The Impact of Web 2.0 on Archives
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The Impact of Web 2.0 on Archives
- 1. The impact of Web 2.0 on archives Jane Stevenson, The Archives Hub 02/11/2010 Look-Here! Project workshop on Web 2.0
- 2. What does Web 2.0 mean for the archives profession? – introduction – the unknown – the personal and the professional – letting go – making the most of our environment – preservation issues – innovation – conclusion 02/11/2010
- 3. Some figures... Pew Internet: http://www.rahmn.com/pew-study-shows-growth-in-use-of-online-social-networks-not-just-for-kids-anymore/ 02/11/2010
- 6. A leap of faith? • “There were no formal usability studies.” (Case studies: blog) • “..colleagues strong-armed me into joining.” (Case studies: Facebook) • “[It] started as an experiment…it was on a whim that our Director of Online Strategy signed us up for an account.” (Case studies: Twitter) 02/11/2010
- 7. Joining the Web 2.0 world • Often a lack of preparation, more experimentation • Sometimes reverse-engineering business drivers to fit • What can be gained from embedding this into your strategy? • What can be gained from a spirit of adventure? • The impact of changing expectations 02/11/2010
- 8. An intellectual exercise? • Twitter for Museums: Strategies and Tactics for Success – “a 412-page hardback book, containing 25 practical, how-to articles and case studies from leading international museum professionals and a highly-experienced International Advisory Board” • "A Different Kind of Web: New Connections between Archives and Our Users with Web 2.0” 02/11/2010
- 9. Weighing it up • If you can do it quickly, then finding out whether it works by doing it *might* be more fruitful than discussion, debate, reports, background reading and attempting impact analysis before the event. • But think about what you are committing to: – A good blog requires regular blog posts – Building a following on Twitter requires regular tweets – Providing images on Flickr or videos on YouTube does not require regular effort, but IPR is an issue 02/11/2010
- 11. “I have found that one of the most significant challenges with using Facebook is striking a balance between your own personal and private persona and the persona and role the individual plays as an information provider and advocate for their repository and its holdings via Facebook.” (Case study: Facebook) 02/11/2010
- 12. Informal approaches • Blending of professional and personal • Personality and informality is part of the image • What is appropriate? • What do we feel comfortable with? • Is it easier for ‘digital natives’? 02/11/2010
- 14. The issue of control • Control of... – the archive over time - preservation – the handling of the archive - access – the description of the archive – potential access – the sense of the archive – the reputation of the archive 02/11/2010
- 15. The values we hold dear... Concerns of the archivist • Authority • Integrity • Reliability • Expertise • Reputation Benefits of Web 2.0 • More users • Added value • Greater access • Numerous contexts • Reputation • Networking • Professional support • Dialogue 02/11/2010
- 16. People power • Individual points of view matter • “By forgoing formal classification, tags enable a huge amount of user-produced organizational value, at vanishingly small cost.” (Clay Shirky) • “Each individual categorization scheme is worth less than a professional categorization scheme. But there are many, many more of them.” (Schachter) 02/11/2010
- 17. Crowd-sourcing • The “wisdom of crowds” may be controversial • The power of crowds is unarguable: – http://www.oldweather.org/classify (...at least in theory) • Some data versus no data...? 02/11/2010
- 19. Making the most of our environment 02/11/2010
- 20. We want to: • Grow our audience • Diversify our audience • Show that archives are relevant and meaningful • Encourage active engagement 02/11/2010
- 21. So we need to: • Move from the passive to the active and inclusive • Understand our new/potential users • Take some risks • Let go a bit! 02/11/2010
- 22. Web 2.0 can help with • Democratising • Building networks • Professional support • Sharing • Making friends 02/11/2010
