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1. The Science of Positive Psychology:
Emerging Findings, Methods & Challenges
Stewart I. Donaldson
Claremont Graduate University
7th European Conference on Positive Psychology
Amsterdam, The Netherlands
July 3, 2014
2.
3.
4. Positive Psychology
APA Presidential Address 1998
Applied M.A. Program, University of Pennsylvania
2005
Research M.A. & Ph.D. Programs, Claremont
Graduate University 2007
8. An Addition Not a Replacement
The heavy focus of traditional
psychology on pathology is
amended with a positive model
of the human being and a new
research agenda on learning
what makes life worth living
10. Rapid Growth
1998 – APA Presidential Address
2000 – Special Issue: Happiness, Excellence, and
Optimal Human Functioning
Professional Meetings Across the Globe
Funding & Awards
International Positive Psychology Association (IPPA)
Journal of Positive Psychology
Undergraduate Courses
20+ Graduate Programs
11.
12. Positive Scholarship & Practice
Positive Business
Positive Organizational Scholarship
Positive Education
Positive Health
Positive Humanities
Positive Neuroscience
Positive Youth Development
Positive Community Development
Positive Aging
17. Taking Stock
Designing Positive Psychology: Taking Stock & Moving Forward
(Sheldon, Kashdan, & Steger, 2011)
Applied Positive Psychology: Improving Everyday Life, Health,
Schools, Work, & Society (Donaldson, Csikszentmihalyi, & Nakamura,
2011)
Positive Organizational Psychology, Behavior, and Scholarship: A
Review of the Emerging Literature and Evidence Base. Journal of
Positive Psychology, 5 (3), 177-191. (Donaldson & Ko, 2010)
Taming the Waves and Horses of Positive Organizational
Psychology. Advances in Positive Organizational Psychology, 1, 1-21.
(Donaldson & Dollwet, 2013)
18. Taking Stock
Tracing the Size, Reach, Impact, and Breadth of
Positive Psychology, Journal of Positive Psychology,
8(3) 207-221 (Rusk & Waters, 2013)
Peer Reviewed Articles in Positive Psychology 1999
to 2013 (Donaldson, Dollwet, & Rao, in press)
19. Critical Review of Evidence
Literature search
◦ Search for “positive psychology” with results were
limited to English and peer-reviewed articles that did
not fall into the following exclusion categories:
Book review, commentary, or editorial
Not in English (abstract was in English but not the full text)
Not related to Positive Psychology
No full text available
Finding
◦ 1336 articles published between 1999 and 2013
22. 1st Author Location
Other Locations: Belgium
China
Germany
Greece
Hong Kong
Iceland
India
Iran
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Korea
Kuwait
Malaysia
Malta
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Portugal
Romania
Russia
Slovakia
South Africa
South Korea
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Taiwan
Thailand
Turkey
Uganda
23. Top Countries: Non-Empirical
1. USA: 367
2. UK: 46
3. Australia: 33
4. Canada: 30
5. All other countries 1-3 publications
Non-empirical publications are very Western,
English-speaking focused
24. Top Countries: Empirical
1. USA: 362
2. UK: 73
3. Canada: 42
4. Australia: 42
5. South Africa:25
6. Germany: 24
7. Netherlands: 22
8. Switzerland: 22
9. China: 15
Empirical publications are still predominately Western,
English-speaking but empirical work is a bit more diverse
25. Popular Topics
Flow
Positive Emotions
Creativity
Character Strengths
Flourishing Growth Thriving Communities
Optimal Performance
Well-Being
Hope Wisdom Resilience
Gratitude Vitality
Topic Nr. Of Publications
Well-Being 339
Character Strengths 70
Hope 63
Gratitude 41
Resilience 39
Growth 34
26. What are the Benefits of
Happiness?
Happy People Appear to Function Better:
Have better social relationships
Better organizational citizens at work
Do more volunteer work
Have better health
Make more money
- Diener, 2011
27. How Much of Happiness is Pre-
Determined?
- Lyubomirsky, 2008
28. What is the Strongest Predictor of
Happiness?
The happiest people all over the world appear to
have strong and meaningful social relationships
Other important predictors:
Having basic physiological needs fulfilled
Working toward goals and achieving them
Learning something new each day
- Diener, 2011
29. Empirical Work: Samples
Samples
◦ Across the lifespan
35%
39%
16%
10%
Age
Adults College/Graduate Students
Children (18 and younger) not specified
31. Empirical Findings: Interventions
21% of all empirical studies were intervention studies (161
studies)
Interventions for all ages across the life span
80
44
79
29
4
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Nr. of Intervention Studies
32. Empirical Findings: Interventions
Significant Intervention Types:
Intervention Type Outcomes # of Interventions
Mindfulness:
enriched mind-body connection, yoga
• Reduced negative affect
• Reduced anxiety
• Well-being
• Resilience
• Self-compassion
15
Coaching:
solution-based cognitive model
• Well-being
• Cognitive hardiness
• Hope
• Resilience
• Engagement
• Self-motivation & awareness
• Goal-attainment
• Mental health
13
Positive Affect:
writing about positive experiences
• Health benefits
• Attributions
• Mindfulness
• Purpose in life
12
Strengths-Based:
identifying & using character strengths
• Personal growth
• Life satisfaction
• Well-being
10
Gratitude:
gratitude writing exercise
• Well-being
• Reduced depression
• Closure to unpleasant
emotional memories
• Reduced body dissatisfaction
9
34. The Future of Positive Psychology
Sound Science
Theory-Driven Intervention Design & Evaluation
“Best Way to Predict the Future is to Create it”
Peter Drucker
