احكام الوقف والوصية
- 2. ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻒ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ
ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣـــﺔ
ﺍﷲ ﻳﻬﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻭﻧﺘﻮﺏ ﻭﻧﺴﺘﻐﻔﺮﻩ ﻭﻧﺴﺘﻌﻴﻨﻪ ﳓﻤﺪﻩ ﷲ ﺍﳊﻤﺪ ﺇﻥ
،ﺍﷲ ﺇﻻ ﺇﻟﻪ ﻻ ﺃﻥ ﻭﺃﺷﻬﺪ ،ﻟﻪ ﻫﺎﺩﻱ ﻓﻼ ﻳﻀﻠﻞ ﻭﻣﻦ ،ﺍﳌﻬﺘﺪ ﻓﻬﻮ
.ﻭﺭﺳﻮﻟﻪ ﻋﺒﺪﻩ ﺍﺪﳏﻤ ﱠﻥﺃ ﻭﺃﺷﻬﺪ
:ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻣﺎ
ﻭﺗﻨﻮﻋﻪ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﱀ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺴﻠﻢ ﻛﻞ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺮﻓﻨﻈ
ﻣﻦ ﺍﷲ ﺷﺮﻋﻪ ﻣﺎ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺃﺣﺴﻦ ﻭﻣﻦ ،ﳑﺎﺗﻪ ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻪ ﰲ
ﻗﺪ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻒ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺃﻥ ﻭﲟﺎ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻒ
ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻣﻬﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺍﺰﻣﻮﺟ ﺎﻧﺑﻴﺎ ﺍﻛﺘﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺣﺒﺒﺖ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺘﺸﺎﺑﻪ
ﻋﻤﻠﻨﺎ ﳚﻌﻞ ﺃﻥ ﻭﻋﻼ ﺟﻞ ﺍﷲ ﻭﻧﺴﺄﻝ ﺍﳉﻤﻴﻊ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻴﻜﻮﻥ
.ﺍﻟﻜﺮﱘ ﻟﻮﺟﻬﻪ ﺎﺼﺧﺎﻟ
.ﺍﳌﻘﺼﻮﺩ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺃﻭﺍﻥ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ
* * * *
- 3. ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻒ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ
ﺍﻟﻮﻗــﻒ
:ﺎﺣﻭﺍﺻﻄﻼ ﻟﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻒ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ
:ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻒﱠﻒﻗﻭ :ﻳﻘﺎﻝ ،ﺃﻭﻗﺎﻑ ﻭﲨﻌﻪ ،ﱠﻒﻗﻭ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ
.ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﲟﻌﲎ ﻭﺳﺒﻠﻪ ﻭﺃﺣﺒﺴﻪ ﺴﻪﺒﻭﺣ ﻭﺃﻭﻗﻔﻪ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ
:ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻼﺡ ﰲ ﻭﺃﻣﺎﻓﻬﻮﺍﳌﻨﻔﻌﺔ ﻭﺗﺴﺒﻴﻞ ،ﺍﻷﺻﻞ »ﲢﺒﻴﺲ«
.ﺗﻌﺎﱃ ﺍﷲ ﺇﱃ ﺎﺑﺗﻘﺮ ﺮﺑ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺭﻳﻌﻪ ﻳﺼﺮﻑ
:ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻒ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺻﻞ
ﺍﷲ ﺭﺳﻮﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﺔﻨﺴﺍﻟ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﻴﺘﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺻﻞﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ
.ﺍﻷﻣﺔ ﺇﲨﺎﻉ
:ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺃﻣﺎﻓﻔﻲ»ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﲔ:ﻗﺎﻝ ﻋﻤﺮ ﺃﻥ «ﺇﱐ ﺍﷲ ﺭﺳﻮﻝ ﻳﺎ
ﺃﱂ ﲞﻴﱪ ﹰﻻﻣﺎ ﺻﺒﺖﺃﺃﻧﻔﺲ ﹰﻻﻣﺎ ﻗﻂ ﺻﺐﺗﺄﻣﺮﱐ ﻓﻤﺎ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻋﻨﺪﻱ
.ﻓﻴﻪ؟
:ﻗﺎﻝﻳﺒﺎﻉ ﻻ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻏﲑ ،ﺎ ﻗﺖﺪﻭﺗﺼ ﺃﺻﻠﻬﺎ ﺴﺖﺒﺣ ﺖﺷﺌ ﹾﻥ»ﺇ
ﻳﻮﺭﺙ ﻭﻻ ﻳﻮﻫﺐ ﻭﻻ ﺃﺻﻠﻬﺎ«.
ﺍﷲ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﻭﰲ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻗﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﰊ ﻭﺫﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ ﰲ ﻋﻤﺮ ﺎ ﻓﺘﺼﺪﻕ
ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻳﺄﻛﻞ ﺃﻥ ﻭﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻨﺎﺡ ﻻ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﺑﻦ
.ﻓﻴﻪ ﻝﻮﻣﺘﻤ ﻏﲑ ﹰﺎﻘﺻﺪﻳ ﻳﻄﻌﻢ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺎﳌﻌﺮﻭﻑ
- 4. ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻒ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ
ﻋﻨﻪ :ﻭﳌﺴﻠﻢ:ﻗﺎﻝﻣﻦ ﺇﻻ ﻋﻤﻠﻪ ﺍﻧﻘﻄﻊ ﺁﺩﻡ ﺍﺑﻦ ﻣﺎﺕ »ﺇﺫﺍ
ﺃ ،ﺟﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺻﺪﻗﺔ :ﺛﻼﺙﺻﺎﱀ ﺪﻭﻟ ﺃﻭ ،ﺑﻌﺪﻩ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻨﺘﻔﻊ ﹴﻢﻋﻠ ﻭ
ﻟﻪ ﻳﺪﻋﻮ«.
ﺟﺎﺑﺮ ﻗﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﻤﻮﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺧﺘﺺ ﳑﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻗﻒ:ﺪﺃﺣ ﻳﻜﻦ »ﱂ
ﺍﻟﻨﱯ ﺃﺻﺤﺎﺏ ﻣﻦﻭﻗﻒ ﺇﻻ ﻣﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺫﻭ.«
ﻋﻬﺪ ﰲ ﻋﺮﻑ ﻣﺎ ﺧﻼﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻵﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺒﲔ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ
ﻳﻌﺮﻓﻮﻥ ﻭﻻ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﺇﻻ ﻳﻌﺮﻓﻮﻥ ﻻ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻓﻐﺎﻟﺐ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺎﺑﺔ
.ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻒ
ﺃﻧﻪ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻪ ﺻﺎﺣﺒﻪ ﻋﲔ ﺗﻘﺮ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﰲ ﻧﺎﺟﺰ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻗﻒ
ﺍﻟﻨﱯ ﺳﺌﻞ ﻭﻗﺪ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﺒﺔ ﺁﺛﺎﺭﻩ ﻭﻳﺮﻯ ﺑﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﻳﺒﺎﺷﺮﻩﺍﻟﺼﺪﻗﺎﺕ ﺃﻱ
:ﻓﻘﺎﻝ ﺃﻓﻀﻞﺍﻟﻐﲎ ﺗﺄﻣﻞ ،ﺷﺤﻴﺢ ﺢﺻﺤﻴ ﻭﺃﻧﺖ ﺗﺘﺼﺪﻕ »ﺃﻥ
ﻭﻻ ،ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻭﲣﺸﻰ:ﻗﻠﺖ ﺍﳊﻠﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺡ ﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺣﱴ ،ﲤﻬﻞ
ﻟﻔﻼﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻭﻗﺪ ﻛﺬﺍ ﻭﻟﻔﻼﻥ ﻛﺬﺍ ﻟﻔﻼﻥ«.
:ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻒ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺣﻜﻤﺔ
ﻳﺘﺰﻭﺩﻭﺍ ﺃﻥ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻐﲎ ﺫﻭﻱ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﺍﷲ ﻊﺳﻭ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺮﻏﺐ
ﺃﻣﻮﺍﳍﻢ ﻣﻦ ﹰﺎﺌﺷﻴ ﻓﻴﺨﺼﺼﻮﺍ ،ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺑﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻭﻳﻜﺜﺮﻭﺍ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ
ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ ﻳﺆﻭﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺧﺸﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﻪ ،ﻣﻨﻔﻌﺘﻪ ﻭﺗﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺃﺻﻠﻪ ﻳﺒﻘﻰ ﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻑ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻴﻨﻤﺤﻲ ،ﻳﺼﻮﻧﻪ ﻭﻻ ﳛﻔﻈﻪ ﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﻣﻔﺎﺭﻗﺔ
ﺫﻭﻱ ﻣﻦ ﻪﺒﻘﻋ ﻭﻳﺼﺒﺢ ،ﻋﻤﻠﻪ ﻭﻳﻨﻘﻄﻊ ،ﺫﻛﺮﻩ ﻨﺴﻰﻳﻭ ﺃﺛﺮﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺊ
ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﰲ ﻭﻣﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻗﻌﺎﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺎﻌﻭﺩﻓ ﻭﺍﻹﻋﺴﺎﺭ ،ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻗﺔ
ﻭﻳﻀﻌﻪ ،ﺑﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻒ ﻟﻴﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻒ ﺮﻉﺷ ﺍﳋﲑﺍﺕ
- 5. ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻒ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ
ﺍﻟﻮﻓﺎﺓ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺭﻳﻌﻪ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﻭﻟﻴﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻭﻳﺘﻤﻨﺎﻩ ﻳﺮﻳﺪﻩ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻣﻮﺿﻌﻪ ﰲ
.ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﰲ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻛﻤﺎ
ﻭﳓﻮﻫﺎ ﻂﺑﺮﻭﺍﻟ ﻭﺍﳌﺪﺍﺭﺱ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺟﺪ ﻗﻴﺎﻡ ﰲ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻗﻒ
ﻣﺪﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺟﺪ ﺃﻏﻠﺐ ﻓﺈﻥ ،ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﶈﺎﻓﻈﺔ ،ﺍﳋﲑ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﻦ
ﻓﺮﺵ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺠﺪ ﳛﺘﺎﺟﻪ ﻣﺎ ﱠﻞﻛ ﺇﻥ ﺑﻞ ،ﺍﻷﻭﻗﺎﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ
.ﺍﻷﻭﻗﺎﻑ ﺬﻩ ﺎﻣﻣﺪﻋﻮ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﲔ ﹺﻕﺯﺭﻭ ﻭﺗﻨﻈﻴﻒ
:ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻒ ﺃﻟﻔﺎﻅ
:ﻭﻫﻲ ﺻﺮﳛﺔ ﺃﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﻟﻪ
.ﻠﺖﺒﻭﺳ ،ﻭﺣﺒﺴﺖ ،ﻭﻗﻔﺖ
:ﻓﻬﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﻭﺃﻣﺎ
.ﺪﺕﺑﻭﺃ ،ﻭﺣﺮﻣﺖ ،ﺗﺼﺪﻗﺖ
:ﺃﻣﻮﺭ ﺑﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﺎﻳﺔ ﺃﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ
1ﺍﻟﻨﻴﺔ -ﺍﻟﻜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﻫﺬﻩ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻮﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻭﻧﻮﻯ ﻧﻄﻖ ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ،
.ﻧﻮﺍﻩ ﻣﺎ ﹰﺎﻔﻗﻣﻮ ﺻﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻒ
2ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﳛﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻮﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﺇﺫﺍ -
ﳏﺮﻣﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺴﺒﻠﺔ ﺃﻭ ﳏﺒﺴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻮﻗﻮﻓﺔ ﺻﺪﻗﺔ ﺑﻜﺬﺍ ﻗﺖﺪﻛﺘﺼ ،ﺍﻟﻜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ
.ﻣﺆﺑﺪﺓ ﺃﻭ
3ﺗﺒﺎﻉ ﻻ ﳏﺮﻣﺔ :ﻓﻴﻘﻮﻝ ،ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻒ ﺑﺄﻭﺻﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﲔ ﻳﺼﻒ ﺃﻥ -
.ﺗﻮﻫﺐ ﻭﻻ
- 6. ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻒ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ
ﺍﻟﻜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﳛﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺒﻮﺍﺣﺪ ،ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻒ ﻭﻳﺼﺢ
ﻟﻠﻨﺎﺱ ﻭﺃﺫﻥ ﺍﺪﻣﺴﺠ ﺃﺭﺿﻪ ﺟﻌﻞ ﻛﻤﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻭﻳﺼﺢ ،ﺫﻛﺮ ﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ
.ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﻼﺓ
:ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻒ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ
:ﻧﻮﻋﲔ ﺇﱃ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﻗﻒ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﺍﳉﻬﺔ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻒ ﻳﻨﻘﺴﻢ
1.ﺧﲑﻱ -2.ﺫﺭﻱ -
1:ﺍﳋﲑﻱ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻒ -
،ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﺪﺓ ﻭﻟﻮ ﺧﲑﻳﺔ ﺟﻬﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺃﻭﻝ ﰲ ﻒﹶﻗﻮﻳ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻫﻮ
ﻛﺄﻥ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﲔ ﺃﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻌﲔ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ ﹰﺎﻔﻭﻗ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ
.ﺃﻭﻻﺩﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﻦ ﰒ ﻣﺪﺭﺳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺭﺿﻪ ﻳﻘﻒ