- 23. A recent UK study Higher Education in a Web 2.0 World, concludes that Web 2.0 has a profound effect on the behaviour of students, in particular encouraging a strong sense of communities of interest and a greater tendency to share and participate than previous generations. The report concludes that the “world they [the students] encounter in higher education has been constructed on a wholly different set of norms.” Ann Hughes (Bellevue Consultancy), “Higher Education in a Web 2.0 World”. (2009) http://www.jisc.ac.uk/media/documents/publications/heweb20rptv1.pdf 02/11/2010
- 24. “Media that's targeted at you but doesn't include you may not be worth sitting still for” Clay Shirky 02/11/2010
- 25. Blogs provide a new type of communication • DNA and social responsibility blog http://dnaandsocialresponsibility.blogspot.co m/ • PaxCat project for Peace Archives http://commonwealarchives.wordpress.com/ • Kew Trainee’s blog • http://www.kew.org/news/kew- blogs/introducing-the-new-archives-graduate- trainee.htm 02/11/2010
- 26. Twitter enables conversation & networking 02/11/2010
- 27. YouTube and Flickr access mass markets • University of Glasgow YouTube: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6TgXVHin LwM&feature=related • National Maritime Museum Flickr: http://www.flickr.com/photos/nationalmariti memuseum/ 02/11/2010
- 28. But its not all a bed of roses... 02/11/2010
- 29. Some thorny issues? • Is it permanent? • Is it interoperable? • Is it transparent? • Is it using standards? • Is it open? • It is trustworthy? • And how on earth do we measure its impact? 02/11/2010
- 31. Preservation • Who is responsible? What should be preserved? • Can we address preservation early in the life- cycle? • Might scholars have a role in this (around their area of research)? • What about the importance of context? • Technically, many Web 2.0 channels are not difficult to archive, at least in a basic sense (LoC – Twitter) 02/11/2010
- 32. Preservation • http://archivingsocialmedia.org/ • Most people don’t pay attention to what software and hardware are doing with their stuff (Chris Prom) • So who is archiving their social media content at the moment....? 02/11/2010
- 33. • ...CocaCola! • http://www.hanzoarchives.com/ • Hanzo provides “internet memory” and “real-time capture and playback” of your websites. Our superior crawl and archiving technology can capture your entire site with Flash and video streaming media. We lead in the provision of webarchives using state of the art software to capture your online presence on Social Web platforms and can reliably playback archived content in their native form. 02/11/2010
- 35. Innovation • Leading edge or trailing edge? • Does the ‘mainstream’ of archivists have the enthusiasm, have the desire, to engage with Web 2.0? • Is it a question of time? Is it a question of priorities? 02/11/2010
- 36. Some philosophical musings • Traditionally we organise archives in advance of the researcher using them • If a user wants something that hasn’t been described/categorised/indexed in the way they are thinking about it then...? • The archive is what it is, however we choose to describe it. Or does the naming of the world change it? • Will differences in expression change the nature of archives? 02/11/2010
- 37. Where to now? The internet will be a thriving, low-cost network of billions of devices by 2020, says a major survey of leading technology thinkers. • The Pew report on the future internet surveyed 742 experts in the fields of computing, politics and business. • More than half of respondents had a positive vision of the net's future but 46% had serious reservations. • Almost 60% said that a counter culture of Luddites would emerge, some resorting to violence. Pew Report from 2006: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/5370688.stm 02/11/2010
- 38. Conclusion: Web 2.0 is a mindset 02/11/2010
- 39. Useful Stuff • Pew Internet: http://pewresearch.org/ • Centre for Learning and Performance Technologies: 15 mind blowing facts about the internet http://www.medicalbillingandcoding.org/facts-about- the-internet/ • Twitter for Museums http://www.museumsetc.com/?p=1501 • A Different Kind of Web: New Connections between Archives and Our Users with Web 2.0 (ed. Kate Theimer…coming soon) • twitter.com/archiveshub • archiveshub/blog/ 02/11/2010
Notes de l'éditeur
- Web 2.0” is an umbrella term that is used to refer to a new era of Web-enabled applications that are built around user-generated or user-manipulated content, such as wikis, blogs, podcasts, and social networking sites.
