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Reflection




  Marcus Denker
  denker@acm.org




© Marcus Denker
Roadmap




> Introduction: Reflection
> I. Sub-Method Structural Reflection
> II. Partial Behavioral Reflection




© Marcus Denker
Roadmap




> Introduction: Reflection
> I. Sub-Method Structural Reflection
> II. Partial Behavioral Reflection




© Marcus Denker
Reflection




© Marcus Denker
Reflection




              Program   Description




© Marcus Denker
Reflection




                  Program                  Description




                            Query and Change


© Marcus Denker
Why?

© Marcus Denker
The Systems of the future...




>    ... are getting larger and more complex

>    ... are getting more and more dependent on each other

> The demands are changing




© Marcus Denker
Examples of New Demands



>    Dynamic Analysis
     — Fine-grained selection
     — Install / retract at runtime
     — Complete system


>    Development Environment
     — Complete representation of the system
     — Extensible




© Marcus Denker
System




Definition:

A computational system is a computer-based system
whose purpose is to answer questions and/or support actions
about some domain.
                     (P. Maes, “Concepts and Experiments in Computational
                     Reflection," Proceedings of OOPLA 87)




© Marcus Denker
Causally Connected




Definition:

A system is said to be causally connected to its domain if
the internal structures and the domain they represent are linked
in such a way that if one of them changes, this leads to a
corresponding effect of the other.



                                            (Patty Maes, OOPSLA 87)


© Marcus Denker
Reflective System




Definition:

A reflective system is a system which incorporates causally
connected structures representing (aspects of) itself.

                                        (Patty Maes, OOPSLA 87)




© Marcus Denker
Introspection



>    Introspection
     — Self-representation can be queried

>    Intercession
     — Self-representation can be changed




           Reflection = Introspection + Intercession


© Marcus Denker
Structure and Behavior




>    Structural Reflection
     — Concerned with static structure
     — For example: packages, data-types, procedures

>    Behavioral Reflection
     — Concerned with execution
     — For example: procedure execution, assignment, variable read




© Marcus Denker
Tower of Interpreters
 Tower of Interpreters



> > First studied forfor
      First studied
     procedural languages
       procedural languages

> > David A. Smith: 3Lisp
     David A. Smith: 3Lisp         Interpreter at level 3

                                   Interpreter at level 2
> > Tower-of-Interpreters
      Tower-of-Interpreters
                                   Interpreter at level 1
> > Theoretical. Slow!
     Theoretical. Slow!       User Program running a level 0




   © Marcus Denker
© Marcus Denker
Reflection and OOP


>    A good match: self-representation build of objects
     — Better then interpreter data-structures


>    Language-based reflection
     — Language entities represented as objects
     — Meta-objects describe behavior of base level objects

> Structure: classes/methods are objects
> Behavior: meta-objects define behavior
     — Example: meta-class defines method lookup


© Marcus Denker
Example: Java


>    Structural introspection
     — java.lang.reflect
     — Query a model of the program (classes, protocols)


>    Limited intercession
     — No change of classes

>    Limited behavioral reflection
     — Wrappers on objects
     — No way to intercept method calls, variable access



© Marcus Denker
Example: Squeak



>    Squeak has support for reflection

>    Structural reflection
     — Classes / methods are objects
     — Can be changed at runtime

>    Behavioral reflection
     — Current execution reified (thisContext)
     — #doesNotUnderstand / MethodWrappers



© Marcus Denker
Can we do better?


>    Structural Reflection stops at method level
     — Bytecode in the CompiledMethod: Numbers
     — Text: Just a String, needs to be compiled

>    Behavior hard coded in the Virtual Machine
     — Message Sending
     — Variable Access

>    Both structural and behavioral reflection is limited
     — We should do better!



