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INJECTION METALLURGYINJECTION METALLURGY
AND LADLE FURNACEAND LADLE FURNACE
N. PRAKASAN
ME METALLURGY
INJECTION METALLURGYINJECTION METALLURGY
Injection methods effectively reduce sulphur
content.
In this method, a strong desulphurizing
reagent in the form of fine powder is injected
(through a lance) in the refined steel bath
along with an inert gas (Argon) as carrier.
Injection reagent may be Metallic like Calcium,
Magnesium or the other form like Lime,
Calcium carbide, Calcium silicide and
Magnesium coke.
INJECTION METALLURGYINJECTION METALLURGY
INJECTION METALLURGYINJECTION METALLURGY
Ladle Capacity:
• 40 T – 300 T
Cycle time:
• About 20-50 minutes depending upon the
aim and final chemistry.
Injection rate:
• The injection rate varies between 2 -4 kg/ton
of melt
INJECTION METALLURGYINJECTION METALLURGY
A ladle with deoxidized (killed) molten steel is
transported to the injection stand and placed
under a cover, through which the injection
lance is lowered and immersed into the melt.
Desulfurization agents are injected in argon
stream. Argon bubbles produce stirring of
the molten steel and the slag promotes
desulfurization.
Stirring also provides thermal and chemical
homogenization of the melt.
INJECTION METALLURGYINJECTION METALLURGY
The more interfacial area of contact of particles
with the steel bath leads to very efficient
interaction of the reagent with the bath.
The treated steel is covered by a layer of
desulfurizing slag having high solubility of
sulfur and capable to absorb sulfides formed
as a result of active agents injection.
Desulphurization takes place in a short time of
about 8 – 10 minutes and the bath looses
30 – 35o
C temperature.
INJECTION METALLURGYINJECTION METALLURGY
When the desulphurizing agents are injected
into molten steel in form of a cored wire
containing powder of desulphurizing agent
stirring by argon bubbling from the porous plug
mounted in the ladle bottom is used.
Fumes formed during the operation are
extracted through the cover.
TN (Thyssen Niederrhein) injection system is
more popular.
INJECTION METALLURGYINJECTION METALLURGY
Benefits of Ladle desulphurization by injection
of active agents:
• Sulphur removal (desulfurization);
• Temperature and chemical homogenizing;
• Non-metallic inclusions removal.
• The effective desulphurization allows to
achieve ultra-low concentrations of sulfur in
steel (0.0002%) and decreases sulphide
inclusions, thereby improves Toughness and
Elongation of the Steel.
INJECTION METALLURGYINJECTION METALLURGY
Ladle Furnace (LF)Ladle Furnace (LF)
Molten steel in a ladle is treated (refined) in a
device called Ladle Furnace (LF).
It is capable of carrying out Vacuum treatment,
slag refining, Injection etc,
Primary functions of LF are:
• Reheating of liquid steel through electric
power conducted by graphite electrodes.
• Homogenization of steel temperature and
chemistry through inert gas stirring
Ladle Furnace (LF)Ladle Furnace (LF)
Primary functions of LF are:
• Formation of a slag layer that
• Protects refractory from arc damage,
• Concentrates and transfers heat to the
liquid steel,
• Trap inclusions and metal oxides,
• Provide the means for desulphurization by
synthetic slag or by injection metallurgy.
Ladle Furnace (LF)Ladle Furnace (LF)
Primary functions of LF are:
• The slag is primarily modified by the addition
of CaO or CaF2.
• The slag is basic and its typical composition
range is CaO: 50-56%, MgO: 7-9%,
SiO2: 6-12%, Al2O3: 20-25%.
• LF has the ability to make alloying additions.
• LF Provide a means for dephosphorization.
Ladle Furnace (LF)Ladle Furnace (LF)
Capacity:
• 10 T - 25 T - DC Ladle Furnace
• 15 T - 150 T - AC Ladle Furnace
Cycle time:
• About 40-50minutes depending upon the aim
and final chemistry and desired temperature
rise.
Ladle Furnace (LF)Ladle Furnace (LF)
Slag forming materials used for injection:
Ladle Furnace (LF)Ladle Furnace (LF)
The ladle is transferred to the Ladle Furnace
stand where it is placed under a cover
equipped with three graphite electrodes
connected to a three-phase arc transformer.
