Ninti One research presentation day Theme 3: Community and Culture
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Ninti One Research Presentation Day, 8 August 2013, National Portrait Gallery, Canberra. Theme 3: Community and Culture
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Ninti One research presentation day Theme 3: Community and Culture
- 2. Theme 3 – Community and Culture Facilitator: Steve Blake Speakers: Tim Acker Damien Jacobsen Tammy Abbott Lorraine King Mark Inkamala Mike Dockery
- 4. 4 A national network – a complex environment Artists Agents Audiences Community Location Age/Gender Education Facilities Business Models HR Location Number/Supply National International Public Galleries + Museums FestivalsFreelance Artists Scope and Scale Micro- enterprise Buyers HR E-biz
- 5. 5 Widely varying estimates of the scope and scale of the sector. Uneven and competitive funding environment. Oversupply and over pricing issues. Major changes in regulatory and policy settings. Enormous variability between regions. Disconnections between artists, agents and consumers. Increasing fragility in art centres Starting out….
- 6. 6 Research Projects Scope and scale of the sector Remote area microenterprise Consumer dynamics Human resources Ebusiness Art outside art centres
- 7. 7 Who we are and how we are doing our work Alice Woodhead: Senior Researcher Susan Congreve: PhD candidate Kim Petersen: PhD candidate Jessica Booth: Masters Student Michelle Whittle: Honours Student Iris Bendor: Honours Student
- 8. 8 Early results: Scope and Scale of the Industry Surveyed 200 private + 80 public art businesses: 50% response rate. Businesses: 6% Aboriginal, 7% international, 38% male, 62% female. 87% of respondents in businesses for 5+ years. Sourcing of works: 36% purchased directly from artists, 47% from art centres. Sales down 13.5%, but expected to grow by 14.3% in next five years.
- 10. 10 Early Results: Consumer Behaviour 75% female, 93% lived in Australia, with the largest group living locally. 47% had most recently purchased an acrylic painting. 70% had spent less than $500 on that purchase. Very few buyers of Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander art online. Aesthetics by far the most important purchase criteria, though ‘aesthetics’ vary widely. Provenance is important to many buyers, consumers vary in their allegiances. Lack of awareness of the Indigenous Art Code. Desire for more reliable consumer information, and lack of confidence in claims of ethical business practices.
- 11. 11 Expected outcomes Better understanding of audience/consumer behaviour resulting in more effective marketing. Improved linkages between participants in the ‘art supply chain’. More efficient recruitment and better retention rates. Toolboxes and performance indexes for artists, directors, staff and external agencies. Industry information to assist in managing fast‐changing market, funding, policy and community circumstances. Independent artists’ improved professional practice and knowledge. More informed decision‐making by artists, directors and staff on key strategic, business, marketing and future development. Identification and promotion of new business opportunities.
- 12. 12 Principal Research Leader Tim Acker – Curtin University E: tim.acker@curtin.edu.au P: 0410 038 226 Photos copyright and courtesy of Western Desert Mob Art Centres
- 17. ‐ Decolonise discourse ‐ Innovative ‐ System components ‐ Long term ‐ Collaborative Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Remote Tourism: Our Approach
- 18. ‐ Small/medium Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander enterprise ‐ Remote context ‐ Relevance to sector ‐ Broad stakeholder group interests ‐ Relevance to theory Maximising Impact
- 19. Small Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Remote Tourism Enterprise ‐ A collaborative approach ‐ Diversification ‐ Tourism on country ‐ Balanced obligations ‐ Networking ‐ Growth capacity
- 20. Market Segments for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander remote tourism Aboriginal Tourism Domestic Tourists % of Aboriginal tourism visitors (2009) 71 % of all Domestic Tourists (2009) <3 Annual trend 2006 to 2010 Average 19% decline per year Key Segments Active NT Young Singles Introduction Business meeting excursioners Retired self‐drive Leisure opportunists International Tourists % of Aboriginal tourism visitors (2009) 29 % of all International Tourists (2009) 17 Annual trend 2006 to 2010 Average 4.9% decline per year Key Decline Markets Germany Japan UK US South Korea Key Growth Markets Indonesia India China Thailand France Source: Tourism Research Australia
- 21. Market Segments for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander remote tourism Remote Tourism Overall Visitors (Domestic Overnight and International, ‘000s) 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 6,939 6,251 6,147 6,883 Domestic Overnight Tourists % of all visitors to 13 main remote regions (2011/12) 82 Annual trend 2008/09 to 2011/12 Approx. 1.7% increase per annum. International Tourists % of all visitors to 13 main remote regions (2011/12) 17 Annual trend 2008/09 to 2011/12 Approx. 5% decrease per annum. Key Remote Tourism Segments Fly‐drive 4WDers Caravan & Camping Grey Nomads Volunteer Tourists Wildlife Tourists Fishing Tourists Eco‐Tourists Back‐ packers Corporate/ conventions Education groups Source: compiled using Tourism Research Australia data, accessed at http://www.ret.gov.au/tourism/research/tra/Pages/default.aspx, Jacobsen (2013)
