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Similaire à BIO101_Ch 12_Cardiovascular
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BIO101_Ch 12_Cardiovascular
- 1. BIO101 Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology Stark State College Virginia Johnson, MS, RN, LMT © 2015 Virginia Johnson 1
- 2. Chapter 12 Cardiovascular BIO101 | Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology STARK STATE COLLEGE Virginia Johnson, MS, RN, LMT © 2015 Virginia Johnson 2
- 3. Announcements • Next test • November 23, 2015 • Chapters 12 Cardiovascular and 13 Lymphatic • Next homework due • November 23, 2015 • Journal 5 (main campus) • Homework 5 (satellite campus) 3
- 4. College Announcements • Registration for Spring 2016 has begun. • Final Exam week: December 9 -14, 2015 4
- 5. Chapter 12 | Cardiovascular • Objectives • Describe the location, size, position, and anatomy of the heart. • Explain the physiological functions of the heart; sounds, blood supply, cycle, and conduction. • Describe the structure and function of arteries, veins, and capillaries. • Compare and contrast systemic, pulmonary, and hepatic portal circulation. • Define blood pressure. • Describe the factors that influence the fluctuation of blood pressure. 5
- 6. Chapter 12 | Cardiovascular | Introduction • Cardiovascular system • transportation • oxygen, water, nutrients replenished • waste removed • substances transferred • closed circuit • heart • blood vessels • circulatory system • cardiovascular system • lymphatic system 6
- 7. Chapter 12 | Heart • Location, size, and position • thoracic cavity • between sternum and thoracic vertebrae • between lungs, lower mediastinum • 2/3 left, 1/3 right of midline • triangular shape • size of closed fist • apex • points lower left • rests on diaphragm • apical beat (5th & 6th ribs) 7
- 8. Chapter 12 | Heart • Anatomy | heart chambers • 4 hollow chambers • 2 upper atria (atrium) • smaller, thinner walls • receiving chambers • 2 lower ventricles • thick, muscular walls • blood pumped out • discharging chambers • myocardium • cardiac muscle tissue • walls of heart • septum divides chambers • interatrial septum • interventricular septum 8
- 9. Chapter 12 | Heart • Anatomy | membranes • endocardium • thin inner layer • endocarditis • rough • risk for thrombus formation • pericardium • 2 layers with fluid-filled space between • visceral pericardium (contacts heart) • parietal pericardium • pericardial fluid reduces friction • pericarditis 9
- 10. Chapter 12 | Heart • Anatomy | heart valves • atrioventricular (AV) valves – between atria and ventricles • bicuspid (mitral) valve (right) • tricuspid valve (left) • semilunar (SL) valves – between ventricles and exiting arteries • pulmonary SL valve (to lungs) • aortic SL valve (to body) 10
- 11. Chapter 12 | Heart • Heart sounds • lub • Atrioventricular (AV) valves closing with ventricular contraction (systole) • dup • Semilunar (SL) valves closing with ventriclular relaxation (diastole) • DUP - Diastole DUP LUB 11
- 12. Chapter 12 | Heart • Blood flow through heart • Two separate pumps • right sided pump • left sided pump • superior and inferior vena cava • → right atrium • → right AV (tricuspid) valve • →right ventricle • → pulmonary SL valve • → pulmonary artery to lungs • → pick up O2 drop off CO2 • →4 pulmonary veins • → left atrium • → left AV (bicuspid) valve • → left ventricle • → aortic SL valve • → aorta 12
- 13. Chapter 12 | Heart • Blood flow through heart • Two separate pumps • right sided pump • left sided pump • Two separate circulations • pulmonary circulation • lungs • systemic circulation • rest of body 13
- 14. Chapter 12 | Heart • Blood supply to the heart • coronary circulation • blood supply to heart muscle • myocardium requires constant supply of blood • coronary arteries • right and left • branch directly off of aorta • coronary veins • coronary sinus • right atrium 14
- 15. Chapter 12 | Heart • Myocardial infarction (MI) Heart attack • coronary thrombosis or coronary embolism block • O2 deprivation results in death of cells • Angina pectoris • severe chest pain when O2 is to heart is reduced • precursor to MI • Coronary bypass surgery • harvested veins or arteries reroute coronary arteries • Angioplasty • inserted device expands artery to normalize blood supply 15