2:ﻱﺭﱡﺬﺍﻟ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻒ -
ﺃﻱ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻒ ﻧﻔﺲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﺀ ﰲ ﻳﻮﻗﻒ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻫﻮ
ﺧﲑﻳﺔ ﳉﻬﺔ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ ﳚﻌﻞ ﰒ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﺪﺓ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﲔ ﺃﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺃﻭ ﺷﺨﺺ
.ﺑﻌﺪﻫﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺧﲑﻳﺔ ﺟﻬﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﰒ ﺃﻭﻻﺩﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﰒ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻳﻘﻒ ﻛﺄﻥ
:ﻟﻠﻮﻗﻒ ﹰﻼﳏ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﻷﺷﻴﺎﺀ
ﺃﻭ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺎﺿﺃﺭ ،ﻋﻘﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ ﻡﻮﺍﳌﺘﻘ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻒ ﳏﻞ
ﻟﻘﻮﻟﻪ ،ﹴﺡﻭﺳﻼ ﻭﺣﻴﻮﺍﻥ ﻭﺛﻴﺎﺏ ﻛﻜﺘﺐ ﹰﻻﻣﻨﻘﻮ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺭﺩﺍ:»ﻭﺃﻣﺎ
ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﰲ ﻩﺪﺘﻋﻭﺃ ﻪﻋﺭﺩﺃ ﺍﺣﺘﺒﺲ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ،ﺍﺪﺧﺎﻟ ﺗﻈﻠﻤﻮﻥ ﻓﺈﻧﻜﻢ ﺪﺧﺎﻟ
ﺍﷲ«.ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺟﺪ ﰲ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺩﻳﻞ ﺍﳊﺼﺮ ﻭﻗﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﺗﻔﻘﺖ ،
- 7. ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻒ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ 0
:ِﻋﺎﺭﺓﻹﻭﺍ ﱡﺒﺲﻠﻟ ﹸﻠﻲﳊﺍ ﻭﻗﻒ ﻭﻳﺼﺢ
ﻭﳌﺎ ،ﻛﺎﻟﻌﻘﺎﺭ ﻭﻗﻔﻬﺎ ﻓﺼﺢ ﺎﻤﺩﺍﺋ ﺎ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻉ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻋﲔ ﻷﻧﻪ
ﺑﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﺎﻴﻠﺣ ﺣﻔﺼﺔ ﺍﺑﺘﺎﻋﺖ :ﻗﺎﻝ ﻧﺎﻓﻊ ﻋﻦ ﺑﺈﺳﻨﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﳋﻼﻝ ﺭﻭﻯ
.ﺯﻛﺎﺗﻪ ﲣﺮﺝ ﻻ ﻓﻜﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺏ ﺁﻝ ﻧﺴﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺤﺒﺴﺘﻪ ﹰﺎﻔﺃﻟ
:ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻒ ﺷﺮﻭﻁ
ﻓﻼ ﻭﺇﻻ ﻭﻗﻔﻪ ﺻﺢ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﺮﺕ ﺇﺫﺍ ﹲﻁﺷﺮﻭ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻒ ﰲ ﻳﺸﺘﺮﻁ
:ﻭﻫﻲ
1،ﻟﻠﺘﱪﻉ ﹰﻼﺃﻫ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻥ -ﻭﻻ ﻏﺎﺻﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻒ ﻳﺼﺢ ﻓﻼ
.ﺎﻣﺗﺎ ﺍﺭﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍ ﺍﳌﻠﻚ ﻟﻪ ﻳﺴﺘﻘﺮ ﱂ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻱ ﻣﻦ
2،ﹰﻼﻋﺎﻗ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻒ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻥ -ﻭﻻ ﳎﻨﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻒ ﻳﺼﺢ ﻓﻼ
.ﻭﳓﻮﳘﺎ ﻣﻌﺘﻮﻩ
3،ﺎﻐﺑﺎﻟ ﹸﻮﻗﻒﳌﺍ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻥ -ﻛﺎﻥ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺼﱯ ﻭﻗﻒ ﻳﺼﺢ ﻓﻼ
.ﳑﻴﺰ ﻏﲑ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺰﳑﻴ
4،ﺍﺪﺭﺷﻴ ﹸﻮﻗﻒﳌﺍ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻥ -ﳏﺠﻮﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻒ ﻳﺼﺢ ﻓﻼ
.ﻏﻔﻠﺔ ﺃﻭ ﹴﺲﹶﻠﹶﻓ ﺃﻭ ﻟﺴﻔﻪ ﻋﻠﺒﻪ
:ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻮﻑ ﺷﺮﻭﻁ
:ﹲﻁﺷﺮﻭ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﻴﺸﺘﺮﻁ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻮﻑ ﰲ ﹰﺍﺬﻧﺎﻓ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻒ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻭﻟﻜﻲ
1.ﻭﻏﲑﻩ ﻋﻘﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺎﻣﻮﻣﺘﻘ ﹰﻻﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻥ -
2.ﺍﺩﳏﺪ ﺎﻣﻣﻌﻠﻮ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻮﻑ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻥ -
- 8. ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻒ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ
3.ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻒ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻟﻠﻮﺍﻗﻒ ﹰﺎﻛﳑﻠﻮ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻮﻑ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻥ -
4ﻧﺼﻴﺐ ﻭﻗﻒ ﳚﻮﺯ ﻓﻼ ،ﺷﺎﺋﻊ ﻏﲑ ﺎﻨﻣﻌﻴ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻮﻑ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻥ -
.ﻣﺸﺎﻉ
5.ﻟﻠﻐﲑ ﻖﺣ ﺑﺎﳌﻮﻗﻮﻑ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﻻ ﺃﻥ -
6.ﹰﺎﻓﺮﻋ ﺑﺎﳌﻮﻗﻮﻑ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ -
7.ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺔ ﻣﻨﻔﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻮﻑ ﰲ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻥ -
:ﺑﺎﳌﻮﻗﻮﻑ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ
:ﺑﺎﳌﻮﻗﻮﻑ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﳛﺼﻞﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭ ﻛﺴﻜﲎ ﺍﳌﻨﻔﻌﺔ ﺑﺘﺤﺼﻴﻞ ﺇﻣﺎ
ﻣﻦ ﻛﺎﻟﺜﻤﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﲔ ﺑﺘﺤﺼﻴﻞ ﺃﻭ ،ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻭﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺑﺔ ﻭﺭﻛﻮﺏ
.ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺑﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺾ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﱭ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﻑ ﺍﻟﺸﺠﺮﺓ
