presented by Bilqis Amin Hoque in Asia Water Week 2013, Manila 11-13 March 2013

1. Eff ti H h ld W t T t t d R lEffective Household Water Treatment and Roles
of Women in Flood Emergency
Bilqis Amin Hoque, Sufia Khanam, Richard Johnston, A Salam,
Abu Zahid Shipon and Md. Abubakkor Siddik

2. IntroductionIntroduction
• Frequency of extreme floods and cyclones are
increasing
• When the existing drinking water systems are
damaged/affected; risks for exposure to drinkingdamaged/affected; risks for exposure to drinking
microbiologically contaminated water increases
significantly in rural areas of developing countries.
• Post flood/cyclone epidemics of water borne diseases• Post flood/cyclone epidemics of water‐borne diseases
have been common and contributing significantly to
the health burdens
P i f d i (POU) h b k li f i• Point‐of‐use device (POU) has been a key relief item
over ages

3. Key Issues and ChallengesKey Issues and Challenges
• The investment needs will increase with the increase in
frequency of disasters.
• The length of emergency water period and its
complexities can vary with the impacts of disaster (localcomplexities can vary with the impacts of disaster (local
contexts, types of disaster, etc)
• Emergency is a managerial term, demanding decision g g g
and follow‐up in terms of extra‐ordinary measures
• Usually household POU is regarded as a simple approach.
It is rarely followedIt is rarely followed
• But POU is a technology; local contexts will determine its
performance.

4. Research objectiveResearch objective
• Revisit scopes for POU methods used inRevisit scopes for POU methods used in
Bangladesh

5. MethodologyMethodology
• Cyclone Sidr (category 5) hit
Bangladesh on November 15 2007, g ,
causing a storm surge of up to 5m
• Two kinds of POUs ; PUR ( new)• Two kinds of POUs ; PUR ( new)
and WPT (commonly distributed)
i f i i• Housewives of PUR recipients were
provided with training
• Data collected by: (i) interviewing
about use, knowledge, acceptance
(ii) water quality: physical RCL and(ii) water quality: physical, RCL and
TTC and (iii) diarr. prevalence among
PUR, WPT and Comparison children

6. Acceptance of POUs
PURacceptance(N=131) WPTacceptance(N=126)
yes
10%
no
28%
yesyes
72%
no
90%

7. Concentration of residual chlorine (RCL) in PUR treated stored
water samples
Distribution RCL (mg/l) of PUR Treated Water
30
p
20
cy
10
Std Dev = 24
1.00
94
.88
82
.76
69
.63
57
.51
45
.39
33
.26
20
.14
08
.02
Frequenc
0
Std. Dev = .24
Mean = .39
N = 131.00
RCL (mg/l)
.94.82.69.57.45.33.20.08

8. Concentration of residual chlorine (RCL)
in WPT treated stored water samples
Distribution Rcl(mg/l) of WPT
6
in WPT treated stored water samples
5
4
3
Concentration of residual chlorine (RCL) in
PUR treated stored water samples
ncy
2
.94.78.62.46.30.14-.02
Frequen
1
0
Std. Dev = .29
Mean = .29
N = 20.00
RCL(mg/l)
1.02.86.70.54.38.22.06

9. Level of Schooling of Housewives (recipients) and
presence of POU treated water
Variable
PUR (%) WPT (%)
A Ab t
p
Present Absent Present Absent
Households with 131 51 20 173
samples (N)
Education:Education:
No Schooling
Primary (1-5 yrs)
19
43
11
57
5
10
15
54y ( y )
> Primary 38 32 85 31
There were statistically significant differencesThere were statistically significant differences
between the proportions of schoolings in both WPT present
and WPT absent groups

10. Rates of 24 Hour Prevalence of Diarrhea Among
Children in POU and Comparison GroupsChildren in POU and Comparison Groups
12 0
14.0
ce
8.0
10.0
12.0
revalenc
%)
2 0
4.0
6.0
atesofpr
(%
0.0
2.0
Comparison WPT PUR
Ra
Types of the group
RR f PUR 0 23 0 07 0 73RR of PUR= 0.23; 0.07-0.73
RR of WPT= 0.45; 0.19-1.03

11. ConclusionsConclusions
• Reconfirmed household POU device as an effective
emergency water approach, provided it is used properly
• PUR was a new method and required more work than
the WPT; rate of use of PUR was higher than WPT.; g
• Housewives /women managed the POUs
• Training on use of POU was rare
L l f t k l d b t f POU hi h• Level of correct knowledge about use of POU was higher
among PUR than among WPT users.
• Probably training on PUR contributed to its higher rate of
use compared to that of WPT
• POUs were not adequately distributed
• Overall; management of POU was weakOverall; management of POU was weak

12. Conceptual Framework
DISASTER
quality
SAFE WATERPOU
Access to, type og
POU, treatment,
use, knowledge, q y , g ,
SES,
contamination
WWater system
Damaged Not Damaged
Affected
Water systemWater system
Damaged Not Damaged

13. RecommendationsRecommendations
• Further develop POU devices (various kinds ofFurther develop POU devices (various kinds of
appropriate devices and not only low‐cost) and
its management system (needs, promotion,its management system (needs, promotion,
access to/distribution/stock piling, monitoring,
upgrading , etc. in line with comprehensive pg g , p
disaster management)
• Build capacity of women about householdBuild capacity of women about household
management of POUs for emergency drinking
water based on local contextswater based on local contexts

14. Thank YouThank You