This document discusses forests, deforestation, wildlife management, fisheries, and endangered species. It notes that forests are economically and ecologically important but deforestation is a major environmental concern. Deforestation is driven by wood usage, which is predicted to double by 2050, and paper production, which uses 30% of the world's paper despite only 5% of the population. Unsustainable logging and fishing practices have depleted fish and whale populations. International agreements have established protections and regulations for fisheries, whaling, and endangered species to curb overexploitation and prevent extinctions.

1. Ch 13: Forests, Parks and
Landscapes
Forests are:
a. Economically important
1.
b. Ecologically important
1.
2.
3.
4.

2. Deforestation
1. One of the most crucial environmental
concerns of our times
2. Direct causes
• a.
b.
c. in developing world = major
source of fuel

3. Case Study:
Paper and Deforestation
1. U.S. and paper:
a. We (5% or world’s pop.) use 30%
of paper
b.
2. Global wood use
a. Predicted to double by 2050
b.

4. 3. Toxic Pollution and Waste
a.
b. Pollutants: Bleaching paper:
Chlorine

5. c. Paper is the dominant material in solid
waste!

6. 4. Alternatives to wood in paper
a. Kenaf (from East Indies)

7. b. Hemp (first paper 105 A.D. - China)
One of world’s most
versatile fibers.

10. c. Wheat, sugar cane and other
agricultural straw(agricultural waste)
d. Flax (used for over 2000 yrs)
5. Recycled paper into new
a. Down from 10% (1990) to 5% today
(consumer apathy)
b. Not easily marketable.

11. Forest Management
1. Two types of forests:
a.
b.
2. Most logging is on private and U.S.
forest service lands
3. ________________________________for
“the greatest amount of good for the
greatest amount of people”

12. U.S.F.S. and multiple use policy:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e. conservationists call this policy
“multiple misuse”

13. 3.Logging strategies:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.

14. 4.Effects of clear-cutting
a. Increased..
1.
2.
3. landslides likely on steep slopes

15. © 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers
Effects of
clearcutting
on forest
chemical
cycling.

16. 5. Forests mgmt may also include
prescribed burning. (clear underbrush)
6. Plantation Forestry
a. also called
b. often planted after clearcutting

17. Parks and Preserves
1. General info. (10% land set aside)
a. National and State Park Service
_____________________vs. Forest Service
(______________________)
b. Natl. Parks managed by ________________
. Each state manages own.
c. First Natl. Park in US was Yellowstone in
1872

18. 2. Parks and preserves as islands
a. park vs nature reserve/wilderness
1. park =
2. natl. reserve… =
b. island biogeography
1. size and diversity of habitats
affects # of species that
may be maintained there

19. 3.Designing a preserve
a. larger, more varied habitats =
better
b. Connectivity –
c.
d.

20. © 2003 John Wiley and Sons
Park shapes
and island
biogeography. Good – large
area protects
many species
Small
areas but
over more
than one
area can
be better
insurance
Best – wildlife corridors connect

21. 4.Conserving Wilderness
a. Wilderness = undisturbed, roadless habitat
b. U.S. Wilderness Act of 1964 “Humans can
‘visit’, not machines!”

22. Ch 14: Wildlife, Fisheries and
Endangered Species

23. Managing wildlife populations
a. Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY)
b.Minimum Viable Population
(endangered species)
c. Optimum Sustainable Population
d. Carrying Capacity

24. Over 70% global fishes considered
overfished
Fisheries
a. Wild fish harvests are declining
b. continental shelf = 95% harvesting
(upwelling, nutrients, algae)
Harmful commercial fishing techniques:

25. An estimated 2 billion hooks are set
each year by longline fishing fleets,
killing 40,000 sea turtles, over
300,000 sea birds and millions of
sharks annually, to name a few.

26. Gillnetting
Alaskan pink salmon
are evolving into
smaller fish, the ones
who make it through
the gill nets survive
to reproduce.

27. For every pound of shrimp caught,
10 - 20 lbs of bycatch “trawl
trash” is killed and discarded!
The area of the
seafloor trawled
is equal to 150X
the area of
forests clear cut
each year!

29. Aquaculture now accounts for about 1/3 of our
seafood.
Now due to environmental problems marine
aquaculture is being revisited.

30. © 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers
The world’s major fisheries.
Red = upwelling and
high production
Yellow = moderate production

31. Who’s being depleted?
Virtually every large fish in the ocean: Including,
but not limited to:
All have declined by 90% since industrialized
fishing after WWII.

33. Fisheries in total collapse:
Oysters
Bluefin and Albacore Tuna
Sardines
Atlantic Cod
Anchovies from Peru
Salmon from Pacific Northwest
(Alaska is OK)

35. World Fisheries Congress
1992 and 1996
Every major country discusses codes
of conduct/harvesting….
Established

36. Today: 80% of our fish must be
imported:
Case Study : Local
Depletion of Rock Fish

38. 2nd
Case Study – Atlantic Cod

41. Fish caught are getting younger and younger.

42. Whales and Whaling
•11. Great whales and whaling
a. Subsistence vs. commercial whaling
b. heaviest losses in 20th century with
high tech whaling equip

43. 2.Commercial value
a. much less $$ than fisheries
b. but a few crucial products (whale oil)
c. __________________________established
in 1946 set moratorium on commercial whaling
in 1982 (very important!)

44. Species depleted, in order, by
commercial whalers:
*Right Whales
Humpback Whales
Sperm Whales
Blue Whales
Fin Whales
Minke Whales
More difficult to catch, not as
valuable

45. Who Violates Ban?
20000 have been slaughtered since the
ban in 1986
• (under guise of
“scientific research”)
• – says the “rats of the sea”
are responsible for crash of fisheries!
• IWC contemplating RMS

46. Dolphins, porpoises…
a. Commercial and accidental hunting
(tuna netting)
b. cooperation and boycotting
has helped establish measures
to reduce bycatch mortality

47. Endangered Species
• Intl. Union of Concerned Scientists (IUCC) Red
List says, at risk of extinction are:
• of all known mammals
• of all known birds
• of all known reptiles
• of all known amphibians

48. Natural Causes of Extinction
• Population fluctuations (if pop is very low)
• Environmental Variations
• Natural Catastrophes
• Genetic changes (Small pops)
Human Causes of Extinction