Complex software systems modelled as multi-agent systems (MAS) are characterised by activities that are generated either by agents, or by the environment in its most general acceptation — that is, environmental resources and the spatio-temporal fabric. Modelling and engineering complex MAS – such as pervasive, adaptive, and situated MAS – requires then to properly handle diverse classes of events: agent operations, resource events, spatio-temporal situation. In this talk we first devise out the requirements and sketch a software architecture for an agent middleware based on boundary artefacts such as agent coordination contexts, resource transducers, and space-time transducers. Then we discuss its system architecture exploiting agent, environment & space-time managers, and show some examples of a concrete architecture based on the TuCSoN middleware for MAS coordination.

1. Coordination for Situated MAS:
Towards an Event-driven Architecture
Andrea Omicini
andrea.omicini@unibo.it
Stefano Mariani
s.mariani@unibo.it
DISI
Alma Mater Studiorum–Universit`a di Bologna
ModBE’13 / PNSE’13
Universit`a di Milano – Bicocca
25 June 2013
Omicini, Mariani (DISI, Alma Mater) Coordination for Situated MAS Milano Bicocca, 25/6/2013 1 / 45

2. Outline
1 Motivation
2 MAS as Event-driven Systems
3 Boundary & Coordination Artefacts
4 A Concrete Event-driven Architecture in TuCSoN
5 Perspectives
Omicini, Mariani (DISI, Alma Mater) Coordination for Situated MAS Milano Bicocca, 25/6/2013 2 / 45

3. Motivation
Outline
1 Motivation
2 MAS as Event-driven Systems
3 Boundary & Coordination Artefacts
4 A Concrete Event-driven Architecture in TuCSoN
5 Perspectives
Omicini, Mariani (DISI, Alma Mater) Coordination for Situated MAS Milano Bicocca, 25/6/2013 3 / 45

4. Motivation
Situatedness
Coupling with Environment
Today’s complex computational systems require strict coupling with
the environment
pervasive, adaptive, self-organising systems need to work as situated
systems
A situated system should be able to
react to relevant changes in the environment
possibly act over the environment appropriately and timely
Interaction
Interaction with the environment is then one of the main issue in
complex computational systems nowadays [Weyns et al., 2007]
More generally, interaction is the foremost source of complexity in
today computational systems [Goldin et al., 2006]
Omicini, Mariani (DISI, Alma Mater) Coordination for Situated MAS Milano Bicocca, 25/6/2013 4 / 45

5. Motivation
Agency & MAS I
Agent-oriented computing
Agent-oriented abstractions and technologies provide a solid ground
for complex system modelling and engineering
For instance
meta-models like A&A [Omicini et al., 2008]
middlewares like CArtAgO [Ricci et al., 2007], JADE
[Bellifemine et al., 2007], TuCSoN [Omicini and Zambonelli, 1999]
agent-oriented methodologies like Gaia [Zambonelli et al., 2003],
PASSI [Cossentino et al., 2005] and SODA [Molesini et al., 2006]
already proved their effectiveness in dealing with the engineering of
complex software systems [Zambonelli and Omicini, 2004]
Omicini, Mariani (DISI, Alma Mater) Coordination for Situated MAS Milano Bicocca, 25/6/2013 5 / 45

6. Motivation
Agency & MAS II
Reactiveness vs. Proactiveness
The reactive nature of situated systems does not cope well with the
proactive nature of agency
In particular, the event-driven model pushed by situatedness does not
match high-level agent-oriented programming model
Omicini, Mariani (DISI, Alma Mater) Coordination for Situated MAS Milano Bicocca, 25/6/2013 6 / 45

7. Motivation
Goal of the Research I
The Problem
The above issues are typically faced with more articulated agent
languages and architectures – like hybrid agents architectures – e.g.,
[Hallenborg et al., 2007]
MAS increasing complexity in terms of size and number of
components and events mandates for principled solutions
There is a need for well-founded SE theories and practices
Possibly at MAS level rather than at single-component level
Omicini, Mariani (DISI, Alma Mater) Coordination for Situated MAS Milano Bicocca, 25/6/2013 7 / 45

