about Artificial intelligent

1. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
PRESENTED
BY
SK.FAMIDA C.V.K.PRIYANKA
III Btech III Btech
Email:fami.snowwhite@gmail.com Email:priya.jasmine@gmail.com
Gudur. Gudur.

2. ABSTRACT Such programs should be considered
``somewhat intelligent''. It is related to the
This paper is the introduction to
similar task of using computers to
Artificial intelligence (AI). Artificial
understand human intelligence.
intelligence is exhibited by artificial entity, a
We can learn something about how
system is generally assumed to be a
to make machines solve problems by
computer. AI systems are now in routine use
observing other people or just by observing
in economics, medicine, engineering and the
our own methods. On the other hand, most
military, as well as being built into many
work in AI involves studying the problems
common home computer software
the world presents to intelligence rather than
applications, traditional strategy games like
studying people or animals. AI researchers
computer chess and other video games.
are free to use methods that are not observed
We tried to explain the brief ideas of
in people or that involve much more
AI and its application to various fields. It
computing than people can do. We
cleared the concept of computational and
discussed conditions for considering a
conventional categories. It includes various
machine to be intelligent. We argued that if
advanced systems such as Neural Network,
the machine could successfully pretend to be
Fuzzy Systems and Evolutionary
human to a knowledgeable observer then
computation. AI is used in typical problems
you certainly should consider it intelligent.
such as Pattern recognition, Natural
language processing and more. This system
INTRODUCTION:-
is working throughout the world as an
Artificial intelligence (AI) :-
artificial brain.
Artificial intelligence (AI) is defined
Intelligence involves mechanisms,
as intelligence exhibited by an artificial
and AI research has discovered how to make
entity. Such a system is generally assumed
computers carry out some of them and not
to be a computer.
others. If doing a task requires only
Although AI has a strong science
mechanisms that are well understood today,
fiction connotation, it forms a vital branch of
computer programs can give very
computer science, dealing with intelligent
impressive performances on these tasks.
behaviour, learning and adaptation in

3. machines. Research in AI is concerned with system can process large amounts of known
producing machines to automate tasks information and provide conclusions based
requiring intelligent behavior. Examples on them.
include control, planning and scheduling, • Case based reasoning
the ability to answer diagnostic and • Bayesian networks
consumer questions, handwriting, speech, • Behavior based AI: a modular
and facial recognition. As such, it has method of building AI systems by hand.
become a scientific discipline, focused on Computational Intelligence (CI) :-
providing solutions to real life problems. AI Computational Intelligence involves
systems are now in routine use in iterative development or learning (e.g.
economics, medicine, engineering and the parameter tuning e.g. in connectionist
military, as well as being built into many systems). Learning is based on empirical
common home computer software data and is associated with non-symbolic AI,
applications, traditional strategy games like scruffy AI and soft computing.
computer chess and other video games.
Categories of AI :- Methods include:
AI divides roughly into two schools of • Neural networks: systems with very
thought: strong pattern recognition
• Conventional AI. capabilities.
• Computational Intelligence (CI). • Fuzzy systems: techniques for
Conventional AI :- reasoning under uncertainty, has been
Conventional AI mostly involves widely used in modern industrial and
methods now classified as machine learning, consumer product control systems.
characterized by formalism and statistical • Evolutionary computation: applies
analysis. This is also known as symbolic AI, biologically inspired concepts such as
logical AI, neat AI and Good Old Fashioned populations, mutation and survival of the
Artificial Intelligence (GOFAI). fittest to generate increasingly better
Methods include: solutions to the problem. These methods
• Expert systems: apply reasoning most notably divide into evolutionary
capabilities to reach a conclusion. An expert

4. algorithms (e.g. genetic algorithms) and must include the ability to adapt to new
swarm intelligence (e.g. ant algorithms). circumstances.
Psychologists generally do not
characterize human intelligence by just one
trait but by the combination of many diverse
abilities. Research in AI has focused chiefly
on the following components of intelligence:
learning, reasoning, problem solving,
perception, and using language.
Problem solving
Problem solving, particularly in
artificial intelligence, may be characterized
as a systematic search through a range of
possible actions in order to reach some
predefined goal or solution. Problem-solving
methods divide into special purpose and
general purpose. A special-purpose method
is tailor-made for a particular problem and
What is intelligence?
often exploits very specific features of the
All but the simplest human situation in which the problem is embedded.
behaviour is ascribed to intelligence, while In contrast, a general-purpose method is
even the most complicated insect behaviour applicable to a wide variety of problems.
is never taken as an indication of One general-purpose technique used in AI is
intelligence. What is the difference? means-end analysis—a step-by-step, or
Consider the behaviour of the digger wasp, incremental, reduction of the difference
Sphex ichneumoneus. When the female between the current state and the final goal.
wasp returns to her burrow with food, she The program selects actions from a list of
first deposits it on the threshold, checks for means—in the case of a simple robot this
intruders inside her burrow, and only then, if might consist of PICKUP, PUTDOWN,
the coast is clear, carries her food inside. MOVEFORWARD, MOVEBACK,
The real nature of the wasp's instinctual MOVELEFT, and MOVERIGHT—until the
behaviour is revealed if the food is moved a goal is reached.
few inches away from the entrance to her
Many diverse problems have been
burrow while she is inside: on emerging, she
solved by artificial intelligence programs.
will repeat the whole procedure as often as
Some examples are finding the winning
the food is displaced. Intelligence—
move (or sequence of moves) in a board
conspicuously absent in the case of Sphex—

