1. Urban Form
refers to
- the physical layout and
- design of the city.
- to the spatial imprint of an urban transport system
- as well as the adjacent physical infrastructures.
Jointly, they confer a level of spatial arrangement to cities.

2. Urban Form
‘urban form is defined
as the spatial pattern of human activities at
a certain point in time’.

3. GRID SYSTEM

4. GRID SYSTEM
EXAMPLES

5. GRID SYSTEM
EXAMPLES

6. GRID SYSTEM
ADVANTAGES

7. GRID SYSTEM
DISADVANTAGES

8. R

9. RADIAL / CONCENTRIC SYSTEM
EXAMPLES
NEW DELHI

10. RADIAL / CONCENTRIC SYSTEM
EXAMPLES

11. RADIAL / CONCENTRIC SYSTEM
ADVANTAGES

12. RADIAL / CONCENTRIC SYSTEM
DISADVANTAGES

13. LINEAR SYSTEM

14. LINEAR SYSTEM
EXAMPLES
KOLKATTA MUMBAI

15. LINEAR SYSTEM
EXAMPLES

16. LINEAR SYSTEM
EXAMPLES
LONDON

17. LINEAR SYSTEM

18. LINEAR SYSTEM

19. MULTI CENTRED SYSTEM

20. MULTI CENTRED SYSTEM
EXAMPLES
ROME

21. MULTI CENTRED SYSTEM

22. MULTI CENTRED SYSTEM

23. URBAN STRUCTURE
NEW DELHI

24. URBAN STRUCTURE
MUMBAI

25. URBAN STRUCTURE
Urban (spatial) structure.
Refers to
the set of relationships arising out of the
- urban form
-and its underlying interactions of
-----people,
-------freight and
---------information.

26. URBAN STRUCTURE
the urban form and its spatial structure are
articulated by two structural elements:
- Nodes.
- Linkages.

27. URBAN STRUCTURE
Nodes
- These are reflected in the centrality of urban activities,
- can be related to the spatial accumulation of economic
activities or to the accessibility to the transport system.
- Terminals, such as ports, railyards, and airports, are
important nodes around which activities agglomerate at
the local or regional level.
- Nodes have a hierarchy related to their importance and
contribution to urban functions, such as production,
management, retailing and distribution.

28. URBAN STRUCTURE
Linkages.
-These are the infrastructures supporting flows from, to
and between nodes.
-The lowest level of linkages includes streets, which are
the defining elements of the urban spatial structure.
-There is a hierarchy of linkages moving up to regional
roads and railways and international connections by air
and maritime transport systems.

29. URBAN FORM AND SPATIAL STRUCTURE

30. URBAN FORM AND SPATIAL STRUCTURE

31. URBAN FORM AND SPATIAL STRUCTURE

32. U
Two basic forms of interdependent nodes are at the core of the
urban spatial structure:
Accessibility nodes.
-Relate to locations that transfer passengers and freight,
- include terminals such as ports, rail stations, airports and
distribution centers.
-Most cities owe their initial development to a location that
grants access to local, regional and/or international circulation,
commonly a port site.
- Accessibility nodes are often dependent on the specific
geographical requirements of each transport nodes, notably in
terms of space consumption.

33. URBAN FORM AND SPATIAL STRUCTURE
Nodes, Linkages and Urban Form
Economic nodes.
-Refer to locations that perform a function of economic
significance.
-These functions are extremely varied and can include
transformation, administration, education, retailing and
leisure.
-Economic nodes tend to agglomerate, or to cluster, and
are often dependent on access, if not close proximity, to
an accessibility node or a linkage.
-Such clusters often take the form of central business
districts, commercial strips industrial districts or logistics
zones.

34. URBAN FORM AND SPATIAL STRUCTURE
Nodes, Linkages and Urban Form
-The presence of nodes requires linkages, which can be
serviced by different transport modes.
-Road and transit linkages are obviously local in scope
often taking the form of a grid that characterizes the form
of many cities,
-while rail, maritime and air linkages integrate the city to a
wider context of distribution and trade.
-The complex set of relationships between nodes and their
linkages imply an urban form which is unique in each
case.

35. URBAN SPATIAL STRUCTURE
Evolution of the Spatial Structure of a City
The urban spatial structure basically considers
- the location of different activities
- as well as their relationships.

36. URBAN SPATIAL STRUCTURE
Evolution of the Spatial Structure of a City
Core activities are those of the highest order in the urban
spatial structure, namely tertiary and quaternary activities
involved in management (finance and insurance) and
consumption (retailing).
Central activities are concerned by production and
distribution with activities such as warehousing,
manufacturing, wholesaling and transportation.
Peripheral activities are dominantly residential or
servicing local needs.

37. URBAN SPATIAL STRUCTURE
Evolution of the Spatial Structure of a City
A central area refers to an agglomeration of core and/or
central activities within a specific location.
The emergence of a CBD (Central Business District; the
central area of a city) is the result of an historical process,
- often occurring over several centuries (depending on
the age of a city),
-that has changed the urban form and
-the location of economic activities.
each city has its own history, but it is possible to
establish a general common process:

38. URBAN SPATIAL STRUCTURE
Evolution of the Spatial Structure of a City
(A)Pre industrial era.
For cities that existed before the industrial revolution, the
CBD was limited to small section of the city generally
nearby the waterfront, the market and/or a site of
religious or political importance.
These were locations where major transactions took place
and thus required financial, insurance, warehousing
and wholesale services.

39. URBAN SPATIAL STRUCTURE
Evolution of the Spatial Structure of a City
(B) Industrial revolution.
With the industrial revolution came mass production and
mass consumption. This permitted the emergence of a
distinct retailing and wholesaling part of the CBD while
manufacturing located outside the core.
Managing these expanding activities also created an
increasing need for office space that located nearby
traditional places of financial interaction.
As the industrial revolution matured, major transportation
axis spurred from the central area towards the periphery.

40. URBAN SPATIAL STRUCTURE
Evolution of the Spatial Structure of a City
(C) Contemporary era.
After the Second World War, industries massively
relocated away from central areas to suburban areas,
leaving room to the expansion of administrative and
financial activities.
The CBD was thus the object of an important
accumulation of financial and administrative activities,
particularly in the largest cities as several corporations
became multinational enterprises.

41. URBAN SPATIAL STRUCTURE
Evolution of the Spatial Structure of a City
(C) Contemporary era.
These activities were even more willing to pay higher
rents than retailing, thereby pushing some retail activities
out of the CBD.
New retailing sub-centers emerged in suburban areas
because of road accessibility and because of the needs to
service these new areas.
Warehousing and transportation, no longer core area
activities, have also relocated to new peripheral locations.
The spatial structure of many cities became increasingly
multi-nodal.