1. T H E S E C O N D W A R F O R I N D E P E N D E N C E A N D
T H E U P S U R G E O F N A T I O N A L I S M
1812-1824
Chapter 12

2. Tecumseh and the Prophet
 In 1811, new young politicians swept away the older
“submission men,” and they appointed Henry Clay
of Kentucky to Speaker of the House.
 The western politicians also cried out against the
Indian threat on the frontier.
 Indians had watched with apprehension as more and
more Whites settled in Kentucky, a traditionally
sacred area where settlement and extensive hunting
was not allowed except in times of scarcity.

3. Tecumseh and the Prophet
 Two Shawnee brothers,
Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa
(the Prophet), decided to unite
other tribes and gather followers.
 On November 7, 1811, American
general William Henry
Harrison advanced upon
Tecumseh’s headquarters at
Tippecanoe and burned it to the
ground.
 Tecumseh was eventually killed at
the Battle of the Thames in
1813, and the Indian confederacy
dream perished.

4. Mr. Madison’s War
 War was declared in 1812, with a House vote of 79 to 49
and a very close Senate vote of 19 to 13, showing
America’s disunity.
 Madison only declared war in order to re-assert
America’s strength. The path of peace and negotiation
had only brought internal strife and derision.
 Why war with Britain and not France? England’s
impressments stood out, France was allied more with the
Republicans, and Canada was a very tempting prize that
seemed easy to get.

5. Mr. Madison’s War
 There were four main causes of the War of 1812.
 Trade tensions – British Orders in Council declared
that all trade with France had to pass through British
ports.
 Impressment – The British were taking hundreds of
American citizens a year into their own navies, some of
whom had never even been British citizens.
 Indigenous raids – Tecumseh and his Native allies were
raiding the American frontier, aided by the British.
 Expansionism – US wanted more territory, including
Canada.

6. Mr. Madison’s War
 New England, which was still making lots of money,
opposed the war because:
 (1) they were more inclined toward Britain anyway,
 (2) if Canada was conquered, it would add more
agrarian land and increase Republican supporters.
 Thus, a disunited America had to fight both Old
England and New England in the War of 1812.

7. On to Canada Over Land and Lakes
 Due to widespread disunity, the War of 1812 ranks as one
of America’s worst fought wars.
 There was no burning national anger, like there was after
the Chesapeake outrage.
 The regular army was ill trained, scattered and had old,
senile generals.
 The offensive strategy against Canada was especially
poorly conceived.

8. Battles of the War of 1812
 Had the Americans captured
Montreal, everything west
would have collapsed.
 The Americans instead
focused a three-pronged
attack that set out from
Detroit, Niagara, and Lake
Champlain, all of which
were beaten back.
 In contrast, the British and
Canadians displayed early
enthusiasm and captured the
American fort of Mackinac.

9. On to Canada Over Land and Lakes
 After more land invasions were stopped in 1813, the
Americans, led by Oliver Hazard Perry, built a wooden
fleet of ships on Lake Erie manned by inexperienced men, but
still managed to capture a British fleet.
 On Sept. 11 1814, 30-year old Thomas Macdonough
managed to stop British from coming down the Lake
Champlain waterway, stopping the British advance into New
England.
 This and General William H. Harrison’s defeat of the
British during the Battle of the Thames helped bring more
enthusiasm and increased morale for the war.

10. Naval Victories
 Britain created a naval
blockade, raiding ships and
ruining American economic
life such as fishing.
 The American navy fared
better than the army because
the sailors were still angry
over British impressments.
 USS Constitution, one of the
originally commissioned
American frigates, defeated
several British ships,
including the Guerriere, and
earned the nickname “Old
Ironsides.”

11. Washington Burned
 In August 1814, British troops
landed in the Chesapeake Bay,
dispersed 6000 panicked
Americans at Bladensburg,
and entered Washington
D.C. and proceeded to burn
most of the buildings there.
 At Baltimore, another
British fleet arrived but was
beaten back by the privateer
defenders of Fort McHenry,
where Francis Scott Key
wrote “The Star Spangled
Banner.”

12. Battle of New Orleans
 Another British army menaced the
entire Mississippi Valley and
threatened New Orleans.
 Andrew Jackson, fresh off his
slaughter of the Creek Indians, led
a hodgepodge force to defeat 8000
overconfident British that had
launched a frontal attack.
 The British lost 2000 men,
Americans only lost 70.
 Battle actually took place 2 weeks
after the peace treaty to end the
war was signed.

13. The Treaty of Ghent
 At first, the confident British made sweeping demands
for a neutralized Indian buffer state in the Great Lakes
region, control of the Great Lakes, and a substantial part
of conquered Maine.
 The Americans, led by John Quincy Adams, refused.
 As American victories piled up, the British reconsidered.
 The Treat of Ghent, signed on December 24, 1814, was
an armistice, ending the war in a draw and ignoring any
other demands of either side.

