The inclusion issues faced by immigrant youth in Canada and the potential of online transnational environments to address these inclusion issues. Comprehensive Exam presentation.

1. Making Sense of Inclusion Issues
Faced by Immigrant Youth in Canada
&
Examining Online Transnational Environments
as One Potential Solution
Comprehensive Exam
Part 1

2. I will introduce the great minds with whom
I spent my last eight months
I will explain why I structured my answer
in four sections
I will present an overview of the main points
discussed in each of these four sections
I will explain why it was very challenging to answer
the committee’s question in just 6000 words and why
I left out the conclusion
1
2
3
4

3. ?
Meet Some of the Great Minds
with Whom I Spent
My Last Eight Months

4. “Friends” with Whom I Had Long Imaginary Conversations about:
Personal Construct Psychology
George Kelly
Fay Fransella
Devi Jankowicz
Don BannisterJack Adams-Webber Peter Caputi
Mildred Shaw
Brian Gaines
Jörn W. Scheer
Dennis Hinkle
Trevor W. Butt
Beverly M. WalkerHarry Procter
Peter Cummins David Hunt
George Boeree

5. Some of the “Friends” with
Whom I Had Long Imaginary
Conversations about:
Human Performance
Technology
and
Systems Theory
Urie Bronfenbrenner
Richard A. Swanson
Karl Ludwig von Bertalanffy Niklas Luhmann
Peter Senge

6. Urie Bronfenbrenner
Richard A. Swanson
Karl Ludwig von Bertalanffy Niklas Luhmann
Peter Senge
“Friends” with Whom I Had
Long Imaginary Conversations
about:
Human Performance
Technology
and
Systems Theory
The Ecological
Theory of
Development
Urie Bronfenbrenner
The
Performance
Diagnosis Matrix
Richard A. Swanson
The General
System Theory
Karl Ludwig von Bertalanffy
The Social
Systems Theory
Niklas Luhmann
Organizations That
Learn
Interdependance
System Ignorance
Peter Senge

7. Some of the
“Friends” with
Whom I Had
Long Imaginary
Conversations
about: Inclusion
Samuel L. Gaertner
Jan Inge Jönhill
?
Fethi Mansouri
Katrine Fangen
Yuvraj Joshi
Amartya Sen
Robert J. OxobyHieu Van Ngo
Henri TajfelWalter G. Stephan Cookie White Stephan
Miles Hewstone
Roy F. Baumeister
John F. Dovidio
Gérard Bouchard
Rita Kaur Dhamoon
Rupert BrownGordon Willard Allport
Raymond Nam Cam Trau
Joy Noel Baumgartner

8. “Friends” with
Whom I Had
Long Imaginary
Conversations
about: Inclusion
The Common In-
Group Identity
Model
Aversive Racism
Samuel L. Gaertner
Jan Inge Jönhill
Multiple and
Changeable
Identities
Inclusion is
Multidimensional
Fethi Mansouri
The Feeling of
Exclusion vs the
Observable
Exclusion
Katrine Fangen
Inclusion Leads
to Exclusion
Affirmative vs
Transformative
Yuvraj Joshi
Capabilities
Amartya Sen
Robert J. Oxoby
Systemic
Problems Cause
Lack of Support
Hieu Van Ngo
The Social
Identity Theory
The Social
Categorization
Theory
Henri Tajfel
The Integrated
Threat Theory
(ITT)
Walter G. Stephan
The Integrated
Threat Theory
(ITT)
Cookie White Stephan
The Mutual
Intergroup
Differentiation Model
Impact on OutGroup
Miles Hewstone
The Perception
of Rejection
Roy F. Baumeister
The Common In-
Group Identity
Model
Aversive Racism
John F. Dovidio
The Reasonable
Accommodation
Bouchard &
Taylor Report
Gérard Bouchard
Regulated
Inclusion
Rita Kaur Dhamoon
The Mutual
Intergroup
Differentiation
Model
Rupert Brown
The Contact
Hypothesis
Gordon Willard Allport
Impact of
Perception of
Exclusion
Raymond Nam Cam Trau
Challenges with
Measuring Social
Inclusion
Joy Noel Baumgartner
Perception of
Identity of
Capabilities and
of Others

