4. Hegemony is the dominance of one group over
other groups without the threat of force, to the
extent that, for instance, the dominant party
can dictate the terms of trade to its advantage;
more broadly, cultural perspectives become
skewed to favor the dominant group.
Hegemony controls the ways that ideas
become “naturalized” in a process that informs
notions of common sense
5. Hegemoni adalah sebuah rantai kemenangan
yang didapat melalui mekanisme konsensus
(consenso) dari pada melalui penindasan
terhadap kelas sosial lain. (Gramsci,
1976:244).
6. United States
US Policies in the UN
±80Vetos (1970-2012)
With more than 40 related to issues in the
Middle East
• US, Nuclear, and Iran
• Israeli attack on Gaza
• Lebanon, Israel, and US
7. UNITED STATES of AMERICA
The United States did not exercise its first veto until 1970, on a
resolution regarding Southern Rhodesia, which is present-day
Zimbabwe.
Since then, it has used its veto 79 times, with more than 40 related to
issues in the Middle East.
The majority have been resolutions that have criticised the Israeli
government or failed to condemn armed Palestinian factions in the
same language as that being used for Israel.
It used its last veto to block a resolution that would term Israeli
settlement activity in Palestinian territory "illegal" and demand a halt
to all such actions.
Susan Rice, the US ambassador to the UN, said her country
"reject[ed] in the strongest terms the legitimacy of continued Israeli
settlement activity", but the resolution "risk[ed] hardening the
positions of both sides" and moving them away from negotiations.
(source:http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2012/02/2012251523
30761377.html)
8. U.S Policy in the Middle East
“For many decades, successive U.S.
administrations have defined U.S. national
security interests in the Middle East as
ensuring access to Middle East oil, containing
any aspiring regional hegemonic powers, and
limiting the proliferation of weapons of mass
destruction..” ( Cato Institute, 2009:539)
9. “Washington has tried to achieve this
complex set of goals primarily through a
network of informal security alliances—
especially with Israel, Saudi Arabia, and
Egypt. ” ( Cato Institute, 2009:539)
10. “The collapse of the Camp David talks and the
start of the second intifada, followed by 9/11,
demonstrated the high costs Americans
would have to pay to maintain a dominant
position in the Middle East, both as a military
power and as a promoter of the peace
process.” ( Cato Institute, 2009:542)
11. “In the meantime, many Israelis and
Palestinians are interested in keeping the
United States entangled in the conflict. Few
seem prepared to resolve the conflict on their
own. However, the U.S. government does not
have to sustain the same level of involvement
in the conflict that it maintained during the
cold war.” ( Cato Institute, 2009:545 )
12. US AID
United States Agency for International
Development :
Badan Independen dari pemerintah AS yang
bertanggung jawab atas bantuan untuk
bidang ekonomi, pembangunan, dan
kemanusiaan untuk negara-negara lain di
dunia.
16. CATO INSTITUTE
The Cato Institute is a non partisipan libertarian think tank
headquartered in Washington D.C. the Institute states that it favours
policies “that are consistent with the traditional American principles of
limited government, individual liberty, and peace”. Cato scholars
conduct policy research on a broad range of public policy issues, and
produce books, studies, op-eds, and blog posts.
Where ideology and science part company, Cato favors ideology, as
shown by their open letter published in newspaper in 2009 disputing the
state of the science on climate change.
