Simulation of a small scale cogeneration system using a microturbine
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The aim of the thesis was to develop an operating model of some sizes of Microturbines on the software eQuest. Then used the model developed to simulate the installation of a Cogeneration (CHP) plant to satisfy the heat and electric demand of a school. The final step was to consider the economics of the investment and choosing which size and use of the turbine was the most convenient for the building. The key topics of the project were the following: • Collecting experimental data about some size of Microturbines • Development of the turbine model for the software eQuest • Development of the building following the ASHRAE standard • Simulation of some size of Cogeneration Plants • Analysis of the results of the simulations • Energy auditing of the building and analysis of the cost of the current and new plant • Choice of the best solution for the building The thesis was developed in collaboration between Politecnico di Torino and the University of Illinois at Chicago, during the course of the double degree program TOP-UIC
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Simulation of a small scale cogeneration system using a microturbine
- 1. SIMULATION OF A SMALL-SCALE COGENERATION SYSTEM USING A MICROTURBINE University of Illinois at Chicago College of engineering Student Pietro Galli Advisor Dr. William Ryan Advisor Dr. Marco Carlo Masoero May 5th, 2016
- 2. OVERVIEW University of Illinois at Chicago College of engineering
- 3. OVERVIEW: AIMS Microturbine model for eQuest Simulation using eQuest of a CHP plant installed in a small size building Economics University of Illinois at Chicago College of engineering
- 4. OVERVIEW: STRUCTURE • Specification • Source • Energy demand Base model • Data collecting • Implementation • Testing Microturbine model • Implementation • Various solutions • Results and economics CHP University of Illinois at Chicago College of engineering
- 5. COMBINED HEAT AND POWER University of Illinois at Chicago College of engineering
- 6. DEFINITION AND ADVANTAGES Simultaneous on-site production of electricity and useful heat University of Illinois at Chicago College of engineering Advantages High efficiency Cost reduction Pollutants reduction
- 7. SCHEME OF A CHP PLANT University of Illinois at Chicago College of engineering
- 8. CURRENT STATE University of Illinois at Chicago College of engineering
- 9. BASE MODEL University of Illinois at Chicago College of engineering
- 10. TYPICAL ELEMENTARY SCHOOL LOCATED IN CHICAGO University of Illinois at Chicago College of engineering
- 11. ENERGY PROFILE University of Illinois at Chicago College of engineering
- 12. MICROTURBINE University of Illinois at Chicago College of engineering
- 13. CHARACTERISTICS AND MODELS DEVELOPED University of Illinois at Chicago College of engineering Small scale turbine Power from 30 to 500 kW Reduction of the manufacturing costs Growing market Models studied Capstone C200 Typical 100 kW Capstone C60
- 14. CHARACTERISTICS AND PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION University of Illinois at Chicago College of engineering
- 15. CAPSTONE DATA TABLES Data given as function of the Capacity Data given as function of the ambient temperature University of Illinois at Chicago College of engineering
- 16. PARAMETERS IMPLEMENTED IN eQuest University of Illinois at Chicago College of engineering Partial Load Ratio • Ratio between the actual power generated and the design one Heat Input Ratio • Ratio between the heat currently supplied and the design one Ambient temperature effect • Raising the temperature negatively affect the efficiency and the Capacity Recoverable Heat • Correlation between the power developed and the quantity of heat recoverable from the exhaust gas
- 17. Partial Load Ratio and Heat Input Ratio Partial Load Ratio Heat Input Ratio University of Illinois at Chicago College of engineering
- 18. Ambient Temperature Effect University of Illinois at Chicago College of engineering From Specification Equation Implemented in the software
- 19. Recoverable Heat Recoverable heat of C200 Comparison with the default equation University of Illinois at Chicago College of engineering Recoverable heat Recov. heat PLR PLR
- 20. Testing The model University of Illinois at Chicago College of engineering Expected fuel consumption vs fuel consumption of the implemented model • Fuel consumption equation found interpolating the data from Capstone (Quadratic interpolation) • Comparison between the expected and model consumption for each power developed
- 21. SIMULATION University of Illinois at Chicago College of engineering
- 22. Heat fluxes in the process University of Illinois at Chicago College of engineering