- 16. Chapter 12 | Heart • Cardiac cycle • cardiac cycle one complete heartbeat • 0.8 seconds • systole • diastole • 72 beats per minute (bpm) average • stroke volume • Volume of blood pumped from both ventricles each heartbeat • cardiac output • Volume of blood ejected by one ventricle per minute • 5 liters average 16
- 17. Chapter 12| cardiovascular practice • What is the function of the right atria of the heart? • Receive deoxygenated blood from the body • What is the function of the right ventricle of the heart? • Pump deoxygenated blood to the lungs • What is the function of the left atria of the heart? • Receive oxygenated blood from the lungs • What is the function of the left ventricle of the heart? • Pump oxygenated blood to the body Answer the following questions 17
- 18. Chapter 12| cardiovascular practice • What is the name of the inner membrane of the heart? • endocardium • What are the names (3) of the outer membrane of the heart? • Epicardium • Visceral epicardium • Parietal epicardium • What occurs during systole? What occurs during diastole? • Systole; heart contraction • Diastole; heart relaxation Answer the following questions 18
- 19. Chapter 12| cardiovascular practice • What is the circulation for the heart called? • Coronary circulation • What are the other two major circulation circuits of the body? • Pulmonary circulation • Systemic circulation • The volume of blood pumped from both ventricles each heartbeat is: • Stroke volume • The volume of blood ejected by one ventricle per minute is the: • Cardiac output Answer the following questions 19
- 20. Chapter 12 | Heart • Conduction system • Rhythmic contraction • Autonomic control of rhythm • Heart has built-in coordinating system • Contractions coordinated by electric impulses • Intercalated discs • Link cardiac muscle fibers • Atria linked together • Ventricles lined together • Both atria contract in unison • Both ventricles contract in unison 20
- 21. Chapter 12 | Heart 21
- 22. Chapter 12 | Heart • Conduction system • Impulse generating structures embedded • Sinoatrial (SA) node (pacemaker) • Atrioventricular (AV) node • AV bundle of His • Purkinje fibers • Damaging diseases • Endocarditis • Myocardial infarction 22
- 23. Chapter 12 | Heart • Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) • Graphic record of the heart’s electrical currents that spread to surface • Depolarization • Repolarization • P wave • Atrial depolarization • QRS complex • Ventricular depolarization • Hides simultaneous atrial repolarization • T wave • Ventricular reploarization 23
- 24. Chapter 12 | Heart 24
- 25. Chapter 12| cardiovascular practice • What structure is the natural “pacemaker” of the heart? • Sinoatrial node • What heart structures contract in unison? • Atria contract together • Ventricles contract together • What cellular level structure allows the electrical impulse to spread to cardiac muscle cells? • Intercalated discs Answer the following questions 25
- 26. Chapter 12| cardiovascular practice • Where does the impulse travel after the SA node and AV node? • AV bundle of HIS (right and left) → • Perkinje fibers • A graphic record of the heartbeat is called • An ECG or EKG • What two electrical events are being recorded? • Depolarization and repolarization Answer the following questions 26
- 27. Chapter 12| cardiovascular practice • What does the P wave represent? • Atrial depolarization • What does the QRS complex represent? • Ventricular deplarization • What does the QRS complex over shadow? • Atrial repolarization • What does the T wave represent? • Ventricular replarization Answer the following questions 27
- 28. Chapter 12 |Blood Vessels • Types of blood vessels • Arteries • Carry blood Away from heart • Capillaries • Exchange of nutrients and gasses • Veins • Carry blood toward heart 28
- 29. Chapter 12 | blood vessels • Structure of blood vessels • Tunica externa (tunica adventitia) • Outer CT layer • Reinforces vessel wall • Tunica media (middle layer) • Smooth muscle (autonomic control) • Blood pressure and distribution • Thin elastic fibrous tissue layer • Tunica intima • Single endothelium layer • Lines inner surface 29
- 30. Chapter 12 | blood vessels • Structure of blood vessels • Veins • One-way valves • Capillaries • Microscopic • Tunica intima is only layer • Endothelial cells • Ease of passage in/out of glucose, oxygen, wastes • Precapillary sphincters • Regulate blood flow through capillary bed • Thoroughfare channel • Main channel through capillary bed 30
