11. and Base Strength ِ Acid ِ

17. Percentage Ionization

27. Rules Acid drugs – become more NON ionized in acidic pH Basic drugs – become more NON ionized in basic pH (alkaline pH) Acid Drug Basic Drug Acid pH Environment Basic pH Environment

28. Rules Acid drugs – become more NON ionized in acidic pH Basic drugs – become more NON ionized in basic pH (alkaline pH) Acid Drug Basic Drug Acid pH Environment Basic pH Environment NON-ionized NON-ionized

29. Rules Acid drugs – become more NON ionized in acidic pH Basic drugs – become more NON ionized in basic pH (alkaline pH) Acid Drug Basic Drug Acid pH Environment Basic pH Environment NON-ionized NON-ionized IONIZED

30. Rules Acid drugs – become more NON ionized in acidic pH Basic drugs – become more NON ionized in basic pH (alkaline pH) Acid Drug Basic Drug Acid pH Environment Basic pH Environment NON-ionized NON-ionized IONIZED IONIZED

31. Rules Hydrophilic = Ionized molecules (charged) Lipophilic = Non-ionized molecules (non charged) Lipophilic molecules penetrate membranes Hydrophilic molecules dissolve in water

32. Depending if a molecule is ionized or not determines if it can pass through a cell membrane C E L L M E M B R A N E Ionized Molecule Non-Ionized Molecule

34. Acid Drug = Non ionized molecules = Ionized molecules Acid drugs – become more NON ionized in acidic pH pH 2 N I pH 6 N I pH 9 I pH 8 I N

35. Basic Drug = Non ionized molecules = Ionized molecules Basic drugs – become more NON ionized in basic pH pH 9 N I pH 8 N I pH 2 I pH 6 I N

38. Carboxylic Acids

40. Phenols