8. Motivation
Goal of the Research II
An Architectural Approach
Accordingly, in this talk we sketch an event-driven architecture for
agent middleware
Exploiting coordination abstractions for event handling
In particular
we discuss its abstract architectural features
we describe a possible reification as a concrete architecture based on
the TuCSoN middleware for multi-agent system (MAS) coordination
[TuCSoN, 2013]
Omicini, Mariani (DISI, Alma Mater) Coordination for Situated MAS Milano Bicocca, 25/6/2013 8 / 45

9. MAS as Event-driven Systems
Outline
1 Motivation
2 MAS as Event-driven Systems
3 Boundary & Coordination Artefacts
4 A Concrete Event-driven Architecture in TuCSoN
5 Perspectives
Omicini, Mariani (DISI, Alma Mater) Coordination for Situated MAS Milano Bicocca, 25/6/2013 9 / 45

10. MAS as Event-driven Systems
Environment Events I
Environment activity can be most easily modelled in terms of
(possibly unpredictable) events
As a result, environment interaction with computational systems can
be modelled in an event-driven way
Event handling is articulated in a number of stages, such as (at
least):
selection of potentially-relevant events
perception of selected events
delivering of perceived events to designed components
elaboration of events by components
Omicini, Mariani (DISI, Alma Mater) Coordination for Situated MAS Milano Bicocca, 25/6/2013 10 / 45

11. MAS as Event-driven Systems
Environment Events II
Figure : Event-driven architectures fundamental stages for event-processing
Omicini, Mariani (DISI, Alma Mater) Coordination for Situated MAS Milano Bicocca, 25/6/2013 11 / 45

12. MAS as Event-driven Systems
Agent Events
MAS are open, so agents may be either not designed or not
controllable by MAS engineers
Non-trivial agents may be intrinsically complex, either by design or as
a result of a too-articulated individual history
As a result, also agent activity in an open MAS should be handled as
an unpredictable source of events
Agents events
Both organisation and security issues require modelling agents, too, as
(possibly unpredictable) event sources within MAS, to be possibly handled
via event-driven engineering techniques.
Omicini, Mariani (DISI, Alma Mater) Coordination for Situated MAS Milano Bicocca, 25/6/2013 12 / 45

13. Boundary & Coordination Artefacts
Outline
1 Motivation
2 MAS as Event-driven Systems
3 Boundary & Coordination Artefacts
4 A Concrete Event-driven Architecture in TuCSoN
5 Perspectives
Omicini, Mariani (DISI, Alma Mater) Coordination for Situated MAS Milano Bicocca, 25/6/2013 13 / 45

14. Boundary & Coordination Artefacts
Artefacts I
Artefacts
agents and environment are the most suitable abstractions to handle
activities in a MAS
artefacts are the most suitable abstractions to encapsulate reactive
behaviours
encapsulating events handling in a complex MAS
according to the A&A meta-model
Omicini, Mariani (DISI, Alma Mater) Coordination for Situated MAS Milano Bicocca, 25/6/2013 14 / 45

15. Boundary & Coordination Artefacts
Artefacts II
Agents & Artefacts meta-model (A&A) [Omicini et al., 2008]
Agents are
active entities
encapsulating control
along with criteria to govern it (tasks / goals)
Artefacts are
passive / reactive entities
encapsulating services / functions
shaping agent environment according to MAS needs
The A&A approach to the engineering of complex MAS exploits
agents to model pro-active goal/task-oriented entities
artefacts to model objects or tools dynamically constructed, used,
modified by agents in their activities
Omicini, Mariani (DISI, Alma Mater) Coordination for Situated MAS Milano Bicocca, 25/6/2013 15 / 45