9. Some of the “Friends” with Whom I Had Long Imaginary Conversations about:
Social Network, Social Media and Social Capital
Pierre Bourdieu
Robert Putnam
Mark Granovetter
Nicole B Ellison
Nan Lin
Wan Shun Eva Lam
Jessica VitakMimi Ito (Mizuko)
danah boyd
Wenjing Xie
Amanda Lenhart

10. Pierre Bourdieu
Robert Putnam
Mark Granovetter
Nicole B Ellison
Nan Lin
Wan Shun Eva Lam
Jessica VitakMimi Ito (Mizuko)
Yair Amichai-Hamburger danah boyd
Wenjing Xie
Amanda Lenhart
“Friends” with Whom I Had Long Imaginary Conversations about:
Social Network, Social Media and Social Capital
Habitus
Social Capital
Taste
Pierre Bourdieu
Bonding and
Bridging Social
Capital
Robert Putnam
Strong and Weak
Ties
Mark Granovetter
Network
Composition and
Social Capital
Perception
Nicole B Ellison
Investment in
Social Relations
with Expected
Returns
Nan Lin
Wan Shun Eva Lam
Jessica VitakMimi Ito (Mizuko)
Yair Amichai-Hamburger danah boyd
Wenjing Xie
Pew Research
Amanda Lenhart

11. Some of the “Friends” with Whom I Had Long Imaginary Conversations about:
Immigration, Space and Transnationalism
Alejandro Portes
John W. Berry Homi K. Bhabha
Nina Glick-Schiller Steven VertovecLudger Pries
Thomas FaistLuis E. GuarnizoBenedict Anderson
J.P.L.M. van
Oudenhoven
Akhil Gupta
James Ferguson

12. Alejandro Portes
John W. Berry Homi K. Bhabha
Nina Glick-Schiller Steven VertovecLudger Pries
Thomas FaistLuis E. GuarnizoBenedict Anderson
J.P.L.M. van
Oudenhoven
Akhil Gupta
James Ferguson
“Friends” with Whom I Had Long Imaginary Conversations about:
Immigration, Space and Transnationalism
Segmented
Assimilation
Mobile Immigrants
Role and Position of
Dominant Groups in
Receiving Countries
Alejandro Portes
Acculturation
Model
John W. Berry
Hybridity
& Third Space
Homi K. Bhabha
Immigrant
Transnationalism
Transmigrant
Nina Glick-Schiller
Super-Diversity
Steven Vertovec
Transnationalism
vs Globalisation
Ludger Pries
Transnational
Social Spaces
Border-Crossing
Expansion of
Social Space
Thomas Faist
Transnationalism
Chains
Luis E. Guarnizo
Imagined
Communities
Benedict Anderson
Adding “Wish to
Be Engaged in
Transnational
Contact” to
Berry’s Model
J.P.L.M. van
Oudenhoven
Transnational
Public Sphere
Akhil Gupta
Transnational
Public Sphere
James Ferguson

13. My Answer to the First Question

14. Integration Barriers &
the Reasons Why They
Count
Social Exclusion,
Social Inclusion &
Social Integration:
An Overview
The Integration &
Inclusion Situation from
a Systems Perspective
Online Transnational
Environments:
A Potential Solution?

15. Integration Barriers
& the Reasons Why They Count

16. I am expected
to settle down
I am
expected to
adapt
I am
expected to
belong
I am expected to find my way…

17. I am
expected to
learn French
and English
I am
expected to
find a place to
live
I am expected
to adapt to the
educational
system
I am expected to
get access to the
policies, & understand my
rights & responsibilities
I am expected to
know how to communicate
with others
I am
expected to
deal with my
money issues
I am
expected to fit
rapidly in unfamiliar
cultural and value
systems
I am expected
to settle down
I am
expected to
adapt
I am
expected to
belong
I am expected to find my way…

18. I am
expected to
learn French
and English
I am
expected to
find a place to
live
I am expected
to adapt to the
educational
system
I am expected to
get access to the
policies, & understand my
rights & responsibilities
I am expected to
know how to communicate
with others
I am
expected to
deal with my
money issues
I am
expected to fit
rapidly in unfamiliar
cultural and value
systems
I am expected
to settle down
I am
expected to
adapt
I am
expected to
belong
I am expected to find my way…
I Am
Expected
To Find A JOB

