1. Methodology for Evaluating Sustainability
of Integration between Public
Transportation Modes
Presentation by
K S PATIL
(M.Tech, Transportation Engineering, NIT Warangal)
Under the guidance of
PROF. C.S.R.K PRASAD, Head Transportation Division, NIT Warangal.
DR. E. MADHU, Principal Scientist CSIR-CRRI New Delhi.

2. • Outline
 Introduction
 Study Objectives
 Review and Summary of Literature
 Scope of the Study
 Study Methodology
 Data Collection
 Estimation of Individual Indicators
 Results and Conclusions
 References
2

3. • Introduction
 The urbanisation rate is unceasingly increasing in India, adding to increased
number of private vehicles resulting increase in congestion, road accidents, air and
noise pollution etc.
 In this direction, increasing accessibility to public transport may attract choice
riders to use public transport and in that case bus services may act as feeder to the
main transportation systems such as metro.
 In order to improve the efficiency of public transport systems, it is very important
to understand and assess the present level of integration between these systems
in view of sustainability.
 Hence there is a need for developing a holistic method for evaluating the public
transport systems rather than focusing only on the operational efficiencies.
3

4. • Sustainability
Economic
• Efficient Mobility
• Local Economic Development
• Operational Efficiency
Environmental
• Air, Noise and Water
pollution Reduction
• Resource Conservation
• Open - Space
Preservation
• Biodiversity Protection
Social
• Social Equity
• Human Safety and
Health
• Affordability
• Community Cohesion
• Cultural Preservation
 Sustainability is a holistic
practice that includes efforts
to mitigate negative effects on
every part of the
transportation system and
considers the interconnected
issues under social, economy
and environment areas.
4
Sustainable Transportation Goals (Source: Litman 2013)

5. • Study Objectives
1. Develop a methodology for evaluating public transportation in a view
of sustainability mainly focusing on integration of public transportation
modes.
2. Developing a set of sustainability indicators for measurement and
evaluation of integration levels between metro rail and buses.
3. Estimate the present sustainability index of integration levels between
Delhi Metro rail and Bus service in South Delhi region using developed
methodology.
4. Evaluating proposed policies for improving the integration between
metro and bus using developed methodology.
5

6. • Review of Literature
 Bhaskar (2013) estimated sustainability index of three corridors in
South Delhi region. A methodology was developed to assess the
social, environmental and economical effects of public
transportation systems and a set indicators were developed for
measurement of transport sustainability performance.
 Cascajo (2008) developed a methodology for estimating the
sustainability of rail urban projects by measuring a set of
indicators. Multi-Criteria analysis was used, The indicators were
calculated by percentage variation with the project without the
project. The final impact was the aggregated sum of percentage
variations and weight assigned to the indicators.
6

7. • Summary of Literature Review
 New trends are emerging considering public transport as a
viable alternative towards sustainability and many approaches
have been made globally to identify the indicators of
sustainability.
 Traditional methods of public transport evaluation have their
roots in operational efficiencies and hence there is need for
more comprehensive evaluation methods for increasing the
efficiency of the transit systems.
7

8. • Scope of the Study 8
 Scope of the present study is to examine the integration
levels between Metro Rail and Bus at four Metro
Stations in South Delhi.

9. Kalkaji Mandir Metro Station and Bus Stops (Source: Google Maps)
9
c
Kalkaji Mandir Metro
Station

10. 10
Nehru Place Metro Station Metro Station and Bus Stops around the
Station (Source: Google Maps)
c
c
Nehru Place Metro
Station

11. 11
Kailash Colony Metro Station and Bus Stops around the Station (Source: Google Maps)
c
c
c
Kailash Colony Metro
Station

12. Moolchand Metro Station and Bus Stops around the Station(Source: Google Maps)
12
c
c
c
Moolchand Metro
Station

13. • Study Methodology
Identification of
indicators to measure
integration: Economic,
Environmental and
Social
Data collection: Quantitative(occupancy
and reliability etc.) and Qualitative
Surveys (bus and metro user ratings)
Evaluation and
Homogenization of individual
indicators (U)
Developing methodology
to evaluate the selected
indicators
Weighted individual
homogenized value (W * U)
AggregationSustainability Integration Index Weightage of indicator (W)
Weightage survey based on
Expert Opinion
Selection of
study area
Selection of
Public
Transport
systems
Metro Rail Bus
13