16. Boundary & Coordination Artefacts
Boundary Artefacts I
Admissible events
The first issue is to map activities of any sort upon a set of admissible
events, that is, those events that are accepted and handled by the MAS.
Apart from an appropriate model, this requires suitably-defined
architectural abstractions embedding such a mapping.
Omicini, Mariani (DISI, Alma Mater) Coordination for Situated MAS Milano Bicocca, 25/6/2013 16 / 45

17. Boundary & Coordination Artefacts
Boundary Artefacts II
Boundary artefacts
This is the role of boundary artefacts, which mediate
between agents and the MAS
between the MAS and its environment
In particular, we envision a MAS architecture in which each agent and
each environmental resource is associated to its own boundary artefact,
working as:
a proxy for the agent / resource within the MAS
a sort of interface for the agent / resource towards the MAS
Omicini, Mariani (DISI, Alma Mater) Coordination for Situated MAS Milano Bicocca, 25/6/2013 17 / 45

18. Boundary & Coordination Artefacts
Coordination Artefacts
Once brought within a MAS by a boundary artefact, an admissible event
has to be properly handled to possibly generate other events and / or
computational activities, defining the overall behaviour of a MAS.
Coordination artefacts
This is the role of coordination artefacts [Omicini et al., 2004], which
perceive admissible MAS events
associate them to computational activities implementing coordination
laws
possibly generating further events—thus giving raise to so-called
event chains
Omicini, Mariani (DISI, Alma Mater) Coordination for Situated MAS Milano Bicocca, 25/6/2013 18 / 45

19. Boundary & Coordination Artefacts
An Event-driven Architecture I
Figure : An event-driven architecture built around the notions of boundary and
coordination artefacts
Omicini, Mariani (DISI, Alma Mater) Coordination for Situated MAS Milano Bicocca, 25/6/2013 19 / 45

20. Boundary & Coordination Artefacts
An Event-driven Architecture II
I
I
I
I
I
S
S
R
R
Figure : A&A artefacts: individual, social, and resource artefacts
Omicini, Mariani (DISI, Alma Mater) Coordination for Situated MAS Milano Bicocca, 25/6/2013 20 / 45

21. Boundary & Coordination Artefacts
An Event-driven Architecture III
With respect to the classification of artefacts introduced by the A&A
meta-model [Omicini et al., 2006a]:
individual and resource artefacts are basically represented by boundary
artefacts
social artefacts play roughly the role of coordination artefacts
! more precisely, an articulated association of boundary and (individual)
coordination artefacts is required for A&A individual artefacts
Omicini, Mariani (DISI, Alma Mater) Coordination for Situated MAS Milano Bicocca, 25/6/2013 21 / 45

22. A Concrete Event-driven Architecture in TuCSoN
Outline
1 Motivation
2 MAS as Event-driven Systems
3 Boundary & Coordination Artefacts
4 A Concrete Event-driven Architecture in TuCSoN
5 Perspectives
Omicini, Mariani (DISI, Alma Mater) Coordination for Situated MAS Milano Bicocca, 25/6/2013 22 / 45

23. A Concrete Event-driven Architecture in TuCSoN
Architectural Mapping upon TuCSoN I
The abstract architecture sketched above essentially models complex MAS
as composed of:
proactive entities, as agents, environment resources and the
space-time fabric
reactive entities, like boundary and coordination artefacts
connected together by a net of co-ordinated events.
Omicini, Mariani (DISI, Alma Mater) Coordination for Situated MAS Milano Bicocca, 25/6/2013 23 / 45