14. Federalist Grievances
 MA, CT, NH, VT, RI secretly met in Hartford from December 15
1814 to January 5, 1815, to discuss their grievances from the war
and blockade.
 While a few talked about secession, Most wanted financial
assistance to compensate for lost trade, and an amendment
requiring 2/3 majority for all declarations of embargos.
 Three special envoys from Mass. went to D.C., where they were
greeted with the news from the battle of New Orleans.
Humiliated, the envoys retreated.
 The Hartford Convention was the death of the Federalist
Party, as their last presidential nomination was trounced by
James Monroe in 1816.

15. Consequences of the War
 The war ended in an effective stalemate as neither
side gained or lost any territory.
 The British had already stopped impressments
following the defeat of Napoleon in 1814, and were
more concerned about unrest in Europe at this time.
 Nationalism in American and Canada increased.

16. Consequences of the War
 Native resistance was suppressed due to their defeats
at Tippecanoe, Thames, and Horseshoe Bend,
and their loss of a strong leader.
 Trade returned, and the two nations would begin a
relatively peaceful friendship that still continues.
 Canada and the US, while initially cautious of each
other, maintain the world’s longest unfortified
boundary following the Rush-Bagot Treaty, which
demilitarized the Great Lakes.

17. Nascent Nationalism
 After the war, American nationalism really took off, and
authors like Washington Irving and James
Fenimore Cooper gained international recognition.
 The North American Review debuted in 1815, and
American painters painted landscape of America on their
canvases, while history books were now being written by
Americans for Americans.
 Washington D.C. rose from the ashes to be stronger than
ever, and the navy and army strengthened themselves.

18. The American System
 British competitors dumped
their goods onto America at
cheap prices after the war.
 America responded with the
Tariff of 1816, the first in
U.S. history designed for
protection, which put a 20-
25% tariff on taxable imports.
 Rep. Henry Clay advocated
“The American System”
 He called for a strong banking
system, a protective tariff to
encourage manufacturing,
and also wanted a network of
roads and canals.

19. The American System
 Lack of effective transportation had been one of the
problems of the War of 1812, especially in the West.
 In 1817, Congress sought to distribute $1.5 million to the
states for internal improvements, but Madison vetoed it,
saying it was unconstitutional.
 , States had to look for their own money to build the
badly needed transportation.
 This culminated with the completion of the Erie Canal
in New York in 1825, funded through private funds.

20. Election of 1816

21. The Era of Good Feelings
 James Monroe defeated his
opponent in 1816 183 to 34,
and ushered in a period of
one-party rule.
 He straddled the generations
of the Founding Fathers and
the new Age of Nationalism.
 Early in 1817, Monroe took a
goodwill tour venturing deep
into New England, where he
received heartwarming
welcomes.
 A Boston newspaper even
declared that an “Era of
Good Feelings” had begun.

22. Panic of 1819 and Curse of Hard Times
 In 1819, an economic panic engulfed the U.S.,
bringing deflation, depression, bankruptcies, bank
failures, unemployment, soup kitchens, and
overcrowded debtors’ prisons.
 A major cause of the panic had been over
speculation in land prices, where the Bank of the
United States fell heavily into debt.
 The West was especially hard hit, and the Bank of the
U.S. was soon viewed with anger.

23. Growing Pains of the West
 Between 1791 and 1819, 9 frontier states had joined the
original 13.
 This explosive expansion of the west was due in part to
the cheap land, the elimination of the Indian menace,
and the need for land by the tobacco farmers, who
exhausted their lands.
 The Cumberland Road, begun in 1811 and running
from western Maryland to Illinois, was noteworthy, and
the first steamboat on western waters was in 1811.

24. Growing Pains of the West
 The West, still not populous and politically weak,
was forced to ally itself with other regions, and
demanded cheap acreage.
 The Land Act of 1820 gave the West its wish by
authorizing a buyer to purchase 80 acres of land at a
minimum of $1.25 an acre in cash.
 The West demanded and slowly got cheap
transportation as well.

25. Slavery and the Sectional Balance
 Sectional tensions between the North and the South
came to a boil when Missouri wanted to become a
slave state.
 Tallmadge Amendment - provided that no more
slaves be brought into Missouri and also provided for the
gradual emancipation of children born to slave parents
already in Missouri (this was shot down in the Senate).
 Angry Southerners saw this as a threat. Plus, the North
was starting to get more prosperous and populous than
the South.

26. The Missouri Compromise
 Finally, the deadlock was broken by a bundle of
compromises known as the Missouri
Compromise.
 Missouri would be admitted as a slave state while
Maine would be admitted as a free state, thus
maintaining the balance.
 All new states north of 36°30’ line would be free.