14. • Study Methodology (Contd.)
Selected Indicators for Evaluation of Integration between metro and Bus
Economic Indicators
Productivity
Transfer Time
Accessibility
Mobility
Additional Employment
Social Indicators
Bus and Metro user rating
Connection and Reliability
Safety and Security
Additional Facilities Provided
Environmental Indicators
Air Pollution
Non Motorized Transport
Land Consumption
14

15. • Data Collection
 Qualitative (user perception survey) and Quantitative methods were used to
measure the selected indicators and for this purpose, data collection through
questionnaire surveys, inventory studies etc. were conducted at following
location at South Delhi.
15
Location
Bus- Metro User
Rating Survey
(Qualitative)
Bus Occupancy
Survey Bus Schedule
Reliability survey
Kalkaji Mandir Metro Station   
Nehru Place Metro Station   
Kailash Colony Metro Station   
Moolchand Metro Station   
Paras Cinemas Bus Stop   
Kalkaji Mandir Bus Stop   
Nehru Place Terminal Bus Stop   
DTC Nehru Place Bus Stop   
Nehru Place Bus Stop   
Kailash Colony Bus Stop   
LSR College Bus Stop   
Sant Nagar Bus Stop   
Central School Bus Stop   
Moolchand Hospital Bus Stop   
Andrews Gunj Bus Stop   

16. • Data Collection (Contd..)
 The approach was to create a short passenger
survey (roughly 5 minutes to complete) that
could be conducted at selected stations.
 The main part of the passenger survey was
conducted during the month of February and
March 2014.
 A total of 588 riders were surveyed. For each
metro station, interviewing would begin at a
morning commute time (from 9:00AM – 11 AM)
at bus stops to capture the peak hours and a full
day commute time from (9:00 AM – 5:00 PM) at
metro stations.
16
Survey samples Collected
location Metro Station Bus Stop
Kalkaji Mandir 62 71
Nehru Place 97 82
Kailash Colony 100 31
Moolchand 100 45
Total 359 229

17. • Data Collection (Contd..) 17

18. • Data Collection (Contd..) 18

19. • Data Collection (Contd..) 19

20. • Productivity
 Productivity = No of people using bus or metro to reach the destination after a
bus or metro trip / No of people using all other modes after a bus or metro trip
to reach the final destination.
20
Metro Station Location
Direction of
Trip (Metro –
Bus)
Direction of
Trip (Bus –
Metro)
Total Samples
Productivity/
Economic
Efficiency
Kalkaji Mandir
Bus Stop 25 10 65
0.51
Metro Station 17 11 59
Nehru Place
Bus Stop 17 9 76
0.31
Metro Station 14 4 64
Kailash Colony
Bus Stop 15 3 31
0.34
Metro Station 5 7 58
Moolchand
Bus Stop 12 12 37
0.44
Metro Station 14 9 70

21. • Transfer Time
 Transfer time = (Average distance between bus stop and metro station/
Pedestrian speed) + Service time + Average waiting time on the platform.
21
Metro Station Bus Stop
(Metro - Bus) Avg Transfer
Time(sec)
( Bus - Metro) Avg
Transfer Time(sec)
Transfer
Time (Sec)
Homogenized
Value
Kalkaji Mandir
Paras Cinemas 399 529
641 0.288Kalkaji Mandir 765 925
Nehru Place Terminal 521 709
Nehru Place
DTC Nehru Place 636 817
714 0.210
Nehru Place 658 745
Kailash Colony
Kialash Colony 308 460
640 0.289LSR College 699 892
Sant Nagar 658 820
Moolchand
Central School 325 547
661 0.265Moolchand Hospital 625 799
Andrews Gunj 729 943

22. • Accessibility
 Accessibility = Physical distance between the bus stop and metro station * No of
bus routes serving these bus stops.
22
Metro Station Bus Stop
Avg walking Distance Between
Metro station and Bus Stop
Number of Bus Routes Serving the
Bus Stop ( Peak Hours)
Homgenized Value Accessibility
Kalkaji Mandir
Paras Cinemas 250 16 0.145
0.34Kalkaji Mandir 800 15 0.036
Nehru Place Terminal 500 27 0.163
Nehru Place
Nehru Place DTC 650 19 0.080
0.17
Nehru Place 550 17 0.092
Kailash Colony
Kailash Colony 100 12 0.130
0.28LSR College 700 16 0.058
Sant Nagar 600 19 0.092
Moolchand
Central School 200 25 0.241
0.57Moolchand Hospital 550 36 0.195
Andews Gunj 750 46 0.139

