THE EXPLANATION OF LANGUAGE AND CULTURE IN SOCIOLINGUISTIC

1. LANGUAGE & CULTURE
By : St. Choironnisak Ashari

2. THE DEFINITION
LANGUAGE is a system of (verbal) signs embedded in
social and cultural reality of language users.
CULTURE : integrated human knowledge, belief and
behaviour, which depends on the capacity of symbolic
thought and social learning (pan-human or shared by
different groups).

3. LANGUAGE & CULTURE
The language used by a speech community is closely
related to the culture of that community. A community's
culture consists of what it is one has to know or believe
in order to operate in a manner acceptable to its
members, and to do so in any role that they accept for
any one of themselves.

4. LANGUAGE & CULTURE
The close relationship between language and culture has
long been the focus of linguistic study
In fact, there were and still are areas in the world
where societies share a very similar cultural orientation
and yet speak languages that are not only mutually
unintelligible but completely unrelated and structurally
different.

5. LINGUISTIC RELATIVITY
 The recent re-emergence of linguistic relativity has been
a reaction against excessive formalism in Generative
Linguistics, particularly in its ambitious attempts to
explain the nature of Universal Grammar.
 The re-emergence of linguistic relativity is thus best seen
as a balancing effort in the latest development of linguistic
theory.

6. LINGUISTIC & CULTURE
RELATIVITY
 Keterkaitan antara relativitas bahasa dan relativitas
budaya nampak pada hasil kajian antropologi budaya,
misalnya tentang tingkat tutur bahasa Jawa
 Tingkat tutur bahasa Jawa akan dibahas lebih lanjut di
bawah sub-topik leksikalisasi. Pakar sosiolinguistik Hudson
(1980: 80-94) menjelaskan bahwa bahasa tercakup dalam
budaya. Oleh karena itu, tuturan dalam komunikasi verbal
sering mencerminkan, secara langsung maupun tak langsung,
nilai-nilai budaya yang dianut oleh penutur suatu bahasa.

7. LINGUISTIC & CULTURE
RELATIVITY
 Bagi pendekatan yang melihat bahasa sebagai
cermin masyarakat atau cermin budaya, definisi
bahasa yang sesuai adalah paduan antara definisi
Sapir (1921: 8) dan definisi Francis (1958: 13).

8. LINGUISTIC & CULTURE
RELATIVITY
 Language is a system of arbitrary vocal or visual symbols
used by people of a given culture as a means to carry on their
daily affairs. (Bahasa adalah sistem verbal atau visual
bersifat manasuka, yang digunakan oleh sekelompok
penutur denganbudaya tertentu, sebagai alat komunikasi
dalam kehidupan mereka sehari-hari.)

9. LINGUISTIC & CULTURE
RELATIVITY
 Berbicara tentang relativitas bahasa dan relativitas
budaya di awal abad ke-21 adalah meninjau topik lama
dengan cara pandang yang baru. Kini gagasan tentang
relativitas bahasa muncul kembali sebagai reaksi
terhadap ide universalitas bahasa yang ditonjolkan
secara berlebihan melalui pendekatan formal (Gumperz
and Levinson 1996).

10. LINGUISTIC & CULTURE
RELATIVITY
Definisi ini menegaskan bahwa bahasa
adalah entitas budaya, dan menyarankan
bahwa konsep-konsep budaya mungkin
sekali bersifat khusus dan muncul secara
jelas lewat ekspresi bahasa.

11. FOREIGN LANGUAGE
TEACHING
 Language teaching usually refers to the teaching
of any language, either as a first language, second
language or as a foreign language. In order to
improve the efficiency of language teaching, many
approaches have been used.

12. FOREIGN LANGUAGE
TEACHING
 Approaching the teaching of language with a social
connotation.
 By approaching the importance of learning the culture
of the language we could end the problem of language
misunderstanding. Since in one country the meaning of a
word could vary, influence by their culture, folklore or
traditions

13. POLITENESS
Behaving or speaking in a way that is
correct for the social situation you are in,
and showing that you are careful to
consider other people’s needs and feeling.

14. POLITENESS
 Sometimes we do ‘face-threatening acts’.
 But we can repair the damage by being
‘polite’.
 We can use non-verbal behaviour – smiles,
etc.

15. ONE-SIDED POLITENESS

16. …AND MUTUAL POLITENESS

17. POLITE LANGUAGE
 Language offers tools for repairing X’s face:
 Polite language consists of:
• special polite expressions, e.g. please
• special uses of ordinary expressions, e.g. I was
just wondering whether you would mind
awfully if …
 It deals with threats to:
• Positive face (respect), e.g. darling
• Negative face (freedom), e.g. please

18. POSITIVE POLITENESS
EXPRESSIONS
Greeting: hello (We have a relation.)
• •
HELLO
speaker addressee
social relation

19. ..THANK YOU..