Intellectual property rights
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Lecture given at ESC Rennes in October 2014
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Intellectual property rights
- 1. Internet & IPR Jacques Folon www.folon.com ! Partner Edge Consulting ! Maître de conférences Université de Liège Chargé de cours ICHEC Brussels Professeur invité Université de Lorraine ESC Rennes IACE Tunis IAM OUagadougou http://www.nyls.edu/institute_for_information_law_and_policy/conferences/visualizing_law_in_the_digital_age/
- 2. All presentation and resources are available on WWW.FOLON.COM (cours)
- 3. Disponible en ligne sur www.fedweb.belgium.be rubrique publications en français
- 4. 4
- 5. 80% of the French Internet Users do consider that Pyracy is not theft 5
- 6. Some IPR Criticisms http://pyersedandridge.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/website-home-page-critique-550x322.jpg 6
- 8. 8 IPR is outdated Beaumarchais created the first copyright society in 1777 FRANCE IS THE COPYRIGHT COUNTRY
- 9. 9 COPYRIGHT LENGHT INCREASES
- 10. IS IPR a property like any other one? • No, it is limited in time 10
- 11. IS IPR a property like any other one? • No, it creates a temporary monopoly position 11
- 12. IPR limits research 12
- 13. IPR limits art 13
- 14. What is the purpose of IPR? • It allows the possibility for an author to live • It gives various type of protection 14
- 15. Février 2008 IDEAS Ideas are not protected works. They are not subject to property and are free as far as they are not proposed in an external way (CA Paris 12 sept 1989)
- 16. • Inventions – Patents – GMO – IT Chips • Signs – Trade mark – Names – Geographical protection • Esthetical objects & design – Design • Copyright, droit d’auteur & neighboring rights IPR 16
- 17. Droit d’auteur • two criteria needed Original • « shows the personality of the author » • Plagiarism is not original Concretization • Ideas are not protected • A minimum of concretization is enough Source: Lionel Maurel http://www.slideshare.net/calimaq/droit-de-linternet-et-de-linformation-complet
- 18. Questions to raise before using 18 protected works • Are these protected works? • Are we authorized to use them? • Do we have a written agreement? • Avons-nous acquis les droits? ! => what are the basic principles?
- 19. 19 Basic principles •Exclusive right •70 Years after author’s death •Preliminary authorization •transfer of rights •forbidden by law !! Crédit image: http://www.tetedequenelle.fr/2010/03/droit-dauteur-mal-tourne/
- 20. LES SANCTIONS SONT… fortes mais peu appliquées 20
- 21. 21
- 22. 22
- 23. Am I an author? ! • This power point? • My lectures ? 23
- 24. 24 Categories ! Droit d’auteur creative commons assignment of rights Public domain
- 25. What is protected ? Text Conferences theatre choreography circus movie paintings music photo maps architecture software design fashion
- 26. 26 Various assignments or representation Membership of collective societies • SACD - SACEM - SAIF • SGAE - GEMA… Authors assign their rights to • Publishers (books, press, etc.) • Producteurs (musique, cinéma) Author’s keep some rights • Reproduction (xerox copy) • Representation Trough mandate Contract they keep moral right Source: Lionel Maurel http://www.slideshare.net/calimaq/droit-de-linternet-et-de-linformation-complet
- 27. Protec tion of the work •Official declaration in the copyright system •Nothing for « droit d’auteur » 27
- 28. 25 The Author Copyright system the producer ! ! Droit d’auteur: the individual
- 29. 29 • The author has the exclusive right – to make a copy or accept reproduction – communication to the public – translation – adaptation – sales ! ! ! • Duration in EU: 70 years after the author’s death Crédit image: http://www.rtbf.be/culture/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/AFPgoncourt1.jpg
- 30. 30 Patrimonial rights Patrimonial rights could be assigned to a third party trout a contract, against payment or for free ! ! reproduction adaptation communication to the public translation representation Crédit image: http://www.moneyandfinanceblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/Money-transfer-sending-money.jpg
- 31. 27 reproduction right ! •A copy of the work •Xerox copy •3D printing •Recording •copy of a film •etc. • IFFRO and copy