© Marcus Denker
Roadmap




> Introduction: Reflection
> I. Sub-Method Structural Reflection
> II. Partial Behavioral Reflection




© Marcus Denker
Structural Reflection



>    Structure modeled as objects

     — e.g. Classes, methods
     — Causally connected

>    Uses:
     — Development environments
     — Language extensions and experiments




© Marcus Denker
Methods and Reflection



>    Method are Objects
     — e.g in Smalltalk


>    No high-level model for sub-method elements
     — Message sends
     — Assignments
     — Variable access


>    Structural reflection stops at the granularity of methods


© Marcus Denker
Sub-Method Reflection




>    Many tools work on sub method level
     — Profiler, Refactoring Tool, Debugger, Type Checker

>    Communication between tools needed
     — Example: Code coverage

>    All tools use different representations
     — Tools are harder to build
     — Communication not possible



© Marcus Denker
Existing Method Representations




>    Existing representations for Methods

     — Text

     — Bytecode

     — AST




© Marcus Denker
Requirements


>    Causal Connection

>    Abstraction Level

>    Extensibility

>    Persistency

>    Size and Performance


© Marcus Denker
Text




>    Low level abstraction
     — String of characters


>    Not causally connected
     — Need to call compiler




© Marcus Denker
Bytecode



>    Low level abstraction
     — Array of Integers


>    Missing extensibility
     — e.g. for tools

>    Mix of base- and meta-level code
     — Problems with synthesized code when changing code
     — Examples: AOP point-cut residues, reflection hooks



© Marcus Denker
Abstract Syntax Tree



>    Not causally connected
     — Need to call compiler


>    Not extensible
     — Fixed set of codes, no way to store meta data

>    Not persistent
     — Generated by compiler from text, never stored




© Marcus Denker
Solution: Reflective Methods


> Annotated, persistent AST
> Bytecode generated on demand and cached


    :ReflectiveMethod                                           :CompiledMethod
                     annotation               compiledMethod

                                                               #(12 13 45 38 98 128
                     annotation
                                  reflectiveMethod              84 72 42 77 22 28 59
                                                                 32 7 49 51 87 64)




             Tools                                                     VM



© Marcus Denker
Persephone



>    Implementation of Reflective Methods for Squeak

>    Smalltalk compiler generates Reflective Methods
     — Translated to bytecode on demand

>    Open Compiler: Plugins
     — Called before code generation
     — Transform a copy of the AST




© Marcus Denker
Requirements revisited


>    Abstraction Level OK

>    Causal Connection OK

>    Extensibility OK

>    Persistency OK

>    Size and Performance OK


© Marcus Denker
Annotations


>    Source visible annotations
     — extended Smalltalk syntax

                  (9 raisedTo: 10000) <:evaluateAtCompiletime:>

>    Source invisible annotations
     — Reflective API
     — Can reference any object

> Every node can be annotated
> Semantics: Compiler Plugins


© Marcus Denker
Example: Pluggable Type-System


>    Example for textual annotations


      bitFromBoolean: aBoolean <:type: Boolean :>
      ^ (aBoolean ifTrue: [1] ifFalse: [0]) <:type: Integer :>




> Optional, pluggable type-system
> Types stored as annotations in the Reflective Methods



© Marcus Denker
Memory


                    number of classes   memory


Squeak 3.9          2040                15.7 MB

Persephone          2224                20 MB
no reflective
methods

Persephone          2224                123 MB
reflective methods

© Marcus Denker
Roadmap




> Introduction: Reflection in Squeak
> I. Sub-Method Structural Reflection
> II. Partial Behavioral Reflection




© Marcus Denker
Behavioral Reflection


>    Reflect on the execution
     — method execution
     — message sending, variable access

>    In Smalltalk
     — No model of execution below method body
     — message sending / variable access hard coded by VM
     — #doesNotUnderstand / MethodWrappers

>    Reflective capabilities of Smalltalk should be improved!