- 31. Chapter 12 | blood vessels • Functions of blood vessels • Arteries • Blood from _______________ to ______________ • Constrict and dilate to maintain arterial BP • Veins • Blood from ________________ to _____________ • Reservoir; expand or contract • Capillaries • Blood from ________________ to _____________ • Exchange of nutrients, gasses, and fluid 31
- 32. axillary brachial common iliac femoral anterior tibial radial arch of aorta left subclavian common carotid ulnar 32
- 33. right brachiocephalic cephalicsuperior vena cava hepatic great saphenous femoral popliteal 33
- 34. Chapter 12| cardiovascular practice • What are the two main types of blood vessels in the body? • Arteries and veins • Which vessel transports oxygenated blood? • arteries • Where does the exchange of nutrients, gasses, and liquids occur? • Capillaries • What type of muscle controls blood flow to the capillary beds? • Precapillary sphincters Answer the following questions 34
- 35. Chapter 12| cardiovascular practice • Name the wall layers of arteries and veins. • Tunica externa • Tunica media • Tunica intima • Which layer contains smooth muscle? • Tunica media • What controls the tension of the smooth muscle? • By the autonomic nervous system • Which vessel is used as a reservoir for blood? • Veins Answer the following questions 35
- 36. Chapter 12 | Circulation of Blood • Systemic circulation of blood • From left ventricle of heart • Oxygenated blood through aorta • To body • Back to right atrium of heart • Deoxygenated blood through superior & inferior vena cava • Pulmonary circulation of blood • From right ventricle of heart • To lungs • Back to left atrium of heart • Oxygenated blood through four pulmonary veins 36
- 37. Chapter 12 | Circulation of Blood • Hepatic portal circulation • Digestive capillary bed veins from • spleen, stomach, pancreas, gallbladder, and intestines • Mesenteric vein → hepatic portal vein • Funneled through liver capillary bed • Nutrient rich blood processed • Excess glucose stored as glycogen • Removal of toxins • Blood returned to inferior vena cava Hepatic refers to the liver 37
- 38. Chapter 12| cardiovascular practice • Why does blood from the intestines need to pass through the liver before circulating through the body? • The blood is nutrient rich – it is very high in glucose and other substances • What does the liver do to the glucose from digestion? • Converts glucose to glycogen for storage Answer the following questions 38
- 39. Chapter 12| cardiovascular practice • What is the name of the vein that leads into the liver? • Hepatic portal vein • To what vessel does the liver return the nutrient filtered blood? • Inferior vena cava Answer the following questions 39
- 40. Chapter 12 | Blood Pressure • Defining blood pressure • Push of blood • Exists in all blood vessels • BP gradient • Difference between: • Aorta (highest BP) • Venae cavae (lowest BP) • Indicates blood flow 40
- 41. Chapter 12 | Blood Pressure • Defining blood pressure • Hypertension (HTN) • Rupture of blood vessels • Hypotension • Perfusion of vital organs lacking • Hemorrhage • Pronounced loss of blood 41
- 42. Chapter 12 | Blood Pressure • Factors influencing blood pressure • Blood volume • Strength of heart contractions • Heart rate • Blood viscosity • Resistance to blood flow 42
- 43. Chapter 12 | Blood Pressure • Factors influencing blood pressure • Blood volume • ↑volume = ↑ BP • ↓ volume = ↓ BP • Hemorrhage (loss of blood) • Diuretics (↑ urine output) • Strength of heart contractions • ↑ contraction strength = ↑ blood pumped • 70 mL pumped into aorta with each contraction (stroke volume) • 70 bpm • 70mL x 70 bpm = 4900 mL (almost 5 liters of blood through aorta every minute) 43
- 44. Chapter 12 | Blood Pressure • Factors influencing blood pressure • Heart rate • ↑rate = ↑ BP • Blood viscosity (thickness) • ↑ viscosity = ↑ BP • Resistance to blood flow • Blood vessel walls – local adjustments effect entire system • Peripheral resistance; any force that acts against the flow of blood through vessel • Anything that slows blood, such as ↑ viscosity • Vasomotor mechanism; smooth muscle tension adjustment to control BP • Vasoconstriction, vasodilation 44
- 45. Chapter 12 | Blood Pressure • Fluctuations in blood pressure • Normal BP is LESS THAN 120/80 • 120 mmHg systolic pressure 80 mmHg diastolic pressure • Central venous pressure • Venous BP in right atrium • Mechanisms that keep venous blood moving 1. Continuous heart beat 2. Arterial BP is adequate 3. Valves in the veins (semilunar) 4. Skeletal muscle contraction 5. Breathing creates a pump in the thorax 45