19. I Am
Expected
To Find A JOB
I am
expected to
learn French
and English
I am
expected to
find a place to
live
I am expected
to adapt to the
educational
system
I am expected to
get access to the
policies, & understand my
rights & responsibilities
I am expected to
know how to communicate
with others
I am
expected to
deal with my
money issues
I am
expected to fit
rapidly in unfamiliar
cultural and value
systems
I am expected
to settle down
I am
expected to
adapt
I am
expected to
belong
I am expected to find my way…
I Am
Expected
To Find A JOB

20. I am stressed
I am insecure
I am depressed
I am anxious I lost everything
and everyone
I am a nobody
I can’t do it
I am lonely
grrrrrr
School? It is
not worth the
effort
I need a drink
I need
some
drugs
I
Will Not
Find A Job
loss of cognitive abilities | discouragement | loss of self-esteem | illnesses | suicide | below the Canadian low-income cut-off | numbness | empathy | negative behaviour
Social exclusion
Labour-market discrimination
Name discrimination
Underemployment
Linguicism
Accent discrimination
Ethnic discrimination
Residential segregation
Xenophobia
Racism
Bigotry
Bullying
Negative stereotyping
Stigmatization
Homophobia
White privilege
Canadians are only WHITE
I
Will Not
Find A Job
I will not find my way…

21. Social Exclusion, Social Inclusion
& Social Integration: An Overview

22. Integration Inclusion

23. ExclusionExclusion
health services
education
finance
operational political status
right to participate
access to information
right to make a choice
spatial segregation
marginalization
income discrimination
accent discrimination
racial discrimination
name discrimination
access to job opportunities
secure & beneficial relationships
right to “be able to appear in
public without shame”
social capital
Deprivation

24. All inclusions require exclusions
(Joshi, 2014, p.227)

25. The individual has:
the opportunity to participate (Baumgartner & Burns, 2014; Coombs, et
al., 2013; Wilson & Secker, 2015)
the right to participate (Baumgartner & Burns, 2014
the capability needed to participate (Baumgartner et al., 2014)
the perception of the capability as functional (Oxoby, 2015)
a sense of agency and the will to participate (Baumgartner et al.,
2014; Coombs et al., 2013)
access to the resources needed to participate (Wilson & Secker,
2015)
A correspondence exists between the activity chosen by the
individual, the activity that s/he is entitled to, and the individual’s
capability to participate in this specific activity (Baumgartner et al., 2014)
Participation is meaningful and efficient (Joshi, 2014; Rawal, 2008)
Individual’s contribution is acknowledged (The Standing Senate Committee
on Social Affairs, Science and Technology, 2013)
The act of inclusion is construed by the individual and the including
party as such
To Be Included Means

26. Active Act
of Inclusion
Active Act
of Exclusion
Perception
of the Act
Including Act
Perceived as
Act of
Inclusion
Excluding Act
Perceived as
Act of
Inclusion
Including Act
Perceived as
Act of
Exclusion
Excluding Act
Perceived as
Act of
Exclusion

27. The Integration & Inclusion Situation
from a Systems Perspective

28. Performance
Variables
National Level
Integration and Inclusion
Process Level
Societal Level
Individual/ Immigrant
Youth Level
Mission/Goal
Does the mission/goal of the
Canadian immigration system fit
the reality of the economic,
political, and cultural forces?
Do the process goals enable the
Canadian immigration system to
meet their and individual
missions/goals?
Do the Canadian society goals
provide congruence with the process
and individual goals?
Are the professional and personal
mission/goals of newcomers
congruent with Canada’s?
System Design
Does the Canadian immigration
system, provide structure and
policies supporting the integration
and inclusion of newcomers?
Are processes designed in such a
way to work as a system?
Do the Canadian society dynamics
function in such a way to facilitate
the integration and inclusion of
newcomers?
Does the individual clear
obstacles that impede his or her
integration or inclusion?
Capacity
Does the Canadian immigration
system have the leadership,
capital, and infrastructure to
achieve its mission/goals?
Does the process have the
capacity to perform (quantity,
quality and timeliness)?
Does the Canadian society have the
combined capacity to effectively and
efficiently meet the integration and
inclusion goals?
Do newcomers have the mental,
physical, and emotional capacity
to integrate and to become
included?
Motivation
Do the policies, culture, and
reward systems set by the
Canadian immigration system
support the integration and
inclusion of newcomers?
Does the process provide
information and human factors
required to maintain it?
Does the Canadian society function
in a respectful and supportive
manner to the integration and
inclusion of newcomers?
Do newcomers want to integrate
and to become included no
matter what?
Expertise
Does the Canadian immigration
system establish and maintain
selection and training policies and
resources?
Does the process of developing
expertise meet the changing
demands of changing processes?
Does the Canadian society have the
expertise to integrate and include
newcomers?
Do newcomers have the
knowledge and expertise to
integrate and to become
included?
Swanson’s Performance Diagnosis Matrix (2007)
Adapted to the Canadian Immigration System

