Personal mobility and self-organized transport systems in major cities of southern countries: a solution to survive?
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Personal mobility and self-organized transport systems in major cities of southern countries: a solution to survive?
- 1. PERSONAL MOBILITY AND SELF-ORGANIZED TRANSPORT SYSTEMS: A SOLUTION TO SURVIVE? Léa Wester–PhDStudentin GeographyCamille Michel –Master degreein GeographyFrédéric Audard–Lecturerin Geography
- 2. Personal mobility and self-organized transports Introduction 2 Abstract Transportsystemsinmajorcitiesofsoutherncountriesusuallyevokeapparentlyarchaicserviceswithanarchicorganization.Thesestereotypesresultfromalackofunderstandingofthesesystems.Today, severalmetropolisesofsoutherncountrieshavetransportserviceswithoutanycentralizedmanagement.Alternativesolutionshaveappearedwhicharebasedonindividualinitiatives. Owingtotheweakstandardoflivingindevelopingcountries,individualcarsownersarerare.Alotofmegapolisexceedsonemillionpeoplewithoutpublictransportationsystem.Furthermore,inmanycasesbicycleisnotused.However,despiteaconsiderabletechnologicaldelay,somemegacitiessucceedtoconstituteaneffectiveurbantransportnetwork,althoughitisinformal. Weofferananalysisofthesesystemsinordertounderstandtheirspatial,socialandeconomicalstructures.Wefocusonspatialdynamicsandtemporalfluctuations,treatingspecificallythecaseofLima.WebasedonsurveydatasensedonthefieldwithpartnershipofIRDinthecourseof2012. Thesystemofurbantransportationisbasedonshort‐termprofitabilityofthedifferentprovidersoperatinginamarket.Theeconomicalsectorconcernedisdefinedasartisanalandgovernedbyliberalprinciples.Forserviceoperators,profitmaximizationrestsonthecapacitytoadapttodirectdemand. Therefore,competitiveandcomplementarityrelationsdevelop.Itpushestheoperatorstoopennewroutestoreachunexploitedmarketswiththeaimofearnbetterwages.Thismodeofoperationallowsforanextendedcoverageoftheurbanarea. However,theauto‐constructedsuburbsseemleftbehind.Wedefinedspatialdisparitiesintermsofqualityofservicetogaugetheefficiencyofsuchawayoffunctioning.Ourresultshighlightstrongsocio‐ spatialdisparities.Populationsatbothextremesoftheincomescalehavemorerestrictedaccesstourbantransportationcomparedtomiddlestrata.
- 3. UnderstandingEconomic and social issuesSpatial structureOffer ‐ Demand Personal mobility and self-organized transports Introduction 3 Artisanal transit systems
- 4. Personal mobility andSelf-organized transports A default solution ? 4 Population density in Lima Economic centers in Lima
- 5. 5 Inacontextwherepublicauthoritiesgiveupwithtransitsystemmanagement,alternativewaysofmanagementappear: Queue of buses lookingfor passengers Lima 2012 Speed chase Lima 2012 Bus stoppedatgreen light, waitingfor passengers Lima 2012 PersonalmobilityandSelf-organizedtransports A default solution ?
- 6. 16/09/2014 6 Group : a priori not determinable phenomenon Individus : Actions and interactions Macro Level Micro Level Emergence Limited information Contraintsand needs A self‐organizedsystem Personal mobility and self-organized transports Method
- 7. Personal mobility and self-organized transports Method 7 Group : Transit system Individus : Provision of mobility solutions Macro Level Micro Level Emergence Limited information Absence or inefficiency of public transports Self‐organization : a management solution for collective transports
- 8. Personnalmobilityand self-organizedtransports A self-organizedstructure 8 Operators MunicipalidadMétropolitana GTU offerconcessions grantconcessions LinesConcessionnaries pay rent VehiclesOwners pay rent Control Agents manage control Informants pay inform
- 9. 16/09/2014 9 Personnalmobilityand self-organizedtransports A self-organizedstructure Minimal recurring expenses Running rights+Vehicles rental =100 S./ Operators resources Bus capacity : 15 passengers Ticket price : 1 S./ Operators need to board more than 100 persons every day
- 10. Personnalmobilityand self-organizedtransports The demandpoint of view 10 Poverty levels POVERTY AND ACCESSIBILITY AREAS SITUATED 500M FAR FROM A BUS ITINERARY
- 11. Personnalmobilityand self-organizedtransports The demandpoint of view POVERTYAND FREQUENCIES OF BUSES 11
- 12. 16/09/2014 Personalmobilityand self-orgganizedtransports To conclude 12 Self‐organizedcollective transport system An emergency solution Offer Marketlaw Rentabilty Demand Dispartiesof service Exclusion of the poorest Spatial structure Large service cover Polarizationon the city center
- 13. Léa Wester, PhDstudentin Géography(Presenter) Camille Michel, Master Degreein Geography Frédéric Audard, Lecturerin Geography Mail : lea.wester@laposte.net Personalmobilityand self-organizedtransports 13 Thankyoufor yourattention