- 32. Contracts the author is the weak party strict interpretation assignment of right clause 32
- 33. The fact that one buys an object does not means that he/she automatically owns the copyrights 118 33
- 34. Copyright protection does not vary following ! •the nature of the work (music, sculpture, etc.) •its form (digital, 3D or 2D, etc.) •Its beauty or its price
- 35. Moral right Only in some countries end of the work could not be seazed Paternity respect destruction honor & reputation 120 35
- 37. Exceptions 37 Quotations legal licences reprography family news communication as minor element fair use public domain
- 38. Triple test • Exceptions may apply: – only for limited cases – if they do not limit exploitation – if not against rightsowners
- 39. FAIR USE – the usage of the work may be accepted depending on • the usage (education • the type of work • size and quantities of use • consequences on the market share 39
- 40. 40
- 41. 41 Neighboring rights ! categories that help the author or created specific rights ! !performing artists !producers !broadcasters !database producers ! !duration 70 years
- 42. Various type of remuneration • Proportionnal • Assignment of rights • Collective organisations • individual négociations • Employee • Legal licence
- 43. Which authorization for internet use internet? • Reproduction rights • Communication to the public • ! each use s/b authorized • Do not forget moral right • assignment of right s/b in writing
- 44. To whom may we ask the authorization? • Author • Performing artists • Neighboring rights • Broadcasters • Rightsowners ! • Collective organizations may help
- 45. Collective organizations • Contracts with rights owners • Reciprocal agreements • Contracts with users – internet – TV • Documentation • Distribution
- 46. Assignment of rights (Droit d’auteur) • in writing • Strict interpretation • S:B precise – which right – remuneration – how long – for which territory • Difference with the copyright system
- 47. Sub contractors (droit d’auteur) • in writing • Strict interpretation • S:B precise – which right – remuneration – how long – for which territory • Difference with the copyright system
- 48. What if no assignment? • The author keeps his rights • Negociation at the end of the contract • legal action from the author possible
- 49. What is not protected ? • laws • political speeches (with exceptions) • some public documents
- 50. Other licences
- 51. « What » No authoriza.on needed as far as you respect the licence A contract is needed for an addi.onal use (commercial by instance) Example Creative Commons 4 criteria 6 liences
- 52. « free » licences • origin; open source world • « copyleft » • Philosophy : positive exploitation in order to authorize copy, distribution, re-use, modification, in order to increase share, creation and the creation of common goods
- 53. What is new • individual rights management • Preliminary authorization • usage pre-defined
- 54. the most popular is CC invented by Lawrence Lessig philosophy oh the library of Alexandria Free as a free use not as a free beer
- 55. • 4 criteria : – atribute) – no derivative – Share-alike – Non commercial (nc)
- 56. • Six licences : – By – By-nd – By-nc-nd – By-nc – By-nc-sa – By-sa
- 57. • The licence follow the work
- 60. Plan d’actions à entreprendre ? "Clauses de cession de droits avec tous les collaborateurs "Clauses de cession de droits avec tous les sous-traitants "Prévoir un contrat type avec tous les modes d’utilisation "Vérification des autorisations pour toute oeuvre utilisée dans la communication "Protection contre les tiers des oeuvres réalisées en interne "Préciser les responsabilités éditoriales
- 61. Now you know how to handle droit d’auteur, copyright & neighboring rights ! don’t forget it ! 61
- 62. TRADEMARKS An image, a graphic design a word, an image useful to recognize products forbid confusion with other products Duration 10 years renewable by country and for EU
- 63. CONDITIONS not forbid by law no confusion new means nothing similar already protected DISTINCTIVE <> GENERIC, USUAL OU DESCRIPTIVE Third party could refuse (ex:Apple)
- 65. Trademarks, domain names & user names in social media 200 millions domain names 2 billions user names google search identifies user names crédit image: http://www.them.pro/files/images/domain-names-extensions.jpg
