       5%           5%        10%       10%         10%        60%




iBOL 4, Nov. 2011                                         Adelaide, Australia
How does barcoding help?



    Direct identification - limited, but growing

    Indirect identification - already useful, growing

    Sorting process - very successful, except for some cichlids




iBOL 4, Nov. 2011                                                 Adelaide, Australia
Way forward…




    Expertise in Africa - regional collections and national positions?

    Continued collaboration with overseas programs

    “Type barcodes” - confidence rating

    Access and benefit sharing - data release




iBOL 4, Nov. 2011                                                        Adelaide, Australia
Acknowledgements


CBOL and Barcode of Life organising committee

National Research Foundation (South Africa)

CCDB, University of Guelph (Canada) and their sponsors

Domingos Neto and INIP collaborators (Angola)

SAIAB and DIFS (Rhodes University) collaborators (South Africa)

Rafael Neto and GAMEK participants (Angola)

Kissama National Parks participants (Angola)

Angola Governmental Agencies and participants

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Ernst Swartz - Vertebrates Plenary

  • 1. The utility of barcoding in documenting fish diversity in a poorly explored African river system Ernst Swartz, Monica Mwale, Tuuli Makinen and Paul Skelton South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity Private Bag 1015, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa e.swartz@saiab.ac.za; www.saiab.ac.za 4th International Barcode of Life Conference November 2011, Adelaide, Australia
  • 2. Kwanza River system Congo DRC Zambia Kwanza Angola Atlantic Namibia Ocean South Africa Cunene Okavango iBOL 4, Nov. 2011 Adelaide, Australia
  • 3. Descriptions/Country or Region iBOL 4, Nov. 2011 Adelaide, Australia
  • 4. Accumulative Species Descriptions iBOL 4, Nov. 2011 Adelaide, Australia
  • 5. Species/Decade iBOL 4, Nov. 2011 Adelaide, Australia
  • 6. Collections in Africa iBOL 4, Nov. 2011 Adelaide, Australia
  • 7. 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 D R Ta C nza iBOL 4, Nov. 2011 C n am ia er oo n M al aw C on Za i go m (R bi ep a M u oz blic am ) bi qu e N ig er ia K en ya A ng ol U a ga nd a G ab on G ui ne Why Angola? a G ha na B ur C un ot e di d' Si Iv er oi ra re Le on e Li be Top 20: Number of Indigenous Freshwater Species ria N ig er B en in Adelaide, Australia
  • 8. Why Angola? FishBase & IUCN comparison (Freshwater) 450 400 FishBase 350 300 IUCN experts 250 IUCN GIS 200 150 100 50 0 o a a e a e nd a a qu i bw ol bi ic an th ib ila fr ng m so am sw bi ba A Za az am A Le ot h m N Sw ut Zi B oz So M iBOL 4, Nov. 2011 Adelaide, Australia
  • 9. IDs for Fisheries Management iBOL 4, Nov. 2011 Adelaide, Australia
  • 10. Lower Kwanza Unsustainable? iBOL 4, Nov. 2011 Adelaide, Australia
  • 11. Hydroelectricity development iBOL 4, Nov. 2011 Adelaide, Australia
  • 12. Hydroelectricity development iBOL 4, Nov. 2011 Adelaide, Australia
  • 13. Kwanza River system Congo DRC Zambia Kwanza Angola Atlantic Namibia Ocean South Africa Cunene Okavango iBOL 4, Nov. 2011 Adelaide, Australia
  • 14. “Challenges” iBOL 4, Nov. 2011 Adelaide, Australia
  • 15. Training iBOL 4, Nov. 2011 Adelaide, Australia
  • 16. Field Negotiations iBOL 4, Nov. 2011 Adelaide, Australia
  • 17. Trees iBOL 4, Nov. 2011 Adelaide, Australia
  • 18. Identification success Field vs Barcode IDs ID confidence Barcode only Species 18 21 57 8 68 Family Genus Barcode & Field iBOL 4, Nov. 2011 Adelaide, Australia
  • 19. C yp 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 rin id ae C ic hl id ae iBOL 4, Nov. 2011 Po ec ili id M ae or m yr id ae C la rii da M e oc ho ki da e Al es tid Am ae ph ili id ae Ba gr id C ae ith ar in id ae Kn er iid ae C lu pe id ae G ob iid H ae ep M Number of species in families se as ti d ta ae ce m be lid Po ae ly ne m id Sc ae hi lb ei da e Adelaide, Australia
  • 20. How does barcoding help? Some Cyprinidae Diversity iBOL 4, Nov. 2011 Adelaide, Australia
  • 21. 22 Middle 10 11 Lower
  • 22. Environmental Impact Assessment iBOL 4, Nov. 2011 Adelaide, Australia
  • 23. Recreationalbarcoding help? How does Angling Potential iBOL 4, Nov. 2011 Adelaide, Australia
  • 24. How does barcoding help? Alien Invasive Species Capanda - Mozambique tilapia (Aug 2008) Lucala - freshwater crayfish (Aug 2008) iBOL 4, Nov. 2011 Adelaide, Australia
  • 25. Reddy & Swartz, unpublished Aplocheilichthys macrurus – Kwanza River A. myaposae & A. johnstoni complex Aplocheilichthys macrurus – Kunene River Kunene A. macrurus Kwanza A. macrurus Aplocheilichthys spilauchen Other southern African Aplocheilichthys Maximum Likelihood Bayesian posterior probabilities A. spilauchen
  • 26. Utilisation of Barcoding iBOL 4, Nov. 2011 Adelaide, Australia
  • 27. Utilisation of Barcoding Register/Catalog “Language” iBOL 4, Nov. 2011 Adelaide, Australia
  • 28. Utilisation of Barcoding 5% 5% 10% 10% 10% 60% iBOL 4, Nov. 2011 Adelaide, Australia
  • 29. How does barcoding help? Direct identification - limited, but growing Indirect identification - already useful, growing Sorting process - very successful, except for some cichlids iBOL 4, Nov. 2011 Adelaide, Australia
  • 30. Way forward… Expertise in Africa - regional collections and national positions? Continued collaboration with overseas programs “Type barcodes” - confidence rating Access and benefit sharing - data release iBOL 4, Nov. 2011 Adelaide, Australia
  • 31. Acknowledgements CBOL and Barcode of Life organising committee National Research Foundation (South Africa) CCDB, University of Guelph (Canada) and their sponsors Domingos Neto and INIP collaborators (Angola) SAIAB and DIFS (Rhodes University) collaborators (South Africa) Rafael Neto and GAMEK participants (Angola) Kissama National Parks participants (Angola) Angola Governmental Agencies and participants