29. Barriers and Self-Excluding Factors
at the Individual Level:
Individual traits
Personality traits
Self-protection acts
Racialized habitus
From hiding a stigma to adopting it
Self-fulfilling prophecy
Self-categorization, perceived
dissimilarity, homophily and loss of hope
Conditions for social mobility
Duration of residency
Convenience
Excluding Factors at the Societal Level:
Unmet expectations
Perception of real or symbolic threat
Dominance of a reductive vision
Old guards
Need to maintain privilege (logical conformity)
Lack of trust
“Us/them” or “ours/theirs” constructs
Dominative racism, aversive racism, color-blind racism
and racialized habitus
Worthy/unworthy and indispensable/unneeded
constructs
Ignorance of others’ culture and communication noise

30. Online Transnational Environments:
A Potential Solution?

32. Transmigrants Are More Integrated in the Host Society Than Non-Transmigrants

33. The Belongingness
Hypothesis
Similarity-Attraction
Hypothesis
The Mutual Intergroup
Differentiation Model
Integrated Threat Theory
Common In-group
Identity Model
Contact Hypothesis
Social Identity Theory
Transnational Social Space
Third Space
and Hybridity
Imagined Community
Social Categorization
Theory
Perceived Efficacy
Strong and Weak Ties
Transnational Family
Bridging and BondingSocial Capital

34. Please look to Europe, the mass murders, mass rapes that are being committed by Muslims
everyday. Most Muslims will not assimilate into Canadian customs, but will continue their
barbaric way of life. Canadians, especially women, will not be safe to walk the street alone
without fear of being harassed or raped. We've seen this happening already. Please wake up
Canada before it's too late.
And who is paying for this? the people making less then the refugees... WHAT THE FUCK!?!?!
Something has to be done, we cant let the refugees have free reign over our country next they
will legalize sharia law. and when they do I will take up my rifle and fight for my rights.
If they dont agree to our lifestyle send those bastards back to where they belong

35. Please look to Europe, the mass murders, mass rapes that are being committed by Muslims
everyday. Most Muslims will not assimilate into Canadian customs, but will continue their
barbaric way of life. Canadians, especially women, will not be safe to walk the street alone
without fear of being harassed or raped. We've seen this happening already. Please wake up
Canada before it's too late.
And who is paying for this? the people making less then the refugees... WHAT THE FUCK!?!?!
Something has to be done, we cant let the refugees have free reign over our country next they
will legalize sharia law. and when they do I will take up my rifle and fight for my rights.
If they dont agree to our lifestyle send those bastards back to where they belong

36. I am stressed
I am insecure
I am depressed
I am anxious I lost everything
and everyone
I am a nobody
I can’t do it
I am lonely
grrrrrr
School? It is
not worth the
effort
I need a drink
I need
some
drugs
I will not find my way…
I
Will Not
Find A Job
loss of cognitive abilities | discouragement | loss of self-esteem | illnesses | suicide | below the Canadian low-income cut-off | numbness | empathy | negative behaviour
Social exclusion
Labour-market discrimination
Name discrimination
Underemployment
Linguicism
Accent discrimination
Ethnic discrimination
Residential segregation
Xenophobia
Racism
Bigotry
Bullying
Negative stereotyping
Stigmatization
Homophobia
White privilege
Canadians are only WHITE
I
Will Not
Find A Job