3. PREDICTIONS
Pattern of order that should be observed in fossil record
Homologous structures and shared body plans
Genomic evidence (The Modern Synthesis)
37. Nature Has a Wild Card Up
Her Sleeve
Impossibility of building new complex
features if only one gene is available to
perform a vital function
Functionally Redundant Genes - Nature
deals multiple hands to each genome.
38. Developmental Regulatory Genes
Human accelerated regions (HARs)
• 49 segments of the human genome there are 18 base
pair mutations different between humans and
chimpanzees.
39. Developmental Regulatory Genes
Human accelerated regions (HARs)
• 49 segments of the human genome there are 18 base
pair mutations different between humans and
chimpanzees.
• HAR1 (most mutated in humans) is an 118 base pair
stretch found on the long arm of chromosome 20
40. Developmental Regulatory Genes
Human accelerated regions (HARs)
• 49 segments of the human genome there are 18 base
pair mutations different between humans and
chimpanzees.
• HAR1 (most mutated in humans) is an 118 base pair
stretch found on the long arm of chromosome 20
• The HAR1 sequence is found (and conserved) in
chickens and chimpanzees but is not present in fish or
frogs that have been studied.
41. Developmental Regulatory Genes
Human accelerated regions (HARs)
• 49 segments of the human genome there are 18 base
pair mutations different between humans and
chimpanzees.
• HAR1 (most mutated in humans) is an 118 base pair
stretch found on the long arm of chromosome 20
• The HAR1 sequence is found (and conserved) in
chickens and chimpanzees but is not present in fish or
frogs that have been studied.
• These highly mutated areas have contributed to the
development of human brain anatomy.
61. Eye-openers
• Different types of people
• Earth Quake in Chile
• Tremendous varieties of species
• Island ecology
• Species traits coadapted to ecology
64. After the Beagle
• 8 books on a variety
of topics
• Many scientific
articles
65. After the Beagle
• 8 books on a variety
of topics
• Many scientific
articles
• Network of
colleagues
66. After the Beagle
• 8 books on a variety
of topics
• Many scientific
articles
• Network of
colleagues
• Reef geology of
islands
67. After the Beagle
• 8 books on a variety
of topics
• Many scientific
articles
• Network of
colleagues
• Reef geology of
islands
• Barnacle project
68. After the Beagle
• 8 books on a variety • Home Experiments
of topics • Dispersal
• Many scientific • Pigeons
articles • Embryology
• Network of
colleagues
• Reef geology of
islands
• Barnacle project
69. After the Beagle
• 8 books on a variety • Home Experiments
of topics • Dispersal
• Many scientific • Pigeons
articles • Embryology
• Personal tragedies
• Network of
and challenges
colleagues
• Health
• Reef geology of • Deaths of Annie,
islands Charles, & Mary
• Barnacle project Eleanor
84. Overview of the Principles of
Natural Selection
Fact 1
Potential Exponential
Increase of Population
Fact 2
Steady-state stability
of populations
Fact 3
Limitation of resources
85. Overview of the Principles of
Natural Selection
Fact 1
Potential Exponential
Increase of Population
Fact 2 Inference 1
Steady-state stability Struggle among
of populations individuals to survive
Fact 3 Fact 4
Limitation of resources Uniqueness of
individual
Fact 5
Heritability of
Individual variation
86. Overview of the Principles of
Natural Selection
Fact 1
Potential Exponential
Increase of Population
Fact 2 Inference 1
Steady-state stability Struggle among
of populations individuals to survive
Fact 3 Fact 4 Inference 2
Limitation of resources Uniqueness of Differential Survival
individual
Fact 5
Heritability of
Individual variation
87. Overview of the Principles of
Natural Selection
Fact 1
Potential Exponential
Increase of Population
Fact 2 Inference 1
Steady-state stability Struggle among
of populations individuals to survive
Fact 3 Fact 4 Inference 2 Inference 3
Limitation of resources Uniqueness of Differential Survival Gradual Evolution
individual
Fact 5
Heritability of
Individual variation
95. Fundamental Unifying
Law of Biology
n “All biology is evolutionary biology.”
n Ecology
n Population Genetics
n Comparative Anatomy and Physiology
106. Influences of Darwin’s
Theory
n Behavior Genetics - Francis Galton
n The heritability of behavioral
characteristics
n Freud
n William James
107. Sociobiology
n E.O Wilson
n Sociobiology is a synthesis
of scientific disciplines that
attempts to explain social
behavior in all species by
considering the
evolutionary advantages
the behaviors may have.
