VITAMIN B12[CYNACOBALAMIN][COBALAMIN],SOURCES OFVITAMIN B12,VITAMIN B12 DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS, USES OF VITAMIN B12, PHYSIOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE,PHARMACOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF VITAMIN B12. BY P.RAVISANKAR. VIGNAN PHARMACY COLLEGE VADLAMUDI, GUNTUR,ANDHRA PRADESH, INDIA.

1. Prof. Ravisankar
Vignan Pharmacy college
Valdlamudi
Guntur Dist.
Andhra Pradesh
India.
banuman35@gmail.com
00919059994000

2. Vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin) (OR) cobalamin.
Vitamin B12, vitamin B12 or vitamin B-12, also called cobalamin, is a water
soluble vitamin with a key role in the normal functioning of the brain and
nervous system, and for the formation of blood. It is one of the eight
B vitamins.
It is normally involved in the metabolism of every cell of the human body,
especially affecting DNA synthesis and regulation, but also fatty acid
synthesis and energy production.
As the largest and most structurally complicated and last B vitamin to be
discovered and first natural product consisting cobalt. it can be
produced industrially only through bacterial fermentation-synthesis.
It is produced by anaerobic bacteria like streptomyces species not by
plants and animals.
Vitamin B12 also called as anti-pernicious anaemia factor (APA-factor)
it should be used in the treatment of pernicious anaemia.
The co-enzyme form of vitaminB12 is known as biologic Grignard
reagent.

3. Sources of vitamin B12

4. Vitamin B12 is found in foods that come from animals, including fish and
shellfish, meat (especially liver), poultry, eggs, milk, and milk .
While lacto-ovo vegetarians usually get enough B12 through consuming
dairy products, vegans will lack B12 unless they consume multivitamin
supplements or B12-fortified foods.
Examples of fortified foods include fortified breakfast cereals, fortified soy
products, fortified energy bars, and fortified nutritional yeast.
Cheese
Oysters
Liver of animals like Pig,fish,Horse.

5. Category
Witamin B12
Nutritional
standards
(µg / day)
kids 1-3 years 0,9
kids 4-8 years 1,2
boys 9-13 years 1,8
young man 14-18 years 2.4
man 19-30 years 2,4
man 31-50 years 2,4
man 50-70 years 2,4
man over 70 years 2,4
girls-13 years 1,8
young female 14-18
years
2,4
women 19-30 years 2,4
women 31-50 years 2,4
women 50-70 years 2,4
women over 70 years 2,4
pregnat woman 18 years 2,6
pregnat woman 19-30
years
2,6
pregnat woman 31-50
years
2,6
pregnat woman 18 years 2,8
nursing woman 19-30
years
2,8
nursing woman 31-50
years
2,8
Recommended Dietary allowance (RDA)

6. Structure and chemistry of vitamin B12
Vitamin B12 is the most chemically complex and unique
structure amongst all B-vitamins.
The structure of B12 is based on a corrin ring, which is similar
to the porphyrin ring found in heme, chlorophyll, and
cytochrome.
The central metal ion is cobalt. Four of the six coordination
sites are provided by the corrin ring, and a fifth by a
dimethylbenzimidazole group.
The sixth coordination site, the center of reactivity, is variable,
being a cyano group (-CN),(hence the name cyanocobalamin)
a hydroxyl group (-OH), a methyl group (-CH3) or a 5'-deoxy
adenosyl group (here the C5' atom of the deoxyribose forms the
covalent bond with Co), respectively, to yield the four B12
forms.
Historically, the covalent C-Co bond is one of first examples of
carbon-metal bonds to be discovered in biology.

7. The name "corrin" was proposed by those who established its structure because
it is the core of the vitamin B-12 molecule; the letters "co" of corrin are not
derived from the fact that vitamin B-12 contains cobalt.
The name "corrin" was proposed by those who established its structure because it
is the core of the vitamin B-12 molecule; the letters "co" of corrin are not derived
from the fact that vitamin B-12 contains cobalt.

8. D-1-amino-2-propanol at position f, is
named cobinic acid
aminopropanol by an a-D-ribofuranose 3-phosphate residue (V) is named
cobamic acid; its hexaamide (III; R = NH2, R' = V) is named cobamide.

10. 5,6 dimethyl -benzimidazole
1-amino-2-propanol
D-ribofuranose 3-phosphate residue at position 2
4 reduced
and substituted
pyrrole rings ----
(Corrin ring)
Structure of vitamin B12
cobalt atom in the
center of the macro
cyclic ring.
heptacarboxylic acid(cobyric acid)
its hexaamide (cobinamide)
1
23
4
α-
The atoms are numbered and the
rings are lettered as shown in
structure I. The numbering is thus
the same as that of the porphyrin
nucleus, number 20 being omitted
to preserve the identity.

11. The foremost benefit of vitamin B12 is the function that it
performs. Vitamin B12 is necessary for the proper working of our
nervous system and the brain.
It also contributes in improving and maintaining the metabolic
system of the body.
Adequate quantities of vitamin B12 help in treating diseases and
disorders such as, diabetes, insomnia, allergies, osteoporosis