Il consumo energetico è la questione del futuro. Dipendiamo sempre più da fonti di energia che scarseggiano. D'altro canto il consumo di energia ha influenze drammatiche sui cambiamenti climatici. E' necessario affrontare la questione della riduzione dei consumi, soprattuto nel settore delle comunicazioni. Qui presentati e analizzati i consumi della telefonia mobile e del network.
5. Climate change Source: Hansen, J., et al. (2006) "Global temperature change". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 103: 14288-14293.
6. Climate change Source: A.P. Sokolov et al, “Probabilistic Forecast for 21st Century Climate Based on Uncertainties in Emissions (without Policy) and Climate Parameters” , Report 169, Jan 2009 2003 Model 2009 Model
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8. Source: Energy Information Administration (EIA), International Energy – Annual Energy Outlook 2009 TW
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12. Which ICT? Source: M. Pickavet et al, “Worldwide Energy Needs for ICT: the Rise of Power-Aware Networking,” in IEEE ANTS Conference, Bombay, India, Dec. 2008.
13. Consumption might double in the next decade Source: M. Pickavet et al, “Worldwide Energy Needs for ICT: the Rise of Power-Aware Networking,” in IEEE ANTS Conference, Bombay, India, Dec. 2008.
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16. PCs Source: Peter James and Lisa Hopkinson, “ Energy and Environmental Impacts of Personal Computing -- A Best Practice Review prepared for the Joint Information Services Committee (JISC)” , May 2009.
17. Williams, E., 2004. Energy Intensity of Computer Manufacturing: Hybrid Assessment Combining Process and Economic Input-Output Methods. Environ. Sci. Technol., 2004, 38 , 6166-6174. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 2005. Optimization of Product Life Cycles to reduce Greenhouse Gases in California. Report for California Energy Commission. CEC-500-2005-110-F. IVF Industrial Research and Development Corporation, 2007. Lot 3: Personal Computers (desktops and laptops) and Computer Monitors. Final Report for the European Commission, August 2007.
18. Operation Equipment Consumption Desktop PC 100-150W Laptop PC 20W Server 700 W – 10KW Router 5-10 W per Gbps GSM BS 700W UMTS BS 800W WIMAX BS 400W
19. Data centers Source: “Report to Congress on Server and Data Center Energy Efficiency” Public Law 109-431. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ENERGY STAR Program , August 2007
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22. Data centers Source: “Fact Sheet on National Data Center Energy Efficiency Information Program“, U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), March 19, 2008
25. Typical network Source: J. Baliga, K. Hinton and R. Tucker, “Energy consumption of the Internet”, in COIN - ACOFT 2007, June 2007, Melbourme, Australia factor 4
26. Routers Source: R. Tucker et al., “Energy consumption in IP networks”, in European Conference on Optical Communication ECOC’2008, Brussels, Sept. 2008.
43. 8:00 16:00 24:00 8:00 16:00 24:00 8:00 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 time lambda day/night traffic pattern for one cell Total traffic in x+1 cells night zone Low traffic threshold: QoS is guaranteed
44. 8:00 16:00 24:00 8:00 16:00 24:00 8:00 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 time lambda night zone traffic pattern for cells remaining on
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46. 8:00 16:00 24:00 8:00 16:00 24:00 8:00 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 Time lambda VOICE VIDEOCALL DATA Switch off 1 Node-B for about 9 hours Energy saving= 37.5%
47. Hierarchical scenario 7 μ Cells with: R_ μ cells=100m P TX _ μ cells=2 W Umbrella (Macro) Cell: R_Mcell≈265m P TX _Mcell=3.4 W
48. 8:00 16:00 24:00 8:00 16:00 24:00 8:00 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 Time lambda VOICE VIDEOCALL DATA λ night ->0: Good for office scenario
73. 4 Operators: Increasing Pattern Under same cost, increasing pattern is optimal 20 25 30 35 40 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 Saving [%] Network unbalance, a same cost - All var cost - All same cost - One var cost - One Roaming to all is more effective
74. 4 Operators: Decreasing Pattern 20 25 30 35 40 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 Saving [%] Network unbalance, a same cost - All var cost - All same cost - One var cost - One
75. 4 Operators: Increasing Pattern 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 Off time Network unbalance, a oper. 1 - All oper. 2 - All oper. 3 - All oper. 1 - One oper. 2 - One oper. 3 - One
Model based on A model of human activities and emissions (the Emissions Prediction and Policy Analysis Model), An atmospheric dynamics, physics and chemistry model, which includes a sub-model of urban chemistry, A mixed layer/ anomaly diffusing ocean model (ADOM) with carbon cycle and sea ice submodels, A land system model that combines the Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (TEM), a Natural Emissions Model (NEM), and the Community Land Model (CLM), that together describe the global, terrestrial water and energy budgets and terrestrial ecosystem processes.
Italian project http://www.key4biz.it/News/2009/07/16/Tecnologie/Sistemi_Tlc_Stazioni_Radio_Base_GSM_UMTS_DCS_fonti_rinnovabili.html?utm_source=infomail&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Dailyletter+n.1453+del+16+luglio+2009
Italian project http://www.key4biz.it/News/2009/07/16/Tecnologie/Sistemi_Tlc_Stazioni_Radio_Base_GSM_UMTS_DCS_fonti_rinnovabili.html?utm_source=infomail&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Dailyletter+n.1453+del+16+luglio+2009
Italian project http://www.key4biz.it/News/2009/07/16/Tecnologie/Sistemi_Tlc_Stazioni_Radio_Base_GSM_UMTS_DCS_fonti_rinnovabili.html?utm_source=infomail&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Dailyletter+n.1453+del+16+luglio+2009