- 23. Implementation of the CHP plant in eQuest University of Illinois at Chicago College of engineering Real layout of the school hot water loop: • Main Hot Water Loop • Domestic Hot Water Loop (separated loop) Problem: • eQuest does not allow to attach multiple loops to the turbine Solution: • Compute the DHW Loop Process Load • Attach the Process load just computed to the main hot water loop • Set to zero the capacity of the DHW Loop
- 24. Putting the DHW Loop process load into the Main one eQuest view of the Real plant Computation of the DHW process load University of Illinois at Chicago College of engineering • Then add Q to the Main Hot Water Loop as “Miscellaneous load”
- 25. Capstone C200: Electricity Production University of Illinois at Chicago College of engineering Electricity produced by the turbine and total electricity request Purchased energy Duration curve Base model and C200
- 26. Capstone C200: Gas Consumption University of Illinois at Chicago College of engineering Gas Used by the turbine and total gas consumption Monthly gas purchase Base model vs C200 Purchased Gas Duration curve Base model vs C200
- 27. Capstone C200: Microturbine usage University of Illinois at Chicago College of engineering Operating condition of the turbinePartial Load Ration during the year Critical PLR = 0.6
- 28. Capstone C200: Heat Recovery University of Illinois at Chicago College of engineering Heat flux monthly profileHeat flux hourly profile
- 29. Why Testing other Models? University of Illinois at Chicago College of engineering High Fuel consumption and Wasted recoverable heat Low Efficiency of the turbine: Many hours of PLR below critical value High cost of installation and maintenance: - 1000 $/kW Weakness of the 200 kW microturbine Alternatives Switch off the turbine at night Use a smaller size turbine: C60 or 100 kW
- 30. Efficiency of the plant CHP plant efficiency FERC Efficiency University of Illinois at Chicago College of engineering Considering the different natures of the two Energy produced in the process (Heat and Electricity)
- 31. Global efficiency of the plant for the various solutions University of Illinois at Chicago College of engineering Type of plant Fturb (MMBtu) Qrec (MMBtu) Eprod (kWh) Epurch (kWh) GAS purch (MMbtu) Efficiency CHP Efficiency FERC Base model 0 0 0 832,048 1,046 0 0 200 kW 9,962 556 826,817 6,478 10,817 33.91% 31.11% 200 kW no night 7,736 491 664,726 168,665 8,636 35.66% 32.49% 100 kW 7,201 491 628,863 204,394 8,126 36.62% 33.21% 100 kW no night 5,301 428 466,698 366,559 6,256 38.12% 34.08% 60 kW 5,457 555 483,054 350,153 6,312 40.57% 35.39% 60 kW no night 3,585 476 320,981 512,226 4,410 43.82% 37.19%
- 32. ECONOMICS University of Illinois at Chicago College of engineering
- 33. Bills and Maintenance University of Illinois at Chicago College of engineering Investment and operational cost • Initial investment • O&M costs Gas Bill • Costumer charge • Storage Charge • Gas Rate • Volumetric Distribution Charge Electricity Bill • Peak Demand Charge • Customer Charge • Distribution Charge • Taxes and Other
- 34. Base Model Bills Monthly Electricity billMonthly Gas Bill University of Illinois at Chicago College of engineering
- 35. Global Economic Results University of Illinois at Chicago College of engineering Size and use of turbine Total Gas cost Total electricity cost Total energy cost ($) Total cost (including O&M) Investment cost Base model 7,168 75,595 82,763 82,763 - 200 kW 54,933 3,235 58,169 66,169 200,000 200 kW no night 44,980 17,306 62,286 67,286 200,000 100 kW 42,652 24,012 66,664 70,664 100,000 100 kW no night 34,081 35,187 69,268 71,768 100,000 60 kW 34,366 37,147 71,513 73,913 60,000 60 kW no night 24,616 48,315 72,931 74,431 60,000
- 36. Global Economic Results University of Illinois at Chicago College of engineering Size and use of turbine Annual savings Hours of operation Life of the plant (years) Payback time (years) Savings generated in the life of the plant Base model - - - 200 kW 16,594 8,760 10 12 -29515.18 200 kW no night 15,477 5,475 16 13 54,411.6 100 kW 12,098 8,760 10 8 24,296.7 100 kW no night 10,994 5,475 16 9 80,725.3 60 kW 8,850 8,760 10 7 30,922.3 60 kW no night 8,331 5,475 16 7 76,953.3
- 37. CONCLUSION University of Illinois at Chicago College of engineering
- 38. Aims achieved University of Illinois at Chicago College of engineering Development of a microturbine model for eQuest: • Finding the coefficients from specification tables • Development of microturbine models of different sizes • Testing the models Development of a CHP plant for the Base model: • Typical ASHRAE school model • Installation the Plant • Testing different solutions Analysis of the results: • Efficiency of the plant • Gas and Electric Bill • Investment and operation costs
- 39. ACKNOLEDGMENTS University of Illinois at Chicago College of engineering
- 40. THANK YOU FOR THE ATTENTION! University of Illinois at Chicago College of engineering
- 41. SIMULATION OF A SMALL-SCALE COGENERATION SYSTEM USING A MICROTURBINE University of Illinois at Chicago College of engineering Student Pietro Galli Advisor Dr. William Ryan Advisor Dr. Marco Carlo Masoero May 5th, 2016