4. Course Description
This course is prepared for:
3 semester (or credit) hours and meets for a total of 3
hours a week.
Sophomore or junior level students (BS degrees)
(Major) Petroleum engineering students
(Minors) Production, Drilling and reservoir engineering
students
Prerequisites :Reservoir fluid properties and
reservoir rock properties.
The main objective: explaining the fundamentals of
reservoir engineering and their practical application
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Reservoir Engineering 1 Course: (Lec1) Introduction
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5. Lectures
Each session
Consists of different sections (about 4-5 sections)
Consists of about 50 slides
Is divided into 2 parts with short break time
Would be available online
2013 H. AlamiNia
Reservoir Engineering 1 Course: (Lec1) Introduction
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6. Timing
Last Session (Review)
Session Outlook
Presentation A
Break Time
Presentation B
Next Session Topics
Roll Call
Roll Call, 5
Last session
(Review), 5
Next Session
Topics, 5
Session
Outlook , 5
Presentation B,
45
Break
Time, 5
Presentation A,
45
TIME (MIINUTE)
2013 H. AlamiNia
Reservoir Engineering 1 Course: (Lec1) Introduction
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23. Lec. 4: Oil & Water Properties and
Experiments
Crude Oil Properties:
Viscosity
Surface Tension
Laboratory Analysis
Laboratory Experiments
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Reservoir Engineering 1 Course: (Lec1) Introduction
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24.
25.
26. Petroleum Engineering
Definition
Petroleum Engineering, by definition, is finding crude oil
and natural gas in the ground and devising a way to bring
it out of the ground.
Petroleum Engineer Role
Petroleum Engineers supply society with crude oil and
natural gas for energy. This energy fuels our cars and
planes, heats our homes, powers our plants and
generates electricity.
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Reservoir Engineering 1 Course: (Lec1) Introduction
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27. What Is Petroleum?
Crude oil, or petroleum, is an organic substance
derived from the remains of prehistoric plant and
animal matter.
It is a mixture of hydrocarbons, i.e. molecules
containing hydrogen and carbon, which exist
sometimes in liquid form (crude oil) and sometimes
as a vapor (natural gas).
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Reservoir Engineering 1 Course: (Lec1) Introduction
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28. Fish and Plant Fossil
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Reservoir Engineering 1 Course: (Lec1) Introduction
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29. Petroleum Formation
Millions of years ago, rains washed prehistoric
plant and animal remains into the seas along with
sand and silt, and layer upon layer piled up on the
sea bottom.
These layers were compressed under the weight of
these sediments, and the increasing pressure and
temperature changed the mud, sand and silt into
rock and the organic matter into petroleum. This
rock is known as source rock.
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Reservoir Engineering 1 Course: (Lec1) Introduction
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30. Oil Sources
Because oil and gas are lighter than water, they
float on top of water.
Oil and gas that formed in the source rock deep
within the earth floated up through tiny pore
spaces in the rock.
Some seeped out at the surface of the earth.
Some was trapped by dense, non-porous rock, called
shale.
These underground traps of oil and gas are called reservoirs.
Reservoirs contain porous rocks which allow fluids to flow
through the pore spaces, i.e. which are permeable.
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Reservoir Engineering 1 Course: (Lec1) Introduction
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31. An Example of Porous Rocks
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Reservoir Engineering 1 Course: (Lec1) Introduction
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33. Petroleum Extraction: Drilling
Once the geoscientists analyze a prospective oil
field and the land is leased, a wildcat well is drilled
to obtain more information about the reservoir.
In late 1800's, oil wells were drilled by hammering steel
pipes into the rock.
Today, rotary drilling rigs are used, where a drill bit is
turned around and around, deeper and deeper, cutting
into the rock.
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Reservoir Engineering 1 Course: (Lec1) Introduction
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35. Rotary Drilling
Drilling fluid, or drilling mud, is used to lubricate
the bit so it doesn't get stuck, and to flush the rock
pieces to the surface. These cuttings are examined
by a mud logger, who looks for signs of oil and gas.
Not all wells are straight and vertical. Horizontal
drilling has become a very profitable way to
increase production by having the wellbore
contacting more of the formation.
When the drilling is completed, the rigs can be
disassembled for assembly at another drill site.
Some rigs are on ships and barges for drilling
offshore.