24. A Concrete Event-driven Architecture in TuCSoN
Architectural Mapping upon TuCSoN II
TuCSoN coordination media
First of all, it is quite easy to map coordination artefacts upon ReSpecT
tuple centres [Omicini and Denti, 2001], which are the coordination
abstraction provided by TuCSoN.
ReSpecT tuple centres
computational activities devoted to MAS coordination can be
represented in terms of the ReSpecT logic-based specification
language [Omicini, 2007]
ReSpecT allows admissible events to be associated to reactions
ReSpecT reactions atomic, transactional computational activities
carried out by tuple centre themselves
Omicini, Mariani (DISI, Alma Mater) Coordination for Situated MAS Milano Bicocca, 25/6/2013 24 / 45

25. A Concrete Event-driven Architecture in TuCSoN
Architectural Mapping upon TuCSoN III
Agent Coordination Contexts
Then, two middleware abstractions play the role of boundary artefacts in
TuCSoN:
Agent Coordination Contexts (ACC) [Omicini, 2002], for agents
Transducers [Casadei and Omicini, 2009], for resources
Omicini, Mariani (DISI, Alma Mater) Coordination for Situated MAS Milano Bicocca, 25/6/2013 25 / 45

26. A Concrete Event-driven Architecture in TuCSoN
Architectural Mapping upon TuCSoN IV
Figure : TuCSoN event-driven architecture: ACC and transducers are the
boundary (respectively, individual and resource artefacts), whereas ReSpecT tuple
centres are the coordination (social) artefacts
Omicini, Mariani (DISI, Alma Mater) Coordination for Situated MAS Milano Bicocca, 25/6/2013 26 / 45

27. A Concrete Event-driven Architecture in TuCSoN
Architectural Mapping upon TuCSoN V
On the role of ACC
ACC play the role of security and organisation abstractions
[Omicini et al., 2006b]
Each agent has an associated ACC that mediates all the agent
interactions with the TuCSoN system, working
both as its representative within the TuCSoN-coordinated MAS
and as its interface towards the MAS itself, providing the agent with
available operations
Omicini, Mariani (DISI, Alma Mater) Coordination for Situated MAS Milano Bicocca, 25/6/2013 27 / 45

28. A Concrete Event-driven Architecture in TuCSoN
Architectural Mapping upon TuCSoN VI
On the role of transducers
Transducers [Casadei and Omicini, 2009] are in charge of representing
individual resources, along with their own peculiar ways of interacting
Each portion of the MAS environment represented by a resource is
associated to its specific transducer, capable of two-way interaction to
map meaningful resource events upon admissible MAS events
Omicini, Mariani (DISI, Alma Mater) Coordination for Situated MAS Milano Bicocca, 25/6/2013 28 / 45

29. A Concrete Event-driven Architecture in TuCSoN
Swarm Steering Scenario I
Suppose you want to coordinate the motion of a swarm of robots so
as to reach a “uniform” distribution in space, in which each robot is
equi-distant from its neighbours
By adopting our reference event-driven architecture, you’ll have:
a number of agents, responsible for motion planning and policies
adjustments
a number of sensors to perceive motion events
a number of actuators to perform motion actions
a number of coordination media to enable the distributed algorithm in
charge of enforcing uniform spatial distribution of the robots
Omicini, Mariani (DISI, Alma Mater) Coordination for Situated MAS Milano Bicocca, 25/6/2013 29 / 45

30. A Concrete Event-driven Architecture in TuCSoN
Swarm Steering Scenario II
Furthermore, by adopting TuCSoN architecture, you’ll assign:
one ACC for each agent, to properly model agents (unpredictable)
behaviour as seen by the system
one Transducer for each sensor and actuator, to properly model the
portion of environment the system has to interact with
one ReSpecT tuple centre for each coordination media
required—adding tuple centres can help, e.g., to scale-up with the size
of the application
Omicini, Mariani (DISI, Alma Mater) Coordination for Situated MAS Milano Bicocca, 25/6/2013 30 / 45

31. A Concrete Event-driven Architecture in TuCSoN
Swarm Steering Scenario III
Figure : TuCSoN event-driven architecture on a case study: Managers allow
failures to be properly handled, and of transducers / ACCs to be dynamically
added/removed
Omicini, Mariani (DISI, Alma Mater) Coordination for Situated MAS Milano Bicocca, 25/6/2013 31 / 45