5. game, devising mathematical proofs, and eye and a pincer hand, constructed at the
manipulating “virtual objects” in a University of Edinburgh, Scotland, during
computer-generated world. the period 1966–73 under the direction of
Donald Michie. FREDDY was able to
Perception recognize a variety of objects and could be
instructed to assemble simple artifacts, such
as a toy car, from a random heap of
components.
APPLICATIONS OF AI :-
 Game Playing :-
You can buy machines that can play
master level chess for a few hundred dollars.
There is some AI in them, but they play well
against people mainly through brute force
computation--looking at hundreds of
thousands of positions.
In perception the environment is
scanned by means of various sensory  Speech Recognition :-
organs, real or artificial, and the scene is
decomposed into separate objects in various In the 1990s, computer speech recognition
spatial relationships. Analysis is reached a practical level for limited
complicated by the fact that an object may
purposes. Thus United Airlines has replaced
appear different depending on the angle
from which it is viewed, the direction and its keyboard tree for flight information by a
intensity of illumination in the scene, and system using speech recognition of flight
how much the object contrasts with the numbers and city names. It is quite
surrounding field.
convenient. On the other hand, while it is
At present, artificial perception is possible to instruct some computers using
sufficiently well advanced to enable optical
speech, most users have gone back to the
sensors to identify individuals, autonomous
vehicles to drive at moderate speeds on the keyboard and the mouse as still more
open road, and robots to roam through convenient.
buildings collecting empty soda cans. One
of the earliest systems to integrate  Understanding Natural Language :-
perception and action was FREDDY, a
Just getting a sequence of words into
stationary robot with a moving television
a computer is not enough. Parsing sentences

6. is not enough either. The computer has to be than medical students or practicing doctors,
provided with an understanding of the provided its limitations were observed.
domain the text is about, and this is
 Heuristic Classification :-
presently possible only for very limited
One of the most feasible kinds of
domains.
expert system given the present knowledge
 Computer Vision :- of AI is to put some information in one of a
The world is composed of three- fixed set of categories using several sources
dimensional objects, but the inputs to the of information. An example is advising
human eye and computer’s TV cameras are whether to accept a proposed credit card
two dimensional. Some useful programs can purchase. Information is available about the
work solely in two dimensions, but full owner of the credit card, his record of
computer vision requires partial three- payment and also about the item he is
dimensional information that is not just a set buying and about the establishment from
of two-dimensional views. At present there which he is buying it (e.g., about whether
are only limited ways of representing three- there have been previous credit card frauds
dimensional information directly, and they at this establishme
are not as good as what humans evidently
Conclusion:-
use.
We conclude that if the machine
 Expert Systems :-
could successfully pretend to be human to a
A ``knowledge engineer'' interviews
knowledgeable observer then you certainly
experts in a certain domain and tries to
should consider it intelligent. AI systems are
embody their knowledge in a computer
now in routine use in various field such as
program for carrying out some task. How
economics, medicine, engineering and the
well this works depends on whether the
military, as well as being built into many
intellectual mechanisms required for the task
common home computer software
are within the present state of AI. One of the
applications, traditional strategy games etc.
first expert systems was MYCIN in 1974,
which diagnosed bacterial infections of the AI is an exciting and rewarding
blood and suggested treatments. It did better discipline. AI is branch of computer
science that is concerned with the

7. automation of intelligent behavior. The
revised definition of AI is - AI is the
study of mechanisms underlying
intelligent behavior through the
construction and evaluation of artifacts
that attempt to enact those mechanisms.
So it is concluded that it work as an artificial
human brain which have an unbelievable
artificial thinking power.
 Programs with Common Sense :-
John McCarthy, In Mechanization of
Thought Processes, Proceedings of the
Symposium of the National Physics
Laboratory, 1959.
 Artificial Intelligence, Logic and
Formalizing Common Sense: -
Richmond Thomason, editor, Philosophical
Logic and Artificial Intelligence. Klüver
Academic, 1989.