© Marcus Denker
MetaclassTalk


>    Extends the Smalltalk metaclass model
     — Similar to CLOS MOP


>    Metaclass defines
     — message lookup
     — access to instance variables

>    Problems:
     — Reflection only controllable at class boundaries
     — No fine-grained selection (e.g. single operations)
     — Protocol between base and meta level is fixed


© Marcus Denker
Reflex: Partial Behavioral Reflection



> Hooksets: collection of operation occurrences
> Links
     — Bind hooksets to meta-objects
     — Define protocol between base and meta
                                                            metaobject
>    Goals
     — Highly selective reification     links                activation
                                                            condition
     — Flexible meta-level engineering
           –      Protocol specification
                                                             hookset
           –      Cross-cutting hooksets


                                               Tanter, OOPSLA03
© Marcus Denker
Example: Profiler



>    Operation:
     — Method execution (around)


>    Hookset:
     — All execution operations in a package

                                               metaobject
>    Meta-object:
     — A profiling tool              links      activation
                                               condition

                                                hookset

© Marcus Denker
Reflex for Squeak




>    Partial Behavioral Reflection pioneered in Java
     — Code transformation at load time
     — Not unanticipated (it’s Java...)



>    Geppetto: Partial Behavioral Reflection for Smalltalk
     — For Squeak 3.9 with Bytecode transformation




© Marcus Denker
Problems


>    Annotation performance
     — Decompile bytecode


>    Execution performance
     — Preambles for stack manipulation

>    Low-level representation
     — ifTrue:ifFalse:
     — Blocks
     — Global variables



© Marcus Denker
Links as Annotations


>    Links can be annotations on the AST

            Method
                                           Meta
                          Link




© Marcus Denker
Properties



>    Very fast annotations
     — No decompile!

>    On-the-fly code generation
     — Only code executed gets generated

>    Generated code is fast
     — Better then working on bytecode level




© Marcus Denker
Demo




>    Show Bounce Demo




© Marcus Denker
Reflectivity




>    Prototype implementation in Squeak

     — Sub-Method Structure
     — Partial Behavioral Reflection

>    Download:

    http:/scg.unibe.ch/Research/Reflectivity



© Marcus Denker
Questions

                  ?
© Marcus Denker
License

>    http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5/



                                           Attribution-ShareAlike 2.5
     You are free:
     • to copy, distribute, display, and perform the work
     • to make derivative works
     • to make commercial use of the work

     Under the following conditions:

              Attribution. You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author or licensor.

     
              Share Alike. If you alter, transform, or build upon this work, you may distribute the resulting
              work only under a license identical to this one.

     • For any reuse or distribution, you must make clear to others the license terms of this work.
     • Any of these conditions can be waived if you get permission from the copyright holder.

                     Your fair use and other rights are in no way affected by the above.
© Marcus Denker

