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Er modelling using uml
1.
Chapter 11
Entity-Relationship modeling Transparencies © Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005
2.
Chapter 11 -
Objectives How to use Entity–Relationship (ER) modeling in database design. Basic concepts associated with ER model. Diagrammatic technique for displaying ER model using Unified Modeling Language (UML). How to identify and resolve problems with ER models called connection traps. How to build an ER model from a requirements 2 © Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005 specification.
3.
ER diagram of
Branch user views of DreamHome © Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005 3
4.
Concepts of the
ER Model Entity types Relationship types Attributes © Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005 4
5.
Entity Type
Entity type – Group of objects with same properties, identified by enterprise as having an independent existence. Entity occurrence – Uniquely identifiable object of an entity type. © Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005 5
6.
Examples of Entity
Types © Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005 6
7.
ER diagram of
Staff and Branch entity types © Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005 7
8.
Relationship Types
Relationship type – Set of meaningful associations among entity types. Relationship occurrence – Uniquely identifiable association, which includes one occurrence from each participating entity type. © Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005 8
9.
Semantic net of
Has relationship type © Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005 9
10.
ER diagram of
Branch Has Staff relationship © Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005 10
11.
Relationship Types Degree
of a Relationship – Number of participating entities in relationship. Relationship of degree : – two is binary – three is ternary – four is quaternary. © Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005 11
12.
Binary relationship called
POwns © Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005 12
13.
Ternary relationship called
Registers © Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005 13
14.
Quaternary relationship called
Arranges © Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005 14
15.
Relationship Types Recursive
Relationship – Relationship type where same entity type participates more than once in different roles. Relationships may be given role names to indicate purpose that each participating entity type plays in a relationship. © Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005 15
16.
Recursive relationship called
Supervises with role names © Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005 16
17.
Entities associated through
two distinct relationships with role names © Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005 17
18.
Attributes Attribute
– Property of an entity or a relationship type. Attribute Domain – Set of allowable values for one or more attributes. © Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005 18
19.
Attributes Simple
Attribute – Attribute composed of a single component with an independent existence. Composite Attribute – Attribute composed of multiple components, each with an independent existence. © Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005 19
20.
Attributes Single-valued
Attribute – Attribute that holds a single value for each occurrence of an entity type. Multi-valued Attribute – Attribute that holds multiple values for each occurrence of an entity type. © Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005 20
21.
Attributes Derived
Attribute – Attribute that represents a value that is derivable from value of a related attribute, or set of attributes, not necessarily in the same entity type. © Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005 21
22.
Keys Candidate Key
– Minimal set of attributes that uniquely identifies each occurrence of an entity type. Primary Key – Candidate key selected to uniquely identify each occurrence of an entity type. Composite Key – A candidate key that consists of two or more attributes. © Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005 22
23.
ER diagram of
Staff and Branch entities and their attributes © Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005 23
24.
Entity Type Strong
Entity Type – Entity type that is not existence-dependent on some other entity type. Weak Entity Type – Entity type that is existence-dependent on some other entity type. © Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005 24
25.
Strong entity type
called Client and weak entity type called Preference © Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005 25
26.
Relationship called Advertises
with attributes © Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005 26
27.
Structural Constraints
Main type of constraint on relationships is called multiplicity. Multiplicity - number (or range) of possible occurrences of an entity type that may relate to a single occurrence of an associated entity type through a particular relationship. Represents policies (called business rules) established by user or company. © Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005 27
28.
Structural Constraints
The most common degree for relationships is binary. Binary relationships are generally referred to as being: – one-to-one (1:1) – one-to-many (1:*) – many-to-many (*:*) © Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005 28
29.
Semantic net of
Staff Manages Branch relationship type © Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005 29
30.
Multiplicity of Staff
Manages Branch (1:1) relationship © Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005 30
31.
Semantic net of
Staff Oversees PropertyForRent relationship type © Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005 31
32.
Multiplicity of Staff
Oversees PropertyForRent (1:*) relationship type © Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005 32
33.
Semantic net of
Newspaper Advertises PropertyForRent relationship type © Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005 33
34.
Multiplicity of Newspaper
Advertises PropertyForRent (*:*) relationship © Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005 34
35.
Structural Constraints
Multiplicity for Complex Relationships – Number (or range) of possible occurrences of an entity type in an n-ary relationship when other (n-1) values are fixed. © Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005 35
36.
Semantic net of
ternary Registers relationship with values for Staff and Branch entities fixed © Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005 36
37.
Multiplicity of ternary
Registers relationship © Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005 37
38.
Summary of multiplicity
constraints © Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005 38
39.
Structural Constraints
Multiplicity is made up of two types of restrictions on relationships: cardinality and participation. © Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005 39
40.
Structural Constraints
Cardinality – Describes maximum number of possible relationship occurrences for an entity participating in a given relationship type. Participation – Determines whether all or only some entity occurrences participate in a relationship. © Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005 40
41.
Multiplicity as cardinality
and participation constraints © Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005 41
42.
Problems with ER
Models Problems may arise when designing a conceptual data model called connection traps. Often due to a misinterpretation of the meaning of certain relationships. Two main types of connection traps are called fan traps and chasm traps. © Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005 42
43.
Problems with ER
Models Fan Trap – Where a model represents a relationship between entity types, but pathway between certain entity occurrences is ambiguous. Chasm Trap – Where a model suggests the existence of a relationship between entity types, but pathway does not exist between certain entity occurrences. © Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005 43
44.
An Example of
a Fan Trap © Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005 44
45.
Semantic Net of
ER Model with Fan Trap At which branch office does staff number SG37 work? © Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005 45
46.
Restructuring ER model
to remove Fan Trap © Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005 46
47.
Semantic Net of
Restructured ER Model with Fan Trap Removed SG37 works at branch B003. © Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005 47
48.
An Example of
a Chasm Trap © Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005 48
49.
Semantic Net of
ER Model with Chasm Trap At which branch office is property PA14 available? © Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005 49
50.
ER Model restructured
to remove Chasm Trap © Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005 50
51.
Semantic Net of
Restructured ER Model with Chasm Trap Removed © Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005 51
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