112. DARWIN’S DANGEROUS IDEA
The Classifier’s Conundrum: How to group life forms that
range in similarity across a broad continuum.
113. DARWIN’S DANGEROUS IDEA
The Classifier’s Conundrum: How to group life forms that
range in similarity across a broad continuum.
Start with a small number of self-replicating systems that
produce imperfect copies resulting in variable traits. Some
replicators gain a reproductive advantage and the traits
possessed by the most successful reproducers will, over
generations, numerically outpace traits of the less adapted
forms. Divergent lineages will naturally emerge when
interbreeding is prohibited.
124. William Paley
• Natural Theology
• Watchmaker Analogy
• We Recognize Design
Intuitively
Natural Theology; or, Evidences of the Existence and Attributes of the Deity 1802
125. William Paley
• Natural Theology
• Watchmaker Analogy
• We Recognize Design
Intuitively
Natural Theology; or, Evidences of the Existence and Attributes of the Deity 1802
126. William Paley
• Natural Theology
• Watchmaker Analogy
Natural Theology; or, Evidences of the Existence and Attributes of the Deity 1802
127. William Paley
• Natural Theology
• Watchmaker Analogy
• We Recognize Design
Intuitively
Natural Theology; or, Evidences of the Existence and Attributes of the Deity 1802
128. William Behe
• Natural Theology - a.k.a.,
Intelligent Design
• Irreducible Complexity
a.k.a., Watchmaker
Analogy
• We Recognize Design
Intuitively
129. William Behe
• Natural Theology - a.k.a.,
Intelligent Design
• Irreducible Complexity
a.k.a., Watchmaker
Analogy
• We Recognize Design
Intuitively
130. William Behe
• Natural Theology - a.k.a.,
Intelligent Design
• Irreducible Complexity
a.k.a., Watchmaker
Analogy
131. William Behe
• Natural Theology - a.k.a.,
Intelligent Design
• Irreducible Complexity
a.k.a., Watchmaker
Analogy
• We Recognize Design
Intuitively
136. Recognizing Intelligence
• As good as we think we are?
• What does Recognition mean?
• Memory - To Discriminate familiar from unfamiliar
• Does what I am seeing here resemble other
designed things in memory?
• False recognition, overgeneralization, & cognitive
bias
137. Recognizing Intelligence
• As good as we think we are?
• What does Recognition mean?
• Memory - To Discriminate familiar from unfamiliar
• Does what I am seeing here resemble other
designed things in memory?
• False recognition, overgeneralization, & cognitive
bias
• Later: What is intelligence?
163. What you see before you now is a
state of transition, not The END
GOAL.
•The struggle continues
•Everything is changing right now and, as
long as life continues, always will be.
171. Incredulity Creates Mental
Blind Spots
"... there are many reasons why you might not understand an explanation of a scientific
theory ... Finally, there is this possibility: after I tell you something, you just can't
believe it. You can't accept it. You don't like it. A little screen comes down and you
don't listen anymore. I'm going to describe to you how Nature is - and if you don't
like it, that's going to get in the way of your understanding it. It's a problem that
scientists have learned to deal with: They've learned to realize that whether they
like a theory or they don't like a theory is not the essential question. Rather, it is
whether or not the theory gives predictions that agree with experiment. It is not a
question of whether a theory is philosophically delightful, or easy to understand, or
perfectly reasonable from the point of view of common sense. A scientific theory
describes Nature as absurd from the point of view of common sense. And it agrees
fully with experiment. So I hope you can accept Nature as She is - absurd.
Please don't turn yourself off because you can't believe Nature is so strange. Just
hear me all out, and I hope you'll be as delighted as I am when we're through. "
- Richard P. Feynman (1918-1988)
172. 'It is interesting to contemplate a tangled bank, clothed with
many plants of many kinds, with birds singing on the bushes,
with various insects flitting about, and with worms crawling
through the damp earth, and to reflect that these elaborately
constructed forms, so different from each other, and
dependent on each other in so complex a manner, have all
been produced by laws acting around us.'
Charles Darwin
