Psikologi Umum II

1. PERSONALITY
Kuliah Psikologi Umum

2. What is Personality?

Personality

an individual’s characteristic pattern
of thinking, feeling, and acting

3. Approaches To Personality





Trait Approach.
Psychobiological
Approach.
Social Learning
Approach.
Psychodynamic
Approach.
Humanistic Approach.

4. Trait Approach

The trait approach makes two important
assumptions:



Personality consists of traits that are unique to
each individual.
Traits are stable and enduring dispositions.
We know that humans have five senses.
But how many traits do they have?

5. The Big Five

The English vocabulary contains nearly 20,000 trait terms. But there is a
lot of redundancy among them (sociable, outgoing).

Decades of research on similarities between traits have yielded five
clusters:






Neuroticism
Extroversion
Openness
Agreeableness
Conscientiousness
These tendencies mix in different proportions to create different
personalities.

6. Psychobiological Approach

Focuses on the role of biology in determining personality.

There are a number of ways to look at the role of biology in
personality. One way is to look at the heritability of personality
traits.

Another way is to look at the effect of brain damage on personality.

Let’s look at the famous case of Phineas Gage, a railroad worker,
who suffered a terrible accident.

7. Social Learning Approach

States that our personality is shaped by what we learn
from our experiences.

We develop expectations about the outcome of our
behaviour in certain situations.

One particularly interesting effect of such expectations is
reflected in what is known as self-handicapping.

8. The Psychoanalytic
Perspective

Freud’s theory
proposed that
childhood sexuality
and unconscious
motivations influence
personality

9. The Psychoanalytic
Perspective

Psychoanalysis


Freud’s theory of personality that attributes
our thoughts and actions to unconscious
motives and conflicts
techniques used in treating psychological
disorders by seeking to expose and
interpret unconscious tensions

10. The Psychoanalytic
Perspective

Free Association


in psychoanalysis, a method of
exploring the unconscious
person relaxes and says whatever
comes to mind, no matter how trivial or
embarrassing

11. The Psychoanalytic
Perspective

Unconscious


according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly
unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings
and memories
contemporary viewpoint- information
processing of which we are unaware

12. Personality Structure

Id



contains a reservoir of unconscious
psychic energy
strives to satisfy basic sexual and
aggressive drives
operates on the pleasure principle,
demanding immediate gratification

13. Personality Structure

Superego


the part of personality that presents
internalized ideals
provides standards for judgement (the
conscience) and for future aspirations

14. Personality Structure

Ego



the largely conscious, “executive” part of
personality
mediates among the demands of the id,
superego, and reality
operates on the reality principle, satisfying
the id’s desires in ways that will
realistically bring pleasure rather than pain

15. Personality Development


Psychosexual Stages
 the childhood stages of development during
which the id’s pleasure-seeking energies
focus on distinct erogenous zones
Oedipus Complex
 a boy’s sexual desires toward his mother and
feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival
father

16. Personality Structure
Ego
Conscious mind
Unconscious
mind
Superego
Id

Freud’s idea
of the mind’s
structure

17. Defense Mechanisms

The conflicts created by the id’s strong impulses and the inhibitions
imposed by the ego and superego can be very upsetting.

Defense mechanism:
 Repression
 Reaction Formation
 Projection
 Sublimation
 Rationalization
 Conversion

18. Humanistic Perspective

Abraham
Maslow (19081970)

studied selfactualization
processes of
productive and
healthy people
(e.g., Lincoln)

19. Humanistic Perspective

Self-Actualization


the ultimate psychological need that arises
after basic physical and psychological
needs are met and self-esteem is
achieved
the motivation to fulfill one’s potential

20. Humanistic Perspective

Carl Rogers (1902-1987)

focused on growth and fulfillment of
individuals

genuineness

acceptance

empathy

21. Humanistic Perspective

Unconditional Positive Regard


an attitude of total acceptance toward
another person
Self-Concept

all our thoughts and feelings about
ourselves, in an answer to the question,
“Who am I?”