:ﺑﺎﳌﻮﻗﻮﻑ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻒ ﺍﻧﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ
1ﻳﻘﻒ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺜﻞ ﲨﻠﺘﻬﻢ ﰲ ﻓﻴﺪﺧﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﻠﻤﲔ ﹰﺎﺌﺷﻴ ﻳﻘﻒ ﺃﻥ -
ﺍﺮﺑﺌ ﺃﻭ ،ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﻦ ﻓﻠﻪ ﻣﻘﱪﺓ ﺃﻭ ،ﻓﻴﻪ ﻳﺼﻠﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻓﻠﻪ ﺍﺪﻣﺴﺠ
ﻳﻌﻢ ﹰﺎﺌﺷﻴ ﺃﻭ ﺳﻘﺎﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ،ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﻘﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻓﻠﻪ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﻠﻤﲔ
ﻭﻱﺭ ﳌﺎ ،ﻓﻴﻪ ﺧﻼﻑ ﻻ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ،ﻛﺄﺣﺪﻫﻢ ﻓﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﻤﲔ
ﻋﻔﺎﻥ ﺑﻦ ﻋﺜﻤﺎﻥ ﻋﻦﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺩﻟﻮﻩ ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺭﻭﻣﺔ ﺑﺌﺮ ﻞﺒﺳ ﺃﻧﻪ
.ﺍﳌﺴﻠﻤﲔ ﻛﺪﻻﺀ
2،ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﻳﻌﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻳﻨﻔﻖ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻒ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻒ ﻳﺸﺘﺮﻁ ﺃﻥ -
ﺻﺪﻗﺔ ﰲ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﻱ ﺣﺠﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺍﷲ ﺭﲪﻪ ﺃﲪﺪ ﺭﻭﻯ ﳌﺎ
ﺍﷲ ﺭﺳﻮﻝ:ﻏﲑ ﺑﺎﳌﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﺃﻫﻠﻪ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻳﺄﻛﻞ »ﺃﻥ
- 9. ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻒ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ 2
ﺍﳌﻨﻜﺮ«ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻘﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﻛﺎﳌﺴﺎﺟﺪ ﺎﻣﻋﺎ ﹰﺎﻔﻭﻗ ﻭﻗﻒ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﻷﻧﻪ
.ﻫﻨﺎ ﻫﺎ ﻓﻜﺬﻟﻚ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻟﻪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﳌﻘﺎﺑﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺑﺎﻃﺎﺕ
3ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻒ ﻓﻴﺼﺢ ،ﺃﻫﻠﻪ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻒ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺄﻛﻞ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻒ ﻳﺸﺘﺮﻁ ﺃﻥ -
ﺍﻟﻨﱯ ﻷﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮﻁ؛.ﺻﺪﻗﺘﻪ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺷﺮﻁ
:ﺁﺧﺮ ﺑﻮﻗﻒ ﻭﺇﺑﺪﺍﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻒ ﺑﻴﻊ ﺣﻜﻢ
:ﺃﻗﻮﺍﻝ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻓﻴﻪ
1.ﺍﳌﻨﻊ -
2.ﺍﳉﻮﺍﺯ -
3.ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴﻞ -
ﻻﻧﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻗﻞ ﺃﻭ ،ﻣﺼﺎﳊﻪ ﺗﻌﻄﻠﺖ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﺇﺑﺪﺍﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻒ ﺑﻴﻊ ﻓﻴﺠﻮﺯ
ﻻ ﻟﻜﻦ ،ﻟﻠﻤﺴﻠﻤﲔ ﻣﺼﻠﺤﺔ ﻧﻘﻠﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺇﺑﺪﺍﻟﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻴﻌﻪ ﰲ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﻭ ،ﺑﻪ
ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ،ﺍﶈﻜﻤﺔ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺇﻻ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻑ ﻟﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻟﻠﻮﺍﻗﻒ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ
ﺍﳌﺼﻠﺤﺔ ﻭﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺿﻌﻔﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻒ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﺗﻌﻄﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﻜﻢ ﺃﻥ
ﺍﻷﻣﻮﺭ ﻫﺬﻩ ﰲ ﻭﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﲡﺎﺭﺏ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﶈﻜﻤﺔ ،ﺍﻷﻧﻈﺎﺭ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﲣﺘﻠﻒ
.ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻼﺑﺪ
* * * *
- 10. ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻒ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ3
ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻴـــﺔ
:ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ
ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻴﺔ:ﺍﳌﻮﺕ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺼﺮﻑ »ﺍﻷﻣﺮﺍﻟﺘﱪﻉ ﻭﻳﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ،«
،ﺍﻟﺜﻠﺚ ﻭﺗﻔﺮﻗﺔ ،ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻼﺓ ،ﺍﳌﻴﺖ ﻭﻏﺴﻞ ،ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺗﺰﻭﻳﺞ ،ﺑﺎﳌﺎﻝ
.ﺫﻟﻚ ﻭﻏﲑ
:ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺻﻞ
.ﻭﺍﻹﲨﺎﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺻﻞ
:ﺗﻌﺎﱃ ﺍﷲ ﻗﺎﻝﻙﺮﺗ ﹾﻥﹺﺇ ﺕﻮﻤﹾﻟﺍ ﻢﹸﻛﺪﺣﹶﺃ ﺮﻀﺣ ﹶﺍﺫﹺﺇ ﻢﹸﻜﻴﹶﻠﻋ ﺐﺘﹸﻛ
ﹸﺔﻴﺻﻮﹾﻟﺍ ﺍﺮﻴﺧ:ﺍﻵﻳﺔ ،ﺍﻟﺒﻘﺮﺓ ]ﺳﻮﺭﺓ180[ﻭﻗﺎﻝ:ﺍﻣﺮﺉ ﺣﻖ »ﻣﺎ
ﻋﻨﺪﻩ ﻣﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ ﻭﻭﺻﻴﺘﻪ ﺇﻻ ﻟﻴﻠﺘﲔ ﻳﺒﻴﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻮﺻﻲ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻟﻪ ﻣﺴﻠﻢ
ﻋﻨﺪﻩ«.
ﺍﻷﻟﻄﺎﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ ﺑﺜﻠﺚ ﺍﳌﻮﺕ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺭﻉ ﻭﺇﺫﻥ
ﻋﻨﻪ ﺍﳋﱪ ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﳊﺔ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﺜﲑ ﺍﻹﳍﻴﺔ:ﺍﷲ ﱠﻥ»ﺇ
ﺃﻣﻮﺍﻟﻜﻢ ﺑﺜﻠﺚ ﻭﻓﺎﺗﻜﻢ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻋﻠﻴﻜﻢ ﻕﺪﺗﺼ«.ﻣﺎﺟﻪ ﺍﺑﻦ ﺭﻭﺍﻩ .
ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ،ﻣﻮﺗﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﲟﺎ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻪ ﰲ ﻟﻪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺼﻞ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺻﻲ
ﻭﺟﺪﺕ ﻭﺇﻥ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻓﻬﻤﺖ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﺱ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺑﺎﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺑﺎﻹﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻴﺔ
ﺃﻥ ﻭﻳﺴﺘﺤﺐ ﺻﺤﺖ ﻭﺭﺛﺘﻪ ﺇﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ ﲞﻄﻪ ﺇﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺻﻴﺔ
.ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﻳﺸﻬﺪ ﻭﺻﻴﺘﻪ ﻳﻜﺘﺐ
- 11. ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻒ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ 4
:ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻨﻌﻘﺪ ﻣﺎ
:ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻃﺮﻕ ﺑﺄﺣﺪ ﺎﻋﺷﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﺗﻨﻌﻘﺪ
1ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ -2ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ -3.ﺍﳌﻔﻬﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ -
:ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ :ﹰﻻﺃﻭ
ﺍﻟﻠﻔﻆ ﻭﺗﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﻧﻌﻘﺎﺩ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻬﺎﺀ ﺑﲔ ﺧﻼﻑ ﻻ
ﻣﻨﻪ ﻳﻔﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﻳﺢ ﻏﲑ ﺃﻭ ،ﺑﻜﺬﺍ ﻟﻔﻼﻥ ﺖﺃﻭﺻﻴ :ﻣﺜﻞ ،ﺍﻟﺼﺮﻳﺢ
ﺃﱐ ﺃﺷﻬﺪﻭﺍ ﺃﻭ ،ﻛﺬﺍ ﻣﻮﰐ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻟﻪ ﺟﻌﻠﺖ :ﻣﺜﻞ ،ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮﻳﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻴﺔ
.ﺑﻜﺬﺍ ﻟﻔﻼﻥ ﺖﺃﻭﺻﻴ
:ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ :ﺎﻴﺛﺎﻧ
ﺻﺪﺭﺕ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺗﻨﻌﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻬﺎﺀ ﺑﲔ ﺧﻼﻑ ﻻ
ﻋﻘﻠﺘﻪ ﺍﻣﺘﺪﺕ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﻣﻌﺘﻘﻞ ﻛﺎﻷﺧﺮﺱ ،ﺍﻟﻨﻄﻖ ﻋﻦ ﻋﺎﺟﺰ ﻣﻦ
.ﺍﻟﻨﻄﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺪﺭﺗﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺎﺳﻣﻴﺆ ﺻﺎﺭ ﺃﻭ
:ﺍﳌﻔﻬﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ :ﹰﺎﺜﺛﺎﻟ
ﺍﳌﻔﻬﻤﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﺘﻘﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﺱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﺗﻨﻌﻘﺪ
،ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﳝﻮﺕ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻧﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺎﺳﻣﻴﺆ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﺘﻘﻞ ﻳﺼﲑ ﺃﻥ ﺑﺸﺮﻁ
ﺇﻻ ﻭﺻﻴﺘﻪ ﺗﻨﻌﻘﺪ ﻓﻼ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺭﻗﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻄﻖ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺟﺰ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻭﺇﺫﺍ
.ﻭﺃﺣﻜﻢ ﺃﻇﻬﺮ ﺍﳌﻘﺼﻮﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﻻﻟﺘﻬﺎ ﻷﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ؛
:ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﺣﻜﻢ
:ﻋﻼ ﱠﻞﺟ ﻗﺎﻝ ،ﺎ ﻭﻣﺄﻣﻮﺭ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻴﺔﹸﺓﺩﺎﻬﺷ ﻮﺍﻨﻣَﺁ ﻦﻳﺬﱠﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﻳﹶﺃ ﺎﻳ
ﻥﺎﻨﹾﺛﺍ ﺔﻴﺻﻮﹾﻟﺍ ﲔﺣ ﺕﻮﻤﹾﻟﺍ ﻢﹸﻛﺪﺣﹶﺃ ﺮﻀﺣ ﹶﺍﺫﹺﺇ ﻢﹸﻜﹺﻨﻴﺑ...:ﺍﻵﻳﺔ ،ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺪﺓ ]ﺳﻮﺭﺓ106[.
:ﺗﻌﺎﱃ ﻭﻗﺎﻝﹴﻦﻳﺩ ﻭﹶﺃ ﺎﻬﹺﺑ ﻰﺻﻮﻳ ﺔﻴﺻﻭ ﺪﻌﺑ ﻦﻣ:ﺍﻵﻳﺔ ،ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎﺀ ]ﺳﻮﺭﺓ12[.
- 12. ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻒ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ5
:ﻧﻮﻋﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻴﺔ :ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ
:ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻴﺔ :ﺍﻷﻭﻝ
ﺃﻣﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﻟﺪﻳﻪ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺫﻣﺘﻪ ﻭﰲ ﺩﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ
،ﺍﳉﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺿﺤﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻛﻠﻪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺃﻥ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﳚﺐ ﻓﺈﻥ ،ﺪﻬﻋﻭ
ﺃﻣﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻟﺪﻳﻪ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻣﻮﺟﻠﺔ ﺃﻭ ﱠﺔﻟﺣﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻮﻥ ﲢﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﱵ
ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻑ ﺣﲔ ﻭﺍﺿﺢ ﺃﻣﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺙ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺣﱴ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ،ﺪﻬﻋﻭ
.ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﹶﻞﻛﻭ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ
:ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﳌﺮﻏﺐ ﺍﳌﺴﻨﻮﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻴﺔ :ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ
ﻓﻬﺬﻩ ،ﻭﺍﺭﺙ ﻟﻐﲑ ،ﺩﻭﻥ ﻓﻤﺎ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ ﺛﻠﺚ ﰲ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻭﻫﻲ
ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ،ﺍﳋﲑ ﻭﻃﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﱪ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﰲ ﻭﺗﺼﺮﻑ ،ﻣﺴﺘﺤﺒﺔ
ﻛﻠﻔﻼﻥ–ﻛﺎﳌﺴﺠﺪ ،ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﳉﻬﺔ ﺃﻭ ،- ﺎﻴﺃﺟﻨﺒ ﺃﻭ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺎﺒﻗﺮﻳ
ﻭﺍﳌﻼﺟﺊ ﻭﺍﳌﻜﺘﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﺪﺍﺭﺱ ﻛﺎﳌﺴﺎﺟﺪ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﳉﻬﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ،ﺍﻟﻔﻼﱐ
.ﻭﳓﻮﻫﺎ ﻭﺍﳌﺸﺎﰲ
ﺎﺿﻣﺮ ﻣﺮﺿﺖ :ﻗﺎﻝ ﻭﻗﺎﺹ ﺃﰊ ﺑﻦ ﺳﻌﺪ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺚ ﻓﻔﻲ
ﺍﷲ ﺭﺳﻮﻝ ﻓﻌﺎﺩﱐﺍﷲ ﺭﺳﻮﻝ ﱄ ﻓﻘﺎﻝ ::»ﺃﻭﺻﻴﺖ؟«:ﻓﻘﻠﺖ
ﺍﷲ ﺭﺳﻮﻝ ﱄ ﻓﻘﺎﻝ .ﺍﷲ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﻭﰲ ﻟﻠﻔﻘﺮﺍﺀ ﱢﻪﻠﹸﻛ ﱄ ﲟﺎ ﺃﻭﺻﻴﺖ ،ﻧﻌﻢ
:ﺮﺸﺑﺎﻟﻌ »ﺃﻭﺹ«ﻭﻭﺭﺛﱵ .ﻛﺜﲑ ﻣﺎﱄ ﺇﻥ ﺍﷲ ﺭﺳﻮﻝ ﻳﺎ :ﻓﻘﻠﺖ
:ﻗﺎﻝ ﺣﱴ ﻭﺃﻧﺎﻗﺼﻪ ﻳﻨﺎﻗﺼﲏ ﻳﺰﻝ ﻓﻠﻢ .ﺃﻏﻨﻴﺎﺀ»ﺃﺑﺎﻟﺜﻠﺚ ﻭﺹ،
ﻛﺜﲑ ﹸﺚﻭﺍﻟﺜﻠ«..ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﺘﻔﻖ
،ﻓﻘﺮﺍﺀ ﻭﻫﻢ ﻭﺍﺭﺛﲔ ﻏﲑ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻟﻸﻗﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﺴﺘﺤﺐ
ﻭﺃﻥ ،ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﻡ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺮﹺﺒﺍﻟ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻲ ﻳﺮﺍﻋﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻭﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ
- 13. ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻒ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ 6
ﻛﻤﺎ ،ﻭﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻑ ﺣﻖ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﻟﻨﺎﻇﺮ ﳚﻌﻞ
ﻳﻮﺟﻬﻬﻢ ﻭﺃﻥ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻇﺮ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ
.ﺭﺃﻳﻬﻢ ﻭﺃﺧﺬ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﺃﻫﻞ ﲟﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ
:ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﻗﺪﺭ
ﺍﻟﻨﱯ ﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﻠﺚ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﺃﻥ ﳚﻮﺯ ﻻﺣﲔ ﺪﻟﺴﻌ
:ﻗﺎﻝ ﹸﻠﻪ؟ﻛ ﲟﺎﱄ ﺃﻭﺻﻲ :ﻗﺎﻝ»ﻻ«:ﻗﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻄﺮ؟ ﻗﺎﻝ»ﻻ«ﻗﺎﻝ ،
:ﻗﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﺜﻠﺚ؟ﻛﺜﲑ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻠﺚ ،»ﺍﻟﺜﻠﺚ«.ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﺘﻔﻖ
ﻭﻻ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻭﳓﻮ ،ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺲ ﻛﺎﻟﺮﺑﻊ ﺍﻟﺜﻠﺚ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺄﻗﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﻭﲡﻮﺯ
.ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺛﺔ ﺑﺈﺟﺎﺯﺓ ﺇﻻ ﺍﻟﺜﻠﺚ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﰲ ﻷﺟﻨﱯ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻮﺍﺭﺙ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﲡﻮﺯ
:ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻉ ﻭﻣﻮﺍﻓﻘﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﻟﻜﻤﺎﻝ ﻳﺸﺮﻉ ﻣﺎ
1.ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺪﻝ ﺃﻱ ،ﺑﺎﳌﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻥ -
2ﻧﺒﻴﻪ ﻟﺴﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﷲ ﺷﺮﻋﻪ ﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻥ -.
3ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺑﻮﺻﻴﺘﻪ ﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﻭﺃﻥ ﷲ ﻋﻤﻠﻪ ﳜﻠﺺ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ -
.ﻭﺍﳋﲑ ﺍﻟﱪ
:ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻲ ﰲ ﻳﺸﺘﺮﻁ ﻣﺎ
1.ﻟﻠﺘﱪﻉ ﹰﻼﺃﻫ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻥ -
2.ﹰﺎﻜﻣﺎﻟ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻥ -
3.ﺍﺭﳐﺘﺎ ﺎﻴﺭﺍﺿ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻥ -
- 14. ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻒ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ7
:ﻟﻪ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻰ ﰲ ﻳﺸﺘﺮﻁ ﻣﺎ
1ﺃﻭ ﺇﰒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻓﺈﻥ ،ﻣﺒﺎﺡ ﺃﻭ ﺮﹺﺑ ﺟﻬﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻥ -
.ﳚﻮﺯ ﻓﻼ ﻣﻌﺼﻴﺔ
2ﺃﻭ ﹰﺎﻘﲢﻘﻴ ،ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﻭﻗﺖ ﺍﺩﻣﻮﺟﻮ ﻟﻪ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻰ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻥ -
.ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺪﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﺗﺼﺢ ﻓﻼ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ،ﺍﺮﺗﻘﺪﻳ
3.ﺍﳌﺴﻠﻤﲔ ﻟﻌﻤﻮﻡ ﺗﺼﺢ ﻓﻼ ﺎﻣﻣﻌﻠﻮ ﻟﻪ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻰ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻥ -
4ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺤﻘﺎﻕ ﻟﻠﺘﻤﻠﻚ ﹰﻼﺃﻫ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻥ -
.ﻛﺎﳌﺴﺎﺟﺪ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻛﺎﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ
5.ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺻﻲ ﻗﺎﺗﻞ ﻏﲑ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻥ -
6.ﹰﺎﺛﻭﺍﺭ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻻ ﻟﻪ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻰ ﰲ ﻳﺸﺘﺮﻁ -
:ﺑﻪ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻰ ﰲ ﻳﺸﺘﺮﻁ ﻣﺎ
1.ﻟﻠﺘﻮﺍﺭﺙ ﹰﻼﻗﺎﺑ ﹰﻻﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻥ -
2.ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻉ ﻋﺮﻑ ﰲ ﺎﻣﻮﻣﺘﻘ ﺑﻪ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻰ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻥ -
3.ﱠﺔﻠﻛﺎﻟﻐ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﻭﻗﺖ ﺎﻣﻣﻌﺪﻭ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻭﺇﻥ ﻟﻠﺘﻤﻠﻚ ﹰﻼﻗﺎﺑ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻥ -
4.ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺻﻲ ﹰﺎﻛﳑﻠﻮ ﺑﻪ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻰ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻥ -
5.ﺎﻋﺷﺮ ﺎﻣﳏﺮ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻌﺼﻴﺔ ﺑﻪ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻰ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻻ ﺃﻥ -
:ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ
ﺍﷲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺴﻤﻠﺔ ﻭﺑﺪﺅﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﻳﻨﺪﺏ
ﺍﻟﻨﱯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻼﺓ ﺑﺎﳊﻤﺪﺃﻭ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺎﺩﺗﲔ ﺇﻋﻼﻥ ﰒ
ﺍﻟﻨﱯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻼﺓ ﹶﺔﻟﺪﻤﹶﳊﻭﺍ ،ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻤﻠﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﹰﺎﻘﻧﻄ.
- 15. ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻒ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ 8
ﺍﳌﻔﻬﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻄﻖ ﺗﺜﺒﺖ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺮﻣ ﻭﻗﺪ
ﻳﻌﻠﻢ ﱂ ﻣﺎ ،ﺎ ﺣﻜﻢ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻳﺸﻬﺪ ﻭﱂ ﻭﺻﻴﺘﻪ ﻛﺘﺐ ﻭﻣﻦ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻬﺎﺩﺓ
ﺃﻥ ﺃﻭ ،ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻲ ﲞﻂ ﺎﻛﻮ ﻭﻗﺒﻮﳍﺎ ﺎﻟﺜﺒﻮ ﻳﺸﺘﺮﻁ ﻟﻜﻦ ،ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺭﺟﻮﻋﻪ
.ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﺸﻬﺪ ﺑﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﺃﻭ ،ﺎ ﻭﺭﺛﺘﻪ ﻳﻘﺮ
ﻟﻘﻮﻟﻪ:ﺍﻣﺮ ﻖﺣ »ﻣﺎﺉﻟﻴﻠﺘﲔ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻴﻠﺔ ﻳﺒﻴﺖ ﻣﺴﻠﻢﺇﻻ
ﻋﻨﺪﻩ ﻣﻜﺘﻮﺑﺔ ﻭﻭﺻﻴﺘﻪ«.
ﻭﻷﻧﻪﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ،ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺎﻣﻣﻠﺰ ﻭﻏﲑﻫﻢ ﻋﻤﺎﻟﻪ ﺇﱃ ﻛﺘﺐ
ﺍﳌﻘﺼﻮﺩ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻨﺒﺊ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻭﻷﻥ ﺑﻌﺪﻩ؛ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺷﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﳋﻠﻔﺎﺀ ﻓﻌﻞ
ﻫﺬﻩ ﰲ ﲟﺎ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﺷﻬﺪﻭﺍ :ﻭﻗﺎﻝ ﻭﺻﻴﺘﻪ ﻛﺘﺐ ﻭﺇﻥ ،ﻛﺎﻟﻠﻔﻆ ﻓﻬﻲ
ﻳﺴﻤﻌﻮﺍ ﺣﱴ ﺗﺜﺒﺖ ﻻ ،ﺎ ﻲﻋﻠ ﻓﺎﺷﻬﺪﻭﺍ ﻭﺻﻴﱵ ﻫﺬﻩ ﻗﺎﻝ ﺃﻭ ،ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻗﺔ
.ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﲟﺎ ﻓﻴﻘﺮ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻳﻘﺮﺃ ﺃﻭ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻨﻪ
:ﺍﻷﻭﺻﻴﺎﺀ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ
1.ﺍﳊﺎﻛﻢ ﻲﻭﺻ -
2.ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺿﻲ ﻲﻭﺻ -
3.ﺍﳌﺴﻠﻤﲔ ﺃﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﺎﺭ ﻲﺍﻟﻮﺻ -
:ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﻣﺒﻄﻼﺕ
1.ﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺘﺼﺮﻳﺢ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻮﻉ -
2.ﻳﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﱂ ﺷﺮﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻖ -
3.ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﹰﻼﳏ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺔﺮﻛﺗ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻋﺪﻡ -
4.ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻲ ﺃﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﺯﻭﺍﻝ -
- 16. ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻒ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ9
5.ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﺃﻫﻞ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻡ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻲ ﺭﺩﺓ -
6.ﻟﻪ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻰ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﺩﺭ -
7.ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻲ ﻣﻮﺕ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﲔ ﻟﻪ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻰ ﻣﻮﺕ -
8.ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻲ ﻟﻪ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻰ ﻗﺘﻞ -
9.ﺍﺳﺘﺤﻘﺎﻗﻪ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﺃﻭ ﻦﻴﺍﳌﻌ ﺑﻪ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻰ ﻫﻼﻙ -
10.ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺛﺔ ﻫﺎﺰﹺﺠﻳ ﻭﱂ ﻟﻮﺍﺭﺙ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﺗﺒﻄﻞ -
* * * *
- 17. ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻒ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ 0
ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﻣﻘﺘﺮﺡ ﳕﻮﺫﺝ
ﻭﺭﺪﺻ ﰲ ﻮﻥﺒﺘﹾﻜﻳ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ :ﻗﺎﻝ ﺃﻧﻪ ،ﺃﻧﺲ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭﻣﻲ ﺭﻭﻯ
:ﻢﻫﺎﻳﻭﺻﺎ
ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺮﲪﻦ ﺍﷲ )ﺑﺴﻢ
ﻻ ﻭﺣﺪﻩ ،ﺍﷲ ﺇﻻ ﺇﻟﻪ ﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺪﻬﺸﻳ ﻪﻧﺃ ،ﹲﻥﻓﻼ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻰﻭﺃ ﻣﺎ ﻫﺬﺍ
،ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺐﻳﺭ ﻻ ﹲﺔﺁﺗﻴ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﱠﻥﻭﺃ ،ﻭﺭﺳﻮﻟﻪ ﻋﺒﺪﻩ ﺍﺪﳏﻤ ﻭﺃﻥ ،ﻟﻪ ﺷﺮﻳﻚ
،ﺍﷲ ﹸﻮﺍﻘﺘﻳ ﺃﻥ ﻠﻪﻫﺃ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺮﻙ ﻣﻦ ﻰﺻﻭﹶﺃﻭ ،ﻮﺭﺒﹸﻘﺍﻟ ﰲ ﻦﻣ ﹸﺚﻌﺒﻳ ﺍﷲ ﻭﺃﻥ
،ﺆﻣﻨﲔﻣ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﺇﻥ ﻮﻟﻪﺳﻭﺭ ﺍﷲ ﻴﻌﻮﺍﻄﻳﻭ ،ﻨﻬﻢﻴﺑ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻮﺍﺤﻠﺼﻳﻭ
:ﻘﻮﺏﻌﻳﻭ ﺑﻨﻴﻪ ﺇﺑﺮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺃﻭﺻﻰ ﲟﺎ ﻢﻫﺻﺎﻭﻭﺃﻪﱠﻠﺍﻟ ﱠﻥﹺﺇ ﻲﹺﻨﺑ ﺎﻳ
ﹶﻥﻮﻤﻠﺴﻣ ﻢﺘﻧﹶﺃﻭ ﱠﺎﻟﹺﺇ ﻦﺗﻮﻤﺗ ﹶﺎﻠﹶﻓ ﻦﻳﺪﺍﻟ ﻢﹸﻜﹶﻟ ﹶﻰﻔﹶﻄﺻﺍ)
0F
�(
.
* * * *
(�)ﻟﻪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺇﻥ ﻭﻳﺒﲔ ،ﺍﳋﻤﺲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻊ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﺜﻠﺚ ﻣﺎﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﷲ ﺭﺯﻗﻪ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻭﺻﻴﺘﻪ ﻭﻳﺒﲔ
ﺺﻭﻳﻨ ،ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ،ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ،ﺃﻣﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻋﻨﺪﻩ ﺃﻭ ،ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺃﻭ
.ﺑﻌﺪﻩ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ
- 18. ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻒ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ
ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻒ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ
1ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ،ﺍﳌﻨﻔﻌﺔ ﻭﺗﺴﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻷﺻﻞ ﲢﺒﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻒ ﺃﻥ -
ﻛﺎﻥ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ،ﺍﻟﺘﱪﻉ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﳌﻮﺕ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﺎ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﲤﻠﻴﻚ
.ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﰲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﻋﻴﺎﻥ ﰲ
2ﺃﻫﻞ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻗﻮﻝ ﰲ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻮﻉ ﳚﻮﺯ ﻭﻻ ﻳﻠﺰﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻒ ﺃﻥ -
ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﻝ ﻟﻘﻮﻝ ،ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ:ﻟﻌﻤﺮﺃﺻﻠﻬﺎ ﺒﺴﺖﺣ ﺷﺌﺖ »ﺇﻥ
ﺎ ﻭﺗﺼﺪﻗﺖ«.