- 22. Support for Aboriginal Researchers studying Tourism ‐ Low Representation ‐ Genesis from Desert Movement ‐ Scholarships ‐ Research Capacity Building ‐ University Partnerships ‐ Partner Networks
- 23. Dr Damien Jacobsen Principal Research Leader Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Tourism Product CRC for Remote Economic Participation PO Box 157 C/O School of Tourism and Hospitality Management, Southern Cross University Phone: 02 6620 3042 Mobile: 04 1666 2009 E‐mail: damien.jacobsen@nintione.com.au
- 31. These processes are important, but the results are what we value the most. Examples include: • Recommendations on practical ways to improve services in education, vehicle safety, aged care, employment and other services • Knowledge to support tobacco use reduction • Advice on improving governance and communication Aboriginal Community Researchers also play a key role in many of the CRC‐REP research projects
- 35. Theoretical perspectives from different disciplines • Harris‐Todaro model (economics) • Gravity models • Diversifying resource access across time and space (McAllister et. al. 2009) • Nomadism – moving into regions in resource‐rich times
- 36. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Mobility • From first engagement, mobility patterns have been seen as ‘problematic’: • Initially seen as random and unproductive • The many policies to ‘civilise’ and ‘assimilate’ had the deliberate aim of sedentisation • To this day to be seen as inconsistent with mainstream models of service delivery and attempts to ‘Close the Gap’.
- 37. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Mobility • Must be understood in the context of past and contemporary policies and practices, along with enduring and evolving aspirations • The maintenance of kinship ties, cultural obligations and connections to land are key drivers of temporary mobility • Morphy’s (2010) three layered model: Sacred geography and associated settlements Nodal individuals Kinship networks
- 38. Limited contemporary evidence • “…policy makers who contemplate the effects of temporary mobility on the spatial pattern of demand for services do so in an information vacuum.” (Taylor: 2006) • Virtually all ‘representative’ studies based on Census data • Known to undercount Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples (eg. Alice Springs Town camps) • Use of culturally inappropriate constructs • Case study evidence – limited and dated
- 39. Key lessons from the literature • The traditional drivers of kinship, culture and country have proven to be extremely resilient • “Attachment to place and community prevail, irrespective of a history of changing government policies. There appears no reason to expect that these attachments will change in the foreseeable future.” (Memmott et al. 2006) • “Even after 200 years of colonisation … involving radical dispossession of Aboriginal groups and … severe curtailment of their freedom to move around their country, nearly 70% … recognised a homeland or traditional country” (Morhpy 2010)
- 40. Reconceptualising mobility: A wellbeing approach • Mobility is a means to accessing things that contribute to wellbeing including physical and social resources, relationships, knowledge, experiences, networks etc. • The objective of policy should be to maximise wellbeing!
- 41. Why is it different for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders? • Centrality of family and the extended kinship system • Importance of reciprocity and quality of relationships • The role of connections to land and to the past in sense of self‐identity ‘Country’, homelands, sacred sites, Songlines, the Dreamtime • ‘… a map of the Dreaming provides a kind of ecological map for the efficient and secure exploitation of resources’ (Young & Doohan 1989, citing Toyne & Vachon 1984).
- 42. In what sense is Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander mobility problematic? • More precisely, the issue is with temporary mobility • Seeing like a State (James C. Scott 1998) • Culturally inappropriate constructs • “The concept of Indigenous temporary mobility has come into prominence as … an aspect of indigenous culture critical to the explanation for the disadvantage experienced by Australia’s Indigenous peoples, including adverse housing outcomes” (Memmott et al 2004)
- 43. CRC‐REP Population Mobility and Labour Markets Project • To enhance economic participation and livelihoods and to address disadvantage faced by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders living in remote Australia • Through … A better understanding of the factors driving temporary mobility Empirical estimates of the extent and patterns of temporary mobility Development of a computer‐based model with capacity for prediction and scenario planning • For… Improved planning and decision making by Remote communities Service providers/delivery Policy makers Employers
- 46. Most common overnight trip: main reason for going 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Attend cultural event/festival/business Hunting/collecting bush tucker Bank/finance See a doctor/other health services Holidays Football Visit family and friends Shopping
- 48. Project Partners • Australian Bureau of Statistics • Central Land Council • Charles Darwin University • Curtin University • Department of Families, Housing, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs (FaHCSIA) • Northern Territory Government • Tangentyere Council • University of South Australia • Waltja Tjutangku Palyapayi • Western Australian Government