32. A Concrete Event-driven Architecture in TuCSoN
Swarm Steering Scenario IV
Doing so enables us to:
define which events are of your interest
model their structure
associate them to computational activities to be carried out within
ReSpecT tuple centres—thus, transparently from the agents’
standpoint
deliver events of any sort to the interested receivers—e.g. agents
In our scenario, for instance, interesting events to be properly
modelled and handled are:
an agent leaving a place to reach another, closer to the desired spatial
uniform distribution
an agent approaching a place from another, as a result of a motion
phase toward a better configuration
an agent multicasting its new position to neighbours, so as to trigger
their own position adjustment
Omicini, Mariani (DISI, Alma Mater) Coordination for Situated MAS Milano Bicocca, 25/6/2013 32 / 45

33. Perspectives
Outline
1 Motivation
2 MAS as Event-driven Systems
3 Boundary & Coordination Artefacts
4 A Concrete Event-driven Architecture in TuCSoN
5 Perspectives
Omicini, Mariani (DISI, Alma Mater) Coordination for Situated MAS Milano Bicocca, 25/6/2013 33 / 45

34. Perspectives
Benefits
Facing situatedness at the (MAS) system level, rather than at the
(agent) individual component level
Bridging between the (low-level) environment level representation,
and the (high-level) cognitive level of intelligent agents
Providing engineers with a principled architecture for dealing with
complex environments
Delivering languages, tools, and methodologies that coherently
support the architecture
Omicini, Mariani (DISI, Alma Mater) Coordination for Situated MAS Milano Bicocca, 25/6/2013 34 / 45

35. Perspectives
Perspectives
Engineering complex MAS is mostly dealing with a complex network
of events
Both formal tools – like, say, Petri Nets – and new tools from the
field of Complex Networks may tell us something new about MAS
engineering
Interaction as a key point for interdisciplinary study of complex
systems of any sort [Omicini and Contucci, 2013]
Omicini, Mariani (DISI, Alma Mater) Coordination for Situated MAS Milano Bicocca, 25/6/2013 35 / 45

36. Perspectives
Further References
Paper
Reference [Omicini and Mariani, 2013]
APICe http://apice.unibo.it/xwiki/bin/view/
Publications/EventsituatedmasPnse2013
Presentation
APICe http://apice.unibo.it/xwiki/bin/view/Talks/
EventsituatedmasPnse2013
Slideshare http://www.slideshare.net/andreaomicini/om-pnse2013
Omicini, Mariani (DISI, Alma Mater) Coordination for Situated MAS Milano Bicocca, 25/6/2013 36 / 45

37. Acknowledgements
Thanks to . . .
The authors would like to thank the organisers of PNSE’13 and
ModBE’13 – and in particular Daniel Moldt – for inviting our
contribution
This work has been supported by the EU-FP7-FET Proactive project
SAPERE – Self-Aware PERvasive service Ecosystems, under contract
no. 256873
Omicini, Mariani (DISI, Alma Mater) Coordination for Situated MAS Milano Bicocca, 25/6/2013 37 / 45

38. References
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39. References
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Omicini, Mariani (DISI, Alma Mater) Coordination for Situated MAS Milano Bicocca, 25/6/2013 44 / 45

45. Coordination for Situated MAS:
Towards an Event-driven Architecture
Andrea Omicini
andrea.omicini@unibo.it
Stefano Mariani
s.mariani@unibo.it
DISI
Alma Mater Studiorum–Universit`a di Bologna
ModBE’13 / PNSE’13
Universit`a di Milano – Bicocca
25 June 2013
Omicini, Mariani (DISI, Alma Mater) Coordination for Situated MAS Milano Bicocca, 25/6/2013 45 / 45