ﻣﺎ ﲨﻴﻊ ﰲ ﻳﺮﺟﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻮﺻﻲﻤﻟﻠ ﻭﳚﻮﺯ ﺗﻠﺰﻡ ﺎﻓﺈ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﺃﻣﺎ
.ﺑﻌﻀﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺃﻭﺻﻰ
3ﻭﲣﺼﻴﺺ ﻷﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻠﻴﻚ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﲔ ﳜﺮﺝ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻒ -
ﺍﻟﻌﲔ ﲤﻠﻚ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ،ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﻗﻮﻑ ﺍﳌﻨﻔﻌﺔ
.ﻟﻪ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺻﻰ ﻣﻨﻔﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺎ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻰ
4ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻒ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺣﻜﻤﻬﺎ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻒ ﻣﻨﻔﻌﺔ ﲤﻠﻴﻚ -
ﻣﻮﺕ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺇﻻ ﺣﻜﻤﻪ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻻ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﻠﻴﻚ ،ﳑﺎﺗﻪ
.ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻲ
5ﺇﻻ ﺍﻟﺜﻠﺚ ﺗﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﻻ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ،ﻷﻛﺜﺮﻩ ﺪﺣ ﻻ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻒ -
.ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺛﺔ ﺑﺈﺟﺎﺯﺓ
6،ﺍﳌﻮﺕ ﻣﺮﺽ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻒ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺇﻻ ﻟﻠﻮﺍﺭﺙ ﳚﻮﺯ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻒ -
.ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺛﺔ ﺑﺈﺟﺎﺯﺓ ﺇﻻ ﻟﻮﺍﺭﺙ ﲡﻮﺯ ﻻ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ
.ﻭﺗﻮﻓﻴﻘﻪ ﺍﷲ ﺑﻌﻮﻥ ﲨﻌﻪ ﺗﻴﺴﺮ ﻣﺎ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻫﺬﺍ
- 19. ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻒ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ 2
ﰲ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﻍ ﹶﻞﺼﺣ ﻭﻗﺪ29/5/1412.ﻫـ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻛﻤﻼﻥ ﺍﻷﲤﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻼﺓ ،ﺍﺮﻭﺁﺧ ﹰﻻﺃﻭ ﷲ ﻭﺍﳊﻤﺪ
ﻳﻮﻡ ﺇﱃ ﺑﺈﺣﺴﺎﻥ ﺗﺒﻌﻬﻢ ﻭﻣﻦ ﻭﺻﺤﺒﻪ ﺁﻟﻪ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ،ﻋﺪﻧﺎﻥ ﻭﻟﺪ ﺪﻴﺳ
.ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ
ﺭﺑﻪ ﻋﻔﻮ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﲑ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻗﺎﻝ
ﺍﻟﺴﺪﻻﻥ ﻏﺎﱎ ﺑﻦ ﺻﺎﱀ
ﺍﳌﺴﻠﻤﲔ ﻭﳉﻤﻴﻊ ﻭﻟﻮﺍﻟﺪﻳﻪ ﻟﻪ ﺍﷲ ﻏﻔﺮ
* * * *
- 20. ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻒ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ3
ﺍﻟـﻔـﻬـــﺮﺱ
ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺔ................................................5
ﺍﻟﻮﻗــﻒ...........................................6
:ﺎﺣﻭﺍﺻﻄﻼ ﻟﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻒ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ.........................6
:ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻒ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺻﻞ............................6
:ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻒ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺣﻜﻤﺔ...............................7
:ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻒ ﺃﻟﻔﺎﻅ.........................................8
:ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻒ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ.........................................9
1:ﺍﳋﲑﻱ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻒ -...................................9
2:ﻱﺭﱡﺬﺍﻟ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻒ -....................................9
:ﻟﻠﻮﻗﻒ ﹰﻼﳏ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﻷﺷﻴﺎﺀ.........................9
:ِﻋﺎﺭﺓﻹﻭﺍ ﱡﺒﺲﻠﻟ ﹸﻠﻲﳊﺍ ﻭﻗﻒ ﻭﻳﺼﺢ...................10
:ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻒ ﺷﺮﻭﻁ.....................................10
1،ﻟﻠﺘﱪﻉ ﹰﻼﺃﻫ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻥ -...........................10
2،ﹰﻼﻋﺎﻗ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻒ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻥ -.........................10
3،ﺎﻐﺑﺎﻟ ﹸﻮﻗﻒﳌﺍ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻥ -..........................10
4،ﺍﺪﺭﺷﻴ ﹸﻮﻗﻒﳌﺍ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻥ -.........................10
- 21. ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻒ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ 4
:ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻮﻑ ﺷﺮﻭﻁ....................................10
:ﺑﺎﳌﻮﻗﻮﻑ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ............................11
:ﺑﺎﳌﻮﻗﻮﻑ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﳛﺼﻞ............................11
:ﺑﺎﳌﻮﻗﻮﻑ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻒ ﺍﻧﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ.....................11
:ﺁﺧﺮ ﺑﻮﻗﻒ ﻭﺇﺑﺪﺍﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻒ ﺑﻴﻊ ﺣﻜﻢ..................12
ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻴـــﺔ.......................................13
:ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ.....................................13
:ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺻﻞ..........................13
:ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻨﻌﻘﺪ ﻣﺎ.................................14
:ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ :ﹰﻻﺃﻭ.......................................14
:ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ :ﺎﻴﺛﺎﻧ.......................................14
:ﺍﳌﻔﻬﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ :ﹰﺎﺜﺛﺎﻟ...............................14
:ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﺣﻜﻢ.......................................14
:ﻧﻮﻋﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻴﺔ :ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ....................15
:ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻴﺔ :ﺍﻷﻭﻝ..............................15
:ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﳌﺮﻏﺐ ﺍﳌﺴﻨﻮﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻴﺔ :ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ.................15
:ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﻗﺪﺭ........................................16
:ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻉ ﻭﻣﻮﺍﻓﻘﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﻟﻜﻤﺎﻝ ﻳﺸﺮﻉ ﻣﺎ............16
- 22. ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻒ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ5
:ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻲ ﰲ ﻳﺸﺘﺮﻁ ﻣﺎ...............................16
:ﻟﻪ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻰ ﰲ ﻳﺸﺘﺮﻁ ﻣﺎ.............................17
:ﺑﻪ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻰ ﰲ ﻳﺸﺘﺮﻁ ﻣﺎ.............................17
:ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ......................................17
:ﺍﻷﻭﺻﻴﺎﺀ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ.....................................18
:ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﻣﺒﻄﻼﺕ....................................18
ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﻣﻘﺘﺮﺡ ﳕﻮﺫﺝ..........................20
ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻒ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ............................21
ﺍﻟـﻔـﻬـــﺮﺱ.................................23
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