- 46. Chapter 12 | Pulses • Pulse points • Arterial expansion and recoil • Rate, strength, rhythm • Nine pulse points 46
- 47. Chapter 12 | Pulses • Pulse points 1. Superficial temporal (ear) 2. Common carotid (neck) 3. Facial (mandible margin) 4. Brachial (elbow) 5. Radial (wrist) 6. Femoral (groin) 7. Popliteal (behind knee) 8. Dorsalis pedis (foot front, ↓ ankle) 47
- 48. Chapter 12| cardiovascular practice • The BP gradient is the difference between ______ and ______. • Highest and lowest blood pressures • Where is BP the highest? Where is BP the lowest? • Aorta is highest Vena cava is lowest • What effect does increased blood volume have on BP? • Increased volume = increased BP • What effect would a decreased strength of heart contraction have on BP? • Decreases BP Answer the following questions 48
- 49. Chapter 12| cardiovascular practice • What does viscosity of blood refer to? • The thickness of the blood • How many factors that resist (slow down) blood flow can you think of? • ↑ viscosity • Diameter of blood vessel (smooth muscle contraction/relaxation) • What is the vasomotor mechanism? • The vasodilation (expansion) and vasoconstriction (reduction) of blood vessels at a local site. Answer the following questions 49
- 50. Chapter 12| cardiovascular practice • What is considered normal blood pressure? • Less than 120 mmHg / 80 mmHg • Systolic/diastolic is the pressure during ventricular contraction. • systolic • What is the name of the pressure during ventricular relaxation? • diastole • The pressure of blood in the right atrium is called _______. • Central venous pressure Answer the following questions 50
- 51. Chapter 12| cardiovascular practice • What mechanisms assist arterial blood flow (3)? • Heart contraction • Arterial walls – muscular and elastic • Gravity • What mechanisms assist venous blood return (5)? (CAVSB) • Continued heart beat • Arterial BP adequate • Valves • Skeletal muscle contraction • Breathing Answer the following questions 51
- 52. References Bitterjug, (2012). Figure walking and speaking through megaphone [Image]. Retrieved from https://openclipart.org/detail/169403/announcing Chabner, D. E. (2014). The language of medicine, 10th ed. St Louis, MO: Elsevier Saunders. Patton, K. T. (2013). Anatomy and physiology (8th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Mosby. Smiley faces [Image]. (n.d.). Creative commons. Retrieved from images.google.com. Thibodeau, G. A. & Patton, K. T. (2012). Structure and function of the body (14th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Mosby. 52
- 53. Practice labelling required vessels. 53
- 54. Practice labelling required vessels. 54
Notes de l'éditeur
- (Patton, 2013)
- Bitterjug, (2012). Figure walking and speaking through megaphone [Image]. Retrieved from https://openclipart.org/detail/169403/announcing
- (Patton, 2013)
- (Patton, 2013)
- (Patton, 2013)
- (Chabner, 2014) (Patton, 2012)
- (Patton, 2013)
- (Patton, 2013)
- (Patton, 2013)
- (Patton, 2013)
- (Patton, 2013)
- (Patton, 2013)
- (Patton, 2013)
- Smiley faces clipart. Retrieved from Creative Commons.
- Smiley faces clipart. Retrieved from Creative Commons.
- Smiley faces clipart. Retrieved from Creative Commons.
- (Patton, 2013)
- (Patton, 2012)
- (Patton, 2013)
- (Patton, 2013)
- (Patton, 2013)
- Smiley faces clipart. Retrieved from Creative Commons.
- Smiley faces clipart. Retrieved from Creative Commons.
- Smiley faces clipart. Retrieved from Creative Commons.
- (Patton, 2013)
- (Patton, 2012)
- (Patton, 2013)
- (Patton, 2013)
- (Patton, 2013)
- (Patton, 2013)
- Smiley faces clipart. Retrieved from Creative Commons.
- Smiley faces clipart. Retrieved from Creative Commons.
- (Patton, 2013)
- (Patton, 2013)
- Smiley faces clipart. Retrieved from Creative Commons.
- Smiley faces clipart. Retrieved from Creative Commons.
- (Patton, 2013)
- (Patton, 2013)
- (Patton, 2013)
- (Patton, 2013)
- (Patton, 2013)
- (Patton, 2013)
- (Patton, 2013)
- (Patton, 2013)
- Smiley faces clipart. Retrieved from Creative Commons.
- Smiley faces clipart. Retrieved from Creative Commons.
- Smiley faces clipart. Retrieved from Creative Commons.
- Smiley faces clipart. Retrieved from Creative Commons.
- (Patton, 2013)
- (Patton, 2013)