- 66. trademarks usernames No coordination = CONFLIT source FREDERIC BOURGUET http://www.slideshare.net/search/slideshow?searchfrom=header&q=noms+de+domaine
- 67. 67 Some conflicts • pre-existing trademark (Milka) • idem but reasons (armani) • trademark created after a domain name 78
- 69. Usernames easy to obtain no control used by search engines crédit image: http://www.saadkamal.com/social-media/change-facebook-username/
- 70. Trademark is important • important since the beginning ! • Part of the e-reputation • Allows to refuse other trademarks requests • need to follow what happens on line
- 71. Design & models ! Protects appearance if ! it is new it is specific Duration 25 years http://lyc-stpaulnotredame-72.ac-nantes.fr/IMG/jpg/Philippe_Starck_1949-_-_Presse-Agrume_1_.jpg https://encrypted-tbn1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRLU6-6-PHFcb9sXL9Vmx10ANW5L_gBg2a6RL2f79VbD5dxkQFlMg
- 72. Patents
- 73. Promotes research by giving during a limited time (20 years) a monopoly to a person or a company who invent a product a process that is new
- 74. In order to receive a patent 4 conditions : ! – new technical effect – industrial consequences –new (unknow by the public) –Innovative (as expert decide)
- 75. 75
- 76. Right on his/her image 76
- 77. Février 2008
- 78. Basic principles • International treaties • privacy means also right to his image • principally no need for a damage • Preliminary authorization needed • duration 20 years after the individual’death
- 79. How ? Prior authorization requested Exceptions: – person with a public status - even temporary (only during public life) – consnt for a shooy-ting does not mean consent for usage the person meets be identified (>< crowd)
- 80. Remember authorization is also needed for • Artwork • Buildings and monument (Eiffel tower) • Houses • trademarks • design • For pictures two authorizations needed – photographer – subject (individual or not) • discussion for journalists: right of information >< right of image
- 81. Internet: digital far west ? 81
- 82. 82 First court case
- 83. Legal questions on Internet ? OPTE Project Map of the Internet – CC-BY 83 ! •Peer to peer •drugs •counterfeits products •Diffamation ! Virtual world– real world National law - internet
- 84. INTERNET LAW ? •There is no internet law •digital is not different •new usages & international level •Digital influence the legal framework ! 84
- 85. Digital influence •Cut & paste •multimedia (voice, music, video, ) •co-working •immediate publication •re-use, re-create, re-publish •a work has an independent life Source: http://www.slideshare.net/calimaq/ecriture-web-et-dimension-juridique 85
- 86. We are in a cut & paste civilisation Will Lion. Copy Culture. CC-BY-NC-NC Each use of a digital work implies a copy
- 87. 87 Big change ! •Collaborative creation •Collective intelligence •Use of hyperlinks
- 88. Digital and the law Laws do exist but are not respected New problems that are not covered by existing laws Who is responsible? (creator, hosted, telecom operator,…) Applicable law ? 88
- 89. Google Book Search •US law vs. French law • French stops Google •Finally agreements 89
- 90. Applicable law is a complex matter • more & more influence of the terms & conditions
- 91. 91 Di you read them ?
- 93. 93 Is it legal ???
- 94. Is a tweet a protected work?
- 96. some examples
- 97. Copie 3D un autre défi 97
- 98. Myth of 30 seconds 98
- 99. Another myth 99
- 100. How to suppress copyrights 100
- 101. It’s quite confusing • wording not really understood (copyright, free, free for use,…) ! • many new laws and regulations ! • and everything could be copied in one clic
- 102. Another example 102
- 103. 103
- 104. Where is the limit? • What happens after your death? ! !emails ! !social media ? ! !virtual goods ! !e-reputation CC-BY-NC-ND Henning 104 Source: Lionel Maurel http://www.slideshare.net/calimaq/droit-de-linternet-et-de-linformation-complet
- 105. Where is the limit ? Source: Lionel Maurel http://www.slideshare.net/calimaq/droit-de-linternet-et-de-linformation-complet 105
- 106. WHERE IS THE LIMIT? Sur Second Life DO AVATARS BECOME LEGAL ENTITIES ? 106
- 108. CURATION : ILLEGAL ? 108
- 114. 114
- 116. 116 Q & A Crédit image: http://jillsbooks.wordpress.com/2010/09/15/hellooooo-anybody-out-there/raise-your-hand-2/