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Lecture: Reflection

  • 1. Reflection Marcus Denker denker@acm.org © Marcus Denker
  • 2. Roadmap > Introduction: Reflection > I. Sub-Method Structural Reflection > II. Partial Behavioral Reflection © Marcus Denker
  • 3. Roadmap > Introduction: Reflection > I. Sub-Method Structural Reflection > II. Partial Behavioral Reflection © Marcus Denker
  • 5. Reflection Program Description © Marcus Denker
  • 6. Reflection Program Description Query and Change © Marcus Denker
  • 8. The Systems of the future... > ... are getting larger and more complex > ... are getting more and more dependent on each other > The demands are changing © Marcus Denker
  • 9. Examples of New Demands > Dynamic Analysis — Fine-grained selection — Install / retract at runtime — Complete system > Development Environment — Complete representation of the system — Extensible © Marcus Denker
  • 10. System Definition: A computational system is a computer-based system whose purpose is to answer questions and/or support actions about some domain. (P. Maes, “Concepts and Experiments in Computational Reflection," Proceedings of OOPLA 87) © Marcus Denker
  • 11. Causally Connected Definition: A system is said to be causally connected to its domain if the internal structures and the domain they represent are linked in such a way that if one of them changes, this leads to a corresponding effect of the other. (Patty Maes, OOPSLA 87) © Marcus Denker
  • 12. Reflective System Definition: A reflective system is a system which incorporates causally connected structures representing (aspects of) itself. (Patty Maes, OOPSLA 87) © Marcus Denker
  • 13. Introspection > Introspection — Self-representation can be queried > Intercession — Self-representation can be changed Reflection = Introspection + Intercession © Marcus Denker
  • 14. Structure and Behavior > Structural Reflection — Concerned with static structure — For example: packages, data-types, procedures > Behavioral Reflection — Concerned with execution — For example: procedure execution, assignment, variable read © Marcus Denker
  • 15. Tower of Interpreters Tower of Interpreters > > First studied forfor First studied procedural languages procedural languages > > David A. Smith: 3Lisp David A. Smith: 3Lisp Interpreter at level 3 Interpreter at level 2 > > Tower-of-Interpreters Tower-of-Interpreters Interpreter at level 1 > > Theoretical. Slow! Theoretical. Slow! User Program running a level 0 © Marcus Denker © Marcus Denker
  • 16. Reflection and OOP > A good match: self-representation build of objects — Better then interpreter data-structures > Language-based reflection — Language entities represented as objects — Meta-objects describe behavior of base level objects > Structure: classes/methods are objects > Behavior: meta-objects define behavior — Example: meta-class defines method lookup © Marcus Denker
  • 17. Example: Java > Structural introspection — java.lang.reflect — Query a model of the program (classes, protocols) > Limited intercession — No change of classes > Limited behavioral reflection — Wrappers on objects — No way to intercept method calls, variable access © Marcus Denker
  • 18. Example: Squeak > Squeak has support for reflection > Structural reflection — Classes / methods are objects — Can be changed at runtime > Behavioral reflection — Current execution reified (thisContext) — #doesNotUnderstand / MethodWrappers © Marcus Denker
  • 19. Can we do better? > Structural Reflection stops at method level — Bytecode in the CompiledMethod: Numbers — Text: Just a String, needs to be compiled > Behavior hard coded in the Virtual Machine — Message Sending — Variable Access > Both structural and behavioral reflection is limited — We should do better! © Marcus Denker
  • 20. Roadmap > Introduction: Reflection > I. Sub-Method Structural Reflection > II. Partial Behavioral Reflection © Marcus Denker
  • 21. Structural Reflection > Structure modeled as objects — e.g. Classes, methods — Causally connected > Uses: — Development environments — Language extensions and experiments © Marcus Denker
  • 22. Methods and Reflection > Method are Objects — e.g in Smalltalk > No high-level model for sub-method elements — Message sends — Assignments — Variable access > Structural reflection stops at the granularity of methods © Marcus Denker
  • 23. Sub-Method Reflection > Many tools work on sub method level — Profiler, Refactoring Tool, Debugger, Type Checker > Communication between tools needed — Example: Code coverage > All tools use different representations — Tools are harder to build — Communication not possible © Marcus Denker
  • 24. Existing Method Representations > Existing representations for Methods — Text — Bytecode — AST © Marcus Denker
  • 25. Requirements > Causal Connection > Abstraction Level > Extensibility > Persistency > Size and Performance © Marcus Denker
  • 26. Text > Low level abstraction — String of characters > Not causally connected — Need to call compiler © Marcus Denker