- Pew Internet (2009): 19% of UK adults have used Twitter
- The concept of the archive online is still a relatively new one, and as a community we are still very much exploring the implications of these evolving spaces for the understanding of the archive. In the last decade, certain online activities have become commonplace in our outreach practices: the creation of online exhibitions, use of listservs, emailers and newsletters to reach target communities. And in the late 1990s, especially, issues of online access came to the forefront of our discourse, with groundbreaking work on developing electronic archival description, archival networks and interface design as a means to reach out to many more users, and also create efficiencies for existing ones. Daniel V. Pitti, “Encoded Archival Description: the Development of an Encoding Standard for Archival Finding Aids,” American Archivist 60, no.3 (1997): 268-283. National Council on Archives, “Archives On-Line: The Establishment of a United Kingdom Archival Network” (1998) Wendy M. Duff, Penka Stoyanova “Transforming the Crazy Quilt: Archival Displays from the User’s Point of View”, Archivaria 45 (Spring 1998): 44-79
- What are the lessons we can learn from those who are taking pioneering steps before us, and the stories which are detailed through these case studies? The changing nature of outreach via the wealth of Web 2.0 channels available to us means we are in a period of experimentation – discovering new ways to engage with end users, and to be archivists in new spaces. As the case studies demonstrate, we are in a period of flux, where we are renegotiating issues of control, authority, voice and trust. As Stephen Fletcher puts it when referring to the creation of a blog about processing the Hugh Morton collection: “we faced no institutional formalities or approvals, wrote no mission statements, policies, nor measures of success.”
- Importance of cost/benefit analysis Importance of a strategic direction – understanding your priorities, understanding how best to achieve your aims. Ease with which many Web 2.0 tools can be used Sense of something informal – not ‘serious’ Probably do need to start to get evidence of impact. Managers may start to require this as web 2. tools become more embedded into our mindset and culture. Maybe, like everything else, they will need to be justified.
- Book: Realising The Potential of Twitter: The Complete Guide for Museums
- Appealling to people in a way that is appropriate to the channel used The social web is built around people posting content on things that interest them personally
- I think there’s a vague sense of threat with this big new world where users seem more in control. I wonder if there are still many archivists like someone I know quite well who told me she saw no point in being on the Hub or A2A because they have their own catalogue.
- Professional, expert, trustworthy (vs) Engaged, approachable, flexible, open
- “a lot of what we think we know about categorization is wrong” http://www.shirky.com/writings/ontology_overrated.html Physical constraints do not apply in a virtual world
- Make sure archives are safe and secure. Archives are a result of human activitiy and part of culture and society We should acknowledge and use our collective responsibility But do we want to move away from niche audiences and academic preconceptions? Shift to filtering after publishing Hub on Twitter: 1,470 followers (we are following back 1,199 ) Hub blog – for past year 10,053 views and 7,569 unique page views. Average time on page 1:55.
- There is a sense of equality around web 2.0. Traditional hierarchies count for a great deal less. It irons out differences in income and education. 51% of American internet users post content they have created themselves; 34% if you just take 30-49 year olds.
- Web 2.0 technologies, intrinsically participatory, and focused on sharing, collaboration and mutual meaning-making, are now being effectively exploited by many among us in order to find new ways to reach out to users, and promote not only new use of the archive, but also new understandings of it. In many regards, these new forms of outreach are logical extensions of existing outreach activities, but social media in particular is transforming the concept of outreach itself in positive, and sometimes challenging, ways.
- Concerns over interoperability (different formats working together), government regulation and commercial interests were seen as key barriers to a universal internet. "Real interoperability will be contingent on replacing our bias for competition with one for collaboration. Until then, economics do not permit universal networking capability." (Douglas Rushkoff, author and social commentator) The repondents were split over the whether the impact of people's lives becoming increasingly online, resulting in both less privacy but more transparency, would be a positive outcome. Will the powerful remain less ‘transparent’?
- Web 2.0 is a mindset