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Reservoir Engineering 1 Course: (Lec1) Introduction
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36. Drilling Mud System
Courtesy OEOC, Ahvaz, 2011
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Reservoir Engineering 1 Course: (Lec1) Introduction
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37. Well Completion
After drilling, steel pipe called casing is set in the
hole and is cemented into place.
A heavy-duty system of valves called a Christmas
Tree is set into place at the wellhead to control the
flow of the oil, gas and water and prevent a
blowout.
Then the well casing is perforated at the right
depths to make holes for the oil and gas to flow into
the wellbore and up to the surface.
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Reservoir Engineering 1 Course: (Lec1) Introduction
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40. Petroleum Extraction: Production
Because oil, gas and water underground are under
a lot of pressure at first, these fluids flow up a
wellbore all by themselves, much like a soft drink
that has been shaken up. When oil and gas are
produced this way, it is called primary recovery.
When the initial pressure is spent, sucker rod
pumps are used to pull the oil out of the reservoir
rock and up the well.
Sometimes gas is injected at the bottom of the
well, and as it expands, it lifts the oil up to the
surface. This is called gas lift.
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Reservoir Engineering 1 Course: (Lec1) Introduction
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41. Producing the Well
Opening up new channels in the rock for the oil
and gas to flow through is called stimulation.
Three stimulation treatments are commonly used:
Explosives to break up the rock,
Injection of acid to partially dissolve the rock, and
Hydraulic fracturing to split the rock and prop it open
with proppants.
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Reservoir Engineering 1 Course: (Lec1) Introduction
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42. Secondary Recovery
After primary recovery, only a portion of the oil and
gas has been produced, so secondary recovery, or
waterflooding is done.
Water and oil do not mix; oil is generally lighter than
water and floats on top of it in the reservoir.
During a waterflood, water is injected into the water
zone of some of the wells to push the oil and gas up the
other wells.
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Reservoir Engineering 1 Course: (Lec1) Introduction
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43. Consumption of Oil: Fuels
Fuel from produced oil and gas is used variously as
gasoline for cars, jet fuel, kerosene, propane gas for
cooking, heating oils for home furnaces, diesel fuels for
trucks and buses and trains, industrial fuels for boilers in
factories and ships, and solid coke for burning.
Many electricity generating plants are also run on oil or
natural gas.
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Reservoir Engineering 1 Course: (Lec1) Introduction
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44. Consumption of Oil: Plastics, Rubber,
Other Products and Fibers
Plastics, Rubber, Other Products
Many plastics and polymers are made from petroleum
feedstocks.
These are used to manufacture things like food wrap, toys,
containers, and automobile tires.
Other products include lubricating oils for machinery,
grease, wax for candles, asphalt for roads and roofs,
agricultural pesticides and fertilizers, and white oils and
petrolatum for medicinal purposes.
Fibers
Polyester and nylon are petrochemicals that are made
into thousands of consumer products like panty hose,
nylon thread, and polyester.
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Reservoir Engineering 1 Course: (Lec1) Introduction
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45. Careers in Oil Industry:
Engineers and Scientists
There are many careers in the oil industry. Nearly
every type of engineer can be found upstream or
downstream, including
Chemical, industrial, mechanical, civil, electrical,
bioengineers, and of course, petroleum engineers.
Natural and earth sciences are also prevalent in the
oil business.
Chemists, biologists, physicists, geologists, geophysicists,
and computer scientists work together on multidisciplinary teams with engineers to research and
optimize oil field and refinery operations.
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Reservoir Engineering 1 Course: (Lec1) Introduction
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46. Careers in Oil Industry:
Other Professional
There are also other professional and support
careers, as in any business.
These include business administration, accounting, law
and tax, advertising, sales and marketing, secretarial and
library functions, trucking, public and employee
relations, and a host of other positions to keep operation
smooth.
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Reservoir Engineering 1 Course: (Lec1) Introduction
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47. 1. ONGC Videsh (2003). Petroleum Engineering &
Its Importance.
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Reservoir Engineering 1 Course: (Lec1) Introduction
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48. 1. Reservoir Fluid Behaviors
2. Petroleum Reservoirs
A. Oil
B. Gas
3. Gas Behavior
4. Gas Properties: Z Factor
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Reservoir Engineering 1 Course: (Lec1) Introduction
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