  • 27. Bytecode > Low level abstraction — Array of Integers > Missing extensibility — e.g. for tools > Mix of base- and meta-level code — Problems with synthesized code when changing code — Examples: AOP point-cut residues, reflection hooks © Marcus Denker
  • 28. Abstract Syntax Tree > Not causally connected — Need to call compiler > Not extensible — Fixed set of codes, no way to store meta data > Not persistent — Generated by compiler from text, never stored © Marcus Denker
  • 29. Solution: Reflective Methods > Annotated, persistent AST > Bytecode generated on demand and cached :ReflectiveMethod :CompiledMethod annotation compiledMethod #(12 13 45 38 98 128 annotation reflectiveMethod 84 72 42 77 22 28 59 32 7 49 51 87 64) Tools VM © Marcus Denker
  • 30. Persephone > Implementation of Reflective Methods for Squeak > Smalltalk compiler generates Reflective Methods — Translated to bytecode on demand > Open Compiler: Plugins — Called before code generation — Transform a copy of the AST © Marcus Denker
  • 31. Requirements revisited > Abstraction Level OK > Causal Connection OK > Extensibility OK > Persistency OK > Size and Performance OK © Marcus Denker
  • 32. Annotations > Source visible annotations — extended Smalltalk syntax (9 raisedTo: 10000) <:evaluateAtCompiletime:> > Source invisible annotations — Reflective API — Can reference any object > Every node can be annotated > Semantics: Compiler Plugins © Marcus Denker
  • 33. Example: Pluggable Type-System > Example for textual annotations bitFromBoolean: aBoolean <:type: Boolean :> ^ (aBoolean ifTrue: [1] ifFalse: [0]) <:type: Integer :> > Optional, pluggable type-system > Types stored as annotations in the Reflective Methods © Marcus Denker
  • 34. Memory number of classes memory Squeak 3.9 2040 15.7 MB Persephone 2224 20 MB no reflective methods Persephone 2224 123 MB reflective methods © Marcus Denker
  • 35. Roadmap > Introduction: Reflection in Squeak > I. Sub-Method Structural Reflection > II. Partial Behavioral Reflection © Marcus Denker
  • 36. Behavioral Reflection > Reflect on the execution — method execution — message sending, variable access > In Smalltalk — No model of execution below method body — message sending / variable access hard coded by VM — #doesNotUnderstand / MethodWrappers > Reflective capabilities of Smalltalk should be improved! © Marcus Denker
  • 37. MetaclassTalk > Extends the Smalltalk metaclass model — Similar to CLOS MOP > Metaclass defines — message lookup — access to instance variables > Problems: — Reflection only controllable at class boundaries — No fine-grained selection (e.g. single operations) — Protocol between base and meta level is fixed © Marcus Denker
  • 38. Reflex: Partial Behavioral Reflection > Hooksets: collection of operation occurrences > Links — Bind hooksets to meta-objects — Define protocol between base and meta metaobject > Goals — Highly selective reification links activation condition — Flexible meta-level engineering – Protocol specification hookset – Cross-cutting hooksets Tanter, OOPSLA03 © Marcus Denker
  • 39. Example: Profiler > Operation: — Method execution (around) > Hookset: — All execution operations in a package metaobject > Meta-object: — A profiling tool links activation condition hookset © Marcus Denker
  • 40. Reflex for Squeak > Partial Behavioral Reflection pioneered in Java — Code transformation at load time — Not unanticipated (it’s Java...) > Geppetto: Partial Behavioral Reflection for Smalltalk — For Squeak 3.9 with Bytecode transformation © Marcus Denker
  • 41. Problems > Annotation performance — Decompile bytecode > Execution performance — Preambles for stack manipulation > Low-level representation — ifTrue:ifFalse: — Blocks — Global variables © Marcus Denker
  • 42. Links as Annotations > Links can be annotations on the AST Method Meta Link © Marcus Denker
  • 43. Properties > Very fast annotations — No decompile! > On-the-fly code generation — Only code executed gets generated > Generated code is fast — Better then working on bytecode level © Marcus Denker
  • 44. Demo > Show Bounce Demo © Marcus Denker
  • 45. Reflectivity > Prototype implementation in Squeak — Sub-Method Structure — Partial Behavioral Reflection > Download: http:/scg.unibe.ch/Research/Reflectivity © Marcus Denker
  • 46. Questions ? © Marcus Denker
  • 47. License > http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5/ Attribution-ShareAlike 2.5 You are free: • to copy, distribute, display, and perform the work • to make derivative works • to make commercial use of the work Under the following conditions: Attribution. You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author or licensor. Share Alike. If you alter, transform, or build upon this work, you may distribute the resulting work only under a license identical to this one. • For any reuse or distribution, you must make clear to others the license terms of this work. • Any of these conditions can be waived if you get permission from the copyright holder. Your fair use and other rights are in no way affected by the above. © Marcus Denker