27. The Missouri Compromise

28. Cases of John Marshall

29. Cases of John Marshall
 McCulloch vs. Maryland (1819): Maryland
wanted to eliminate the Bank of the U.S. by taxing its
currency notes.
 Marshall denied Maryland’s right to tax the bank,
saying that a state could not pass laws that violate
the federal constitution.
 He implied that the Constitution was to last for many
ages, and urged the end to be legitimate, and let it be
within the scope of the Constitution.

30. Cases of John Marshall
 Cohens vs. Virginia (1821): The Cohens had been
found guilty by Virginia courts of illegally selling lottery
tickets.
 Marshall enforced the supremacy of federal law over
conflicting state law and overturned the Virginia
supreme court.
 The decision held that the federal judiciary can act
directly on private parties and state officials, and has the
power to declare and impose on the states the
Constitution and federal laws.

31. Cases of John Marshall
 Gibbons vs. Ogden (1824): Overturned a monopoly
granted by the New York state legislature to certain
steamships operating between New York and New
Jersey.
 In empowering Congress to regulate interstate
commerce, the Constitution automatically deprived the
states of the power to obstruct interstate commerce in
order to serve their own interests.
 The long-term impact was ending many state-granted
monopolies and promoting free enterprise.

32. Cases of John Marshall
 Fletcher vs. Peck (1810): After Georgia
fraudulently granted 35 million acres in the Yazoo
River county (Mississippi) to privateers, the
legislature repealed it after public outcry.
 But Marshall ruled that it was a contract, and that
states couldn’t impair a contract.
 It was one of the earliest clear assertions of the right
of the Supreme Court to invalidate state laws that
conflicted the Constitution.

33. Cases of John Marshall
 Dartmouth College vs. Woodward (1819):
Dartmouth had been granted a charter by King
George III, but New Hampshire had tried to change
it.
 Dartmouth appealed, using alum Daniel Webster to
work as lawyer, and Marshall ruled that the original
charter must stand. It was a contract, and the
Constitution protected those.

34. Sharing Oregon
 The Treaty of 1818 put the northern boundary of
the Louisiana Purchase at the 49th parallel.
 It also provided for a ten-year joint occupation of the
Oregon Territory with Britain, without a
surrender of rights and claims by neither Britain nor
America.
 Also secured fishing rights for both Americans and
Canadians along the coast of Newfoundland.

35. Acquiring Florida
 Revolutions in South and Central America caused
Spain to re-assign troops from Florida.
 Native attacks ravaged American land and then retreat
back into Spanish territory.
 Taking initiative, Andrew Jackson swept across the
Florida border, hanged two Indian chiefs without
ceremony, executed two British subjects for assisting
Indians, and seized Spanish forts at St. Marks and
Pensacola.

36. Acquiring Florida
 Monroe consulted his cabinet as to what to do
against Jackson.
 All wanted to punish him except for John Quincy
Adams, who demanded huge concessions from
Spain.
 The Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819 had Spain cede
Florida and their claims in Oregon in exchange for
American claims in Texas.

37. Adams-Onis Treaty

38. Menace of Monarchy in America
 Monarchs in Europe crushed democratic rebellions in
Italy (1821) and in Spain (1823), much to the alarm of
Americans.
 Russia’s claims to North American territory near the
Pacific were intruding and making Americans nervous.
 In August 1823, the British foreign secretary, George
Canning, proposed that the U.S. and Britain combine in
a joint declaration renouncing any interest in acquiring
Latin American territory.

39. Monroe and His Doctrine
 John Quncy Adams assumed that the European
powers weren’t going to invade American anytime
soon, and knew that an alliance with Britain be
unwise.
 He knew that the British boats would need to protect
South America to protect their merchant trade, and
presumed it safe to blow a defiant, nationalistic blast
at all Europe.

40. Monroe and His Doctrine
 Late in 1823, the Monroe Doctrine was born,
incorporating his policies of non-colonization and
nonintervention.
 Dedicated primarily to Russia in the West, Monroe
said that no colonization in the Americas could
happen anymore.
 He also said European nations could not intervene
in Latin American affairs.
 In return, the U.S. would not interfere in the Greek
democratic revolt against Turkey.

41. Monroe’s Doctrine Appraised
 The monarchs of Europe were angry, but couldn’t do
anything about it, since the British navy would be there
to stop them.
 Monroe’s declaration was barely recognized in Latin
America.
 Those who know of the message recognized that it was
the British navy and not America that was protecting
them, and that the U.S. was doing this only looking out
for its own interests.
 Not until 1845 did President Polk revive it and use it.

42. Monroe’s Doctrine Appraised
 In the Russo-American Treaty of 1824, the Russian
Tsar fixed the southern boundary of his Alaskan territory
at 54°40’.
 The Monroe Doctrine might better be called the Self-
Defense Doctrine, since Monroe was concerned about
the safety of his own country, not Latin America.
 The doctrine has never been law, a pledge, or an
agreement.
 It was mostly an expression of post-1812 U.S.
nationalism, gave a voice of patriotism, and added to the
illusion of isolationism.