2. What is a Research?
“to search again, to take another more
careful look, to find out more”
- Selltiz, et. al., 1976 -
“ a systematic quest for undiscovered truth”
- Leedy, 1974 –
“ research is a systematic attempt to provide
answers to questions”
- Tuckman, 1972 -
3. Purpose of Research
To provide solutions to problems we
encounter. Since problems are endless, research is a
continuing process.
To improve science and technology, the
quality of life.
4. Characteristics of Research
1. Research is logical and objective.
2. Research is expert, systematic and accurate
investigation.
3. Research gathers new knowledge and data
from primary and secondary sources.
4. Research endeavors to organize data in
quantitative terms if possible and to express
these data in numerical measures.
5. Research require courage.
6. Research is carefully recorded and reported.
6. Based on Inquiry
• Rationalistic
- are the established traditional systems in systematic inquiry.
The rationalistic inquiry begins with an existing theory.
• Naturalistic
- state that we must understand the framework within which the
subjects under study interpret their environment to able to understand
human behavior.
7. Based on Purpose
• Basic Research
- aka “ fundamental” or “pure” research, is direct towards developing
new or fuller scientific knowledge or understanding of the subject rather than
its practical application.
• Applied Research
- aka “ action research”, is directed towards the practical application of
knowledge.
• Developmental Research
- refers to the systematic work drawing on existing knowledge gained
from research and/or practical experience that is directed to producing new
materials, products and devices; to installing new processes, systems and
services; and to improving substantially those already produced or install.
8. Based on Method
• Historical Research
- is the critical
investigation of
events, developments and
experiences of the
past, the careful weighing
of evidence of the validity
of sources of the
information on the past
and the interpretation of
the weighed evidence. The
focus of the subject is the
past.
• Descriptive Research
- describes the
population's characteristics.
Exploratory or normative
surveys fall under this type
of research. “it is a study
where the major emphasis is
on the discovery of idea and
insights. Qualitative methods
and quantitative research are
used.
9. Based on Method
• Co relational Research
-“Involves the collection of two
or more sets of data from a
group of subjects with the
attempt to determine the
subsequent relationship
between those sets of data”
-Tuckman,1972 -
• Ex Post Facto Research
- is a systematic empirical
inquiry in which the
researcher does not have
direct control of the
independent variable.
10. Based on Method
• Evaluation Research
-It judge the value, worth
or merit of an existing
program. Formative and
Summative are applied in
training
programs, textbooks, man
uals or curriculums.
• Experimental Research
- is a study conducted in the
laboratory. Field experiment
and quasi-experimental
research fall under this type.
This type of research
involved two group: the
experimental group and the
control group.
11. Measuring Instruments
Is a device used to quantify and
record information that is important to
research study ( Catane, 2000). These
come in the form of
interviews, questionnaires, observation or
unobtrusive methods and these are the
tools of data collection.
12. Type of Measuring Instrument
Standardized Instrumentation
-has highly refined measurement
procedure, carefully developed and designed for
administration under carefully-prescribed
condition for some specific purpose (
Catane, 2000)
13. Type of Measuring Instrument
Standardized instruments share the following common properties
or characteristics (Colombo, 1984)
1. They have well-defined instrument items with test
administration having the same procedures and time limits.
2. Their procedures for scoring have been carefully prescribed.
3. Formative data (score obtained from administration to other
group) have been prepared.
4. They include estimates of validity and reliability that ae based
upon said experimental research .
5. Some standardized instruments have published and marketed
by public and private enterprises.
Standardized Instrumentation
14. Type of Measuring Instrument
Research-Developed Instruments
-are constructed when standardized
instruments cannot match up as tools for a
specific research. Some researcher-
developed instruments are the interview
schedule, observation form, document
analysis form and the questionnaire. These
instruments are used to test the hypothesis
of the study.
15. Evaluating the Research
Instrument
Evaluating the research instrument
places confidence on the results obtained
and draws correct conclusion. Research
instruments must be reliable and valid.
16. Evaluating the Research Instrument
refers to the consistency of scores obtained
by the same persons when they are re-
examined with the same test on different
occasions or with different sets of
equivalent items or under other variable
examining conditions. It also refers to the
measuring instrument’s accuracy or
precision.
Reliability
17. Evaluating the Research Instrument
The validity of test concerns what the test
measures and how well it does so
(Catane, 2000). Thus, validity refers to the
degree in which a particular instruments is
useful in measuring that which it is
designed to measure.
Validity
18. Questions:
1. According to him (who) Research is a systematic
attempt to obtain adequate solution to problems.
2. What are the two types of research based on
Inquiry?
3. What is the purpose of a research?
4. What type of research is also known as “action
research”?
5. It is the critical investigation of
event, developments and experience of the
past, according to Kerlinger.
19. Answers:
1. Tuckman
2. Rationalistics, Naturalistic
3. A. To provide solutions to problems.
B. To improve science and
technology, the quality of life.
4. Applied Research
5. Historical Research
20. Prepared by:
Mark Angelo B. Bernaldez
Source:
Research and Technical Writing
By:
Reynaldo R. Fortillo
Ma. Consuelo S. Quindara
Mila E. Isles
Clarita O. Manzano
Vivian B. Flores
Imelda K. Gamboa
Amelia O. Bacuñgan
Carolina G. Alberca