23. • Mobility
 Mobility = Average vehicle occupancy * Public transport Travel speed
23
Metro Station Bus Stop
Bus Occupancy Levels Average Speed of
DTC Buses KMPH
Mobility
F M E
Kalkaji Mandir
Paras Cinemas 15 14 54 15.5
0.368Kalkaji Mandir 22 12 34 15.5
Nehru Place Terminal 16 43 64 15.5
Nehru Place
Nehru Place DTC 10 30 39 16.9
0.43
Nehru Place 6 10 29 16.9
Kailash Colony
Kialsh Colony 30 31 34 16.9
0.408LSR College 9 12 49 16.9
Sant Nagar 1 16 18 16.9
Moolchand
Central School 15 30 42 17.81
0.356Moolchand Hospital 88 70 34 17.81
Andews Gunj 19 107 102 17.81

24. Additional Employment
Metro
Station
No of
Users
using IPT
Total
Users
Surveyed
Additional
Employment
Generated
Kalkaji
Mandir
5 124 0.040
Nehru Place 31 140 0.221
Kailash
Colony
4 89 0.045
Moolchand 34 107 0.382
24
0.000 0.050 0.100 0.150 0.200 0.250 0.300 0.350 0.400
Kalkaji Mandir
Nehru Place
Kailash Colony
Moolchand
Kalkaji Mandir,
0.040
Nehru Place,
0.221
Kailash Colony,
0.045
Moolchand,
0.382
Additional Employment Generated

25. • Bus and Metro User Rating
Area
Metro
Station
Bus Stop
Average
Rating
Kalkaji Mandir 0.451 0.574 0.513
Nehru Place 0.455 0.581 0.518
Kailash Colony 0.534 0.479 0.507
Moolchand 0.498 0.471 0.485
25
0.513
0.518
0.507
0.485
0.46
0.47
0.48
0.49
0.50
0.51
0.52
0.53
Kalkaji
Mandir
Nehru Place Kailash
Colony
Moolchand
Bus and Metro Users Rating

26. • Safety and Security
Metro Stations
Pedestrian
crossing
Footpat
h
Foot over
bridge/
Underpasses/
subway
Video
surveill
ance
Pedestria
n signal
Security
personal
Emergenc
y Service
Illuminati
on/
Lighting
Homogenize
d Value
Kalkaji Mandir
       
0.625
Nehru Place
       
0.625
Kailash Colony
       
0.625
Moolchand
        0.75
26

27. • Additional Facilities Provided
Metro Stations
Directional
Informatio
n
Arrival/
Departure
Informatio
n
Skywalk
Weather
Protection
Audio
announce
ments
Commercial
Enterprises
Homogenize
d Value
Stations B M B M B M B M B M B M
Kalkaji Mandir             0.5
Nehru Place             0.5
Kailash Colony
            0.417
Moolchand
            0.5
27

28. • Reliability 28
0.483
0.398
0.504
0.549
0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60
Kalkaji Mandir
Nehru Place
Kailash Colony
Moolchand
Reliability

29. • Air Pollution
Pollutants CO HC Nox CO2 PM Homogenized
Value
Emission factor (g/km)* 3.72 3.75 6.21 806.5 0.044
Kalkaji Mandir (91 buses) 338.52 341.25 565.11 73391.5 4.004 0.663
Nehru Place (62 buses) 230.64 232.5 385.02 50003 2.728 0.770
Kailash Colony (67 buses) 249.24 251.25 416.07 54035.5 2.948 0.752
Moolchand ( 169 buses) 628.68 633.75 1049.49 136298.5 7.436 0.374
Bogota BRT (270 buses Worst case) 1004.4 1012.5 1676.7 217755 11.88 -
29
*Source: ARAI 2007
Air Pollution = Number of buses around metro station during peak hour * Standard Emission loads

