1. Fungi

6. Figure 31.1 Fungal mycelia

7. Figure 31.2 Examples of fungal hyphae

8. Figure 31.2x Septate hyphae (left) and nonseptate hyphae (right)

12. Figure 31.3 Generalized life cycle of fungi (Layer 1)

13. Figure 31.3 Generalized life cycle of fungi (Layer 2)

14. Figure 31.3 Generalized life cycle of fungi (Layer 3)

16. Figure 31.4 Phylogeny of fungi

18. Figure 31.5 Chytridiomycota (chytrids)

20. Figure 31.6 The common mold Rhizopus decomposing strawberries

21. Figure 31.7 The life cycle of the zygomycete Rhizopus (black bread mold)

22. Figure 31.7x1 Young zygosporangium

23. Figure 31.7x2 Mature zygosporangium

24. Figure 31.8 Pilobolus aiming its sporangia

26. Figure 31.9 Ascomycetes (sac fungi): Scarlet cup (top left), truffles (bottom left), morel (right)

27. Figure 31.9x1 Carbon fungus

28. Figure 31.9x2 Aspergillus

29. Figure 31.10 The life cycle of an ascomycete

30. Figure 31.10x1 Life cycle of an ascomycete

31. Figure 31.10x2 Apothecium

33. Figure 31.11 Basidiomycetes (club fungi): Greville's bolete (top left), turkey tail (bottom left), stinkhorn (right)

34. Figure 31.11x1 Coprinus comatus, Shaggy Mane

35. Figure 31.11x2 Geastrum triplex

36. Figure 31.11x3 Tremella messenterica, Witch’s Butter

37. Figure 31.11x4 Stinkhorn

38. Figure 31.11x5 Amanita

39. Figure 31.12 The life cycle of a mushroom-forming basidiomycete

40. Figure 31.12x Gills

41. Figure 31.13 A fairy ring

42. Table 31.1 Review of Fungal Phyla

45. Figure 31.14 A moldy orange (left), Penicillium (right)

46. Figure 31.21 Fungal production of an antibiotic

48. Figure 31.15 Budding yeast

50. Figure 31.16 Lichens

51. Figure 31.17 Anatomy of a lichen

52. Figure 31.17x Anatomy of a lichen

54. Figure 31.18 Mycorrhizae

55. Figure 31.19 An experimental test of the benefits of mycorrhizae

58. Figure 31.20 Examples of fungal diseases of plants: Black stem rust on wheat (left), ergots on rye (right)

59. Figure 31.20x1 Strawberries with Botrytis mold, a plant parasitic fungus

60. Figure 31.20x2 Pink ear rot of corn