1. بسم ال الرحمن الرحيم
Integrating risk and healthpromotion counseling
Preventive Dentistry
PDS 332
2. Lecture outline
Patient education
Theories of learning
Behaviorism
Cognitivism
Humanism
Social learning theory
Adult learning
Communication
Gestaltism
Relativism
Nonverbal communication
Counseling
Educational methods for patient instruction
Oral health education in practice
3. Learning outcomes
Define patient education and counseling
strategies appropriate for risk reduction
and health promotion.
Examine communication techniques for
oral health promotion.
Discuss issues in selecting patient
education materials and methods.
4.
What is health promotion?
Why is dentistry involved in health
promotion and how?
5. Patient education
Patient education is considered part of
comprehensive patient care
Health behaviors are mediators of health
status
Compliance is an issue of power and
control
Adherence suggests choice and a
relationship between the provider and the
patient that is based on trust and respect
6. Patient education
Patient education has four tenets:
1.
2.
3.
4.
A necessity for quality health care
The patient’s right to receive education and
possibly counseling
It has the potential to increase the efficacy of
the health care delivery system
Providers have the responsibility to provide
“knowledge” to the patient
7. Theories of learning
Orientation
Tenets
Application
Behaviorism
Learning results from
reinforcement and can lead to
behavioral changes
Behavior modification
Cognitivism
Learning results from reasoning
based on subjective values and
associated identified action
leading to desired outcomes
Gestaltism
Relativeism
Humanism
Learning is continuous because
of human potential and desire
for growth
Patient-centered models
Motivational interviewing
Social Learning Theory
Learning occurs in response to
modeling and observation of
normative social environments
Social cognitive theory
Self-efficacy
8. Theories of learning
Behaviorism
Learning that results
Cognitivism from reinforcements that
behaviors
Gestaltism
In patient education, cause and effect
Relativism
Humanism
Social learning theory
activate desired
9. Theories of learning
Behaviorism
Cognitivism
Behavior is determined more as a function of the subjective
Gestaltism
value of an outcome and the expectation that a specific action
Relativism
will achieve that outcome. Thus, reasoning is required to
explain the behavior.
Humanism
In patient education, outcomes are used as behavioral
Social learning theory
objectives which demonstrates a level of patient competency.
10. Theories of learning
Behaviorism
Cognitivism
Gestaltism
Relativism
Holistic view
Problem-solving approach, that include insight coupled with
Humanism
motivation
Social learning the patient's experiences by
In patient education, guide theory
promoting an awareness of the present.
Metaphors are used here
13. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
Self
actualization
Opportunity for creativity,
innovation, challenges,
higher level learning
Self esteem
Recognition of intelligence,
prestige, status
Social needs
Need for safety and security
Physical survival needs
Love, affection,
acceptance
Physical safety, economic
security, comfort, peace
Water, food, sleep,
warmth, health
14. Theories of learning
Emphasizes the importance of observing and modeling the
behaviors, attitudes, and emotional reactions of others.
Behaviorism
Human behavior through modeling
Cognitivism
In patient education, it brings psychology and health behavior
Gestaltism
together in a synergetic fashion
Relativism
Humanism
Social learning theory
15. Conceptual model of social
cognitive theory and self-efficacy
Behavior
Personal factors
(cognitive, emotional, and
biological events)
Environmental factors
16. Theories of learning
Adult learning
When you plan and choose patient education
materials and models, you have to consider:
The trauma of the disease
The press of time
The freedom of choice
The active participation
Social/psychological setting
Intentional change
“a choice to change”
17. Principles of adult learning
People learn when they perceive a need to learn
Learning takes place when the learner is able to relate a
previous experience to the present experience
Patients learn more effectively when they are actively
involved in the learning
People learn more when their senses are stimulated
People learn the best when they know the goals of
learning and perceive they are realistic and attainable
Learning takes place when there is an optimal stress
level
Patients learn best when they are encouraged to take
responsibility
18. Communication
It includes all methods used to convey
thoughts, feelings, and attitudes among
people
A process of sending and receiving
messages or transmission of ideas to
achieve mutual understanding between a
communicator and a listener
19. Communication
It involves processes of encoding,
transmission, decoding and synthesis of
information
A process of sending and receiving
messages or transmission of ideas to
achieve mutual understanding between a
communicator and a listener
21. Communication
How can communication skills be tailored
to meet the needs of dental clinical
settings?
Verbal vs. nonverbal communication
Paralanguage
Nonverbal and verbal behaviors have to be
consistent
22. Counseling
Effective counseling depends on:
Skills in communications
Techniques in listening
Establishing rapport
Listening skills and the 3Cs
Confirmation
Confrontation
Commitment
23. Counseling
Listening is synonymous with
Openness
Concentration
Comprehension
Verbal interventions could be helpful
Reflecting
Interpreting
paraphrasing
24. Educational methods for patient
instruction
What are the educational methods that you are
aware of?
Learning has different levels:
Recall
Understanding
Application
analysis
Synthesis
Evaluation
25. Educational methods for patient
instruction
People remember approximately:
30% of what they see
20% of what they hear
10% of what they read
Guidelines
The more senses stimulated, the better
Active participation will retain more
information
Time restrictions guide the type of method
26. Educational methods for patient
instruction
Health literacy is composite term used to
describe a range of outcomes associated
with health education and communication
activities
It is not only the transfer of information
Bidirectional relationship between health
and social, economic, and environmental
variables
27. Oral health education in practice
Interdisciplinary approach
Anticipatory guidance
Time constraints
Emphasis on psychological approach
Tobacco use
Models for oral health education should include:
Risk assessment
Tailor education or counseling plan
Implementation of the plan
Continuous evaluation and follow-up
28. Summary
Effective of oral health promotion is
questionable
Chair-side oral health promotion is the
most effective among other models
The trend in dental health care should be
towards prevention