The ladle bottom has a porous refractory plug,
which is connected to the argon supply pipe at
the Ladle Furnace stand.
The LF stand is also equipped with an addition
hopper mounted on the cover and a lance for
injection of desulfurizing agents.
Ladle Furnace (LF)Ladle Furnace (LF)
During the treatment process argon is blown
through the bottom plug for continuous metal
stirring.
Molten steel treated in Ladle Furnace is
covered by a layer of desulphurizing slag.
When the graphite electrodes are submerged
into the ladle, the slag protects the ladle lining
from overheating produced by the electric arcs.
The arcs are capable to heat the steel at the
rate about 3°C/min.
Ladle Furnace (LF)Ladle Furnace (LF)
Stirring results in,
• distribution of heat produced by the arcs,
• chemical homogenization
• desulfurization of the steel by the slag.
Fumes formed during the operation are
extracted through the cover.
Alloying elements may be added through the
addition hopper.
Besides refining operations Ladle Furnace (LF)
may serve as a buffer station before
Continuous casting.
Ladle Furnace (LF)Ladle Furnace (LF)
Advantages of Ladle Furnace (LF):
• Increase productivity
• Decreasing refining time of EAF
• Decreasing tapping temperature at EAF
• Precise temperature control
• Improved inclusions control and cleanliness
of the steel.
Ladle Furnace (LF)Ladle Furnace (LF)
Benefits of Ladle Furnace (LF):
• Sulfur removal (desulfurization);
• Controllable reheating by electric power;
• Alloying;
• Temperature and chemical homogenizing;
• Non-metallic inclusions removal (Oxygent
content upto 30ppm can be attained).
Ladle Furnace (LF)Ladle Furnace (LF)
 Introduction to Modern Steel Making
by Dr.R H Tupkary
 Iron Making and Steel Making
by Ahindra Ghosh, Amit Chatterjee
 Lecture 23 : Injection Ladle Metallurgy _
Class notes IIT Madras.
 Ladle Refining_ www.substech.com
REFERENCES :REFERENCES :

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Injection metallurgy and lf

  • 1. INJECTION METALLURGYINJECTION METALLURGY AND LADLE FURNACEAND LADLE FURNACE N. PRAKASAN ME METALLURGY
  • 3. Injection methods effectively reduce sulphur content. In this method, a strong desulphurizing reagent in the form of fine powder is injected (through a lance) in the refined steel bath along with an inert gas (Argon) as carrier. Injection reagent may be Metallic like Calcium, Magnesium or the other form like Lime, Calcium carbide, Calcium silicide and Magnesium coke. INJECTION METALLURGYINJECTION METALLURGY
  • 5. Ladle Capacity: • 40 T – 300 T Cycle time: • About 20-50 minutes depending upon the aim and final chemistry. Injection rate: • The injection rate varies between 2 -4 kg/ton of melt INJECTION METALLURGYINJECTION METALLURGY
  • 6. A ladle with deoxidized (killed) molten steel is transported to the injection stand and placed under a cover, through which the injection lance is lowered and immersed into the melt. Desulfurization agents are injected in argon stream. Argon bubbles produce stirring of the molten steel and the slag promotes desulfurization. Stirring also provides thermal and chemical homogenization of the melt. INJECTION METALLURGYINJECTION METALLURGY
  • 7. The more interfacial area of contact of particles with the steel bath leads to very efficient interaction of the reagent with the bath. The treated steel is covered by a layer of desulfurizing slag having high solubility of sulfur and capable to absorb sulfides formed as a result of active agents injection. Desulphurization takes place in a short time of about 8 – 10 minutes and the bath looses 30 – 35o C temperature. INJECTION METALLURGYINJECTION METALLURGY
  • 8. When the desulphurizing agents are injected into molten steel in form of a cored wire containing powder of desulphurizing agent stirring by argon bubbling from the porous plug mounted in the ladle bottom is used. Fumes formed during the operation are extracted through the cover. TN (Thyssen Niederrhein) injection system is more popular. INJECTION METALLURGYINJECTION METALLURGY