30. • Land Consumption and NMT Facilities 30
Location Land Consumption NMT Facilities
Kalkaji Mandir 1 0
Nehru Place 1 0
Kailash Colony 1 0.5
Moolchand 1 0.5

31. • Weightage of Indicator using Experts Opinion
Survey
31
S. No Indicators Weights of Indicators
1 Productivity 8.94
2 Transfer Time 8.05
3 Accessibility 9.45
4 Mobility 8.15
5 Additional Employment 6.36
6 Bus and Metro user survey 8.05
7 Reliability 9.05
8 Safety and Security 9.52
9 Additional Facilities 8.62
10 Air Pollution 7.94
11 Non-Motorized Transport 8.15
12 Land Consumption 7.72
Total 100

32. Computation of Sustainability Index 32
SL NO Indicators
Weights of
Indicators
Homogenized Value Weighted value
Kalkaji
Mandir
Nehru
Place
Kailash
Colony
Moolchand
Kalkaji
Mandir
Nehru
Place
Kailash
Colony
Moolchand
Economic Indicators
1 Productivity 8.94 0.508 0.314 0.337 0.439 4.544 2.811 3.015 3.929
2 Transfer Time 8.05 0.288 0.210 0.289 0.265 2.317 1.690 2.325 2.133
3 Accessibility 9.45 0.343 0.172 0.280 0.575 3.244 1.628 2.641 5.429
4 Mobility 8.15 0.368 0.430 0.408 0.356 3.001 3.506 3.327 2.903
5 Additional Employment 6.36 0.040 0.221 0.045 0.382 0.256 1.408 0.286 2.429
Maximum Achievable value 40.948 Levels for selected stations 13.362 11.042 11.593 16.822
Social Indicators
1
Bus and Metro user
survey 8.05 0.513 0.518 0.507 0.485 4.124 4.168 4.075 3.898
2 Reliability 9.05 0.483 0.398 0.504 0.549 4.370 3.601 4.560 4.969
3 Safety and Security 9.52 0.625 0.625 0.625 0.750 5.949 5.949 5.949 7.139
4 Additional Facilities 8.62 0.500 0.500 0.417 0.500 4.310 4.310 3.592 4.310
Maximum Achievable value 35.237 Levels for selected stations 18.753 18.029 18.176 20.317
Environmental Indicators
1 Air Pollution 7.94 0.663 0.770 0.752 0.374 5.263 6.115 5.968 2.969
2 Non Motorized Transport 8.15 0.000 0.000 1.000 1.000 0.000 0.000 8.154 8.154
3 Land Consumption 7.72 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 7.723 7.723 7.723 7.723
Maximum Achievable value 23.815 Levels for selected stations 12.985 13.838 21.845 18.846
Total 100.000 Sustainability index 45.101 42.909 51.614 55.985

33. Estimated Sustainability Index 33
45.101
42.909
51.614
55.985
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Kalkaji Mandir Nehru Place Kailash Colony Moolchand
Sustainability Index

34. Evaluation of Transportation Policies
1. Common Fare Collection System
2. Relocation and Direct Connection
between Bus Stop and Metro Station
3. Increasing Bus Service Frequency around
metro station
34

35. 1. Common Fare Collection System 35
More Delhi Common Mobility Card
(Source: DMRC)

36. Common Fare Collection System(Contd.) 36
Metro Stations Productivity
Transfer
Time
Mobility
Additional
Employment
Bus & Metro
User Rating
Kalkaji Mandir 0.564 0.304 0.364 0.522 0.569
Nehru Place 0.361 0.224 0.420 0.627 0.596
Kailash Colony 0.381 0.298 0.401 0.525 0.572
Moolchand 0.514 0.278 0.346 0.723 0.567
Estimated Value of Indicators with Common Mobility Card Policy

37. Common Fare Collection System(Contd.) 37
Metro Station
Present Sustainability
Index
Sustainability Index
with Proposed Policy
%
Increase
Kalkaji Mandir 45.101 49.217 4.1
Nehru Place 42.909 46.564 3.7
Kailash Colony 51.614 55.605 4.0
Moolchand 55.985 59.503 3.5
Estimated Sustainability Index Value for Policy of Common Mobility Card