  • 9. Benefits of Ladle desulphurization by injection of active agents: • Sulphur removal (desulfurization); • Temperature and chemical homogenizing; • Non-metallic inclusions removal. • The effective desulphurization allows to achieve ultra-low concentrations of sulfur in steel (0.0002%) and decreases sulphide inclusions, thereby improves Toughness and Elongation of the Steel. INJECTION METALLURGYINJECTION METALLURGY
  • 10. Ladle Furnace (LF)Ladle Furnace (LF)
  • 11. Molten steel in a ladle is treated (refined) in a device called Ladle Furnace (LF). It is capable of carrying out Vacuum treatment, slag refining, Injection etc, Primary functions of LF are: • Reheating of liquid steel through electric power conducted by graphite electrodes. • Homogenization of steel temperature and chemistry through inert gas stirring Ladle Furnace (LF)Ladle Furnace (LF)
  • 12. Primary functions of LF are: • Formation of a slag layer that • Protects refractory from arc damage, • Concentrates and transfers heat to the liquid steel, • Trap inclusions and metal oxides, • Provide the means for desulphurization by synthetic slag or by injection metallurgy. Ladle Furnace (LF)Ladle Furnace (LF)
  • 13. Primary functions of LF are: • The slag is primarily modified by the addition of CaO or CaF2. • The slag is basic and its typical composition range is CaO: 50-56%, MgO: 7-9%, SiO2: 6-12%, Al2O3: 20-25%. • LF has the ability to make alloying additions. • LF Provide a means for dephosphorization. Ladle Furnace (LF)Ladle Furnace (LF)
  • 14. Capacity: • 10 T - 25 T - DC Ladle Furnace • 15 T - 150 T - AC Ladle Furnace Cycle time: • About 40-50minutes depending upon the aim and final chemistry and desired temperature rise. Ladle Furnace (LF)Ladle Furnace (LF)
  • 15. Slag forming materials used for injection: Ladle Furnace (LF)Ladle Furnace (LF)
  • 16. The ladle is transferred to the Ladle Furnace stand where it is placed under a cover equipped with three graphite electrodes connected to a three-phase arc transformer. The ladle bottom has a porous refractory plug, which is connected to the argon supply pipe at the Ladle Furnace stand. The LF stand is also equipped with an addition hopper mounted on the cover and a lance for injection of desulfurizing agents. Ladle Furnace (LF)Ladle Furnace (LF)
  • 17.
  • 18. During the treatment process argon is blown through the bottom plug for continuous metal stirring. Molten steel treated in Ladle Furnace is covered by a layer of desulphurizing slag. When the graphite electrodes are submerged into the ladle, the slag protects the ladle lining from overheating produced by the electric arcs. The arcs are capable to heat the steel at the rate about 3°C/min. Ladle Furnace (LF)Ladle Furnace (LF)
  • 19. Stirring results in, • distribution of heat produced by the arcs, • chemical homogenization • desulfurization of the steel by the slag. Fumes formed during the operation are extracted through the cover. Alloying elements may be added through the addition hopper. Besides refining operations Ladle Furnace (LF) may serve as a buffer station before Continuous casting. Ladle Furnace (LF)Ladle Furnace (LF)
  • 20. Advantages of Ladle Furnace (LF): • Increase productivity • Decreasing refining time of EAF • Decreasing tapping temperature at EAF • Precise temperature control • Improved inclusions control and cleanliness of the steel. Ladle Furnace (LF)Ladle Furnace (LF)
  • 21. Benefits of Ladle Furnace (LF): • Sulfur removal (desulfurization); • Controllable reheating by electric power; • Alloying; • Temperature and chemical homogenizing; • Non-metallic inclusions removal (Oxygent content upto 30ppm can be attained). Ladle Furnace (LF)Ladle Furnace (LF)
  • 22.  Introduction to Modern Steel Making by Dr.R H Tupkary  Iron Making and Steel Making by Ahindra Ghosh, Amit Chatterjee  Lecture 23 : Injection Ladle Metallurgy _ Class notes IIT Madras.  Ladle Refining_ www.substech.com REFERENCES :REFERENCES :