38. 2. Bus Stop Relocation and Direct
Connection
38
Metro Stations Productivity
Transfer
Time
Mobility Accessibility
Additional
Employment
Bus & Metro
User Rating
Safety and
Security
Kalkaji Mandir 0.559 0.368 0.365 0.343 0.522 0.564 0.625
Nehru Place 0.346 0.287 0.425 0.172 0.622 0.570 0.625
Kailash Colony 0.371 0.369 0.404 0.280 0.525 0.557 0.750
Moolchand 0.483 0.345 0.352 0.575 0.710 0.533 0.750
Estimated Values of Indicators with Policy of Relocating Bus Stops

39. Bus Stop Relocation and Direct
Connection(Contd.)
39
Metro Station Present Sustainability Index
Sustainability Index with
Proposed Policy
% Increase
Kalkaji Mandir 45.101 49.645 4.5
Nehru Place 42.909 46.733 3.8
Kailash Colony 51.614 57.177 5.6
Moolchand 55.985 59.468 3.5
Estimated Sustainability Index Value for Policy of Relocating Bus Stops

40. 403. Increasing Bus Service Frequency
Metro Stations Productivity
Transfer
Time
Mobility
Additional
Employment
Bus &
Metro User
Rating
Air
Pollution
Kalkaji Mandir 0.594 0.340 0.716 0.524 0.600 0.331
Nehru Place 0.374 0.267 0.828 0.632 0.616 0.385
Kailash Colony 0.364 0.350 0.811 0.524 0.547 0.376
Moolchand 0.492 0.321 0.702 0.714 0.543 0.187
Estimated Values of Indicators with Policy of Increasing Bus Frequency

41. 41Increasing Bus Service Frequency(Contd.)
Metro Station
Present Sustainability
Index
Sustainability Index with
Proposed Policy
%
Increase
Kalkaji Mandir 45.101 50.270 5.2
Nehru Place 42.909 47.489 4.6
Kailash Colony 51.614 56.021 4.4
Moolchand 55.985 60.813 4.8
Estimated Sustainability Index Value for Policy of Increasing Bus Frequency

42. • Comparison of Policies 42
3.820
4.353
4.746
3.500
3.700
3.900
4.100
4.300
4.500
4.700
4.900
Common Mobility Card Bus Stop Relocation Increasing Bus Frequency
Comparision of Policies
Comparison of Average Increase in Sustainability Integration Index

43. Conclusions
 From the results obtained, its clear that safety and security, accessibility and
reliability are the most important factors influencing the integration of public
transportation systems.
 Moolchand Metro Station and bus stops around the station are having the
maximum value of sustainability index as it is located on the outer ring road
with the maximum number of bus routes serving.
 The Nehru Place Metro Station has the least sustainability index value as a
result of location of the bus stops very far to walk from the metro station and
lack of facilities for accessing the bus stops.
 The present developed methodology can be applied to evaluate the various
transport policies to improve integration between public transport modes.
43

44. Limitations of the Study
 The present study was focused only on evaluating the public transport service
parameters and do not consider any capital investments and monetary benefits for
evaluation of the system.
 The procedure or methodology adopted for converting the indicators may vary according
to the aim of the study and type of public transport system selected for evaluation.
 Most of the indicators are measured indirectly. By identifying and measuring the
parameters which define those indicators.
 Many standard values are fixed arbitrarily. For example a transfer time of 15 minutes was
assumed for homogenizing the calculated transfer times.
 The distance measured between bus stops and metro stations are obtained from Google
maps having accuracy levels upto 10 mts.
 For evaluating policies the percentage increase in the indicator values were assumed as
equal to increase in the public transit usage which may be a crude assumption.
44

45. References
1. Bhaskar, P. (2013). “Methodology for assessing the social, economical and
environmental effects of public transportation systems.” M.tech. Thesis report,
Suratkal.
2. Cascajo, R. (2008). “Assessment of economic, social and environmental effects
of rail urban projects.” TRANSYT – Transport Research Centre, Madrid, Spain.
3. Litman, T. (2013). “Well Measured: Developing Indicators for Comprehensive
and Sustainable Transport Planning.” Victoria Transport policy Institute,
Canada, <http://www.vtpi.org/wellmeas.pdf> (Nov. 13, 2013).
4. ARAI, (2007).“Emission Factor development for Indian Vehicles .” The
Automotive Research Association of India ,P.O. Box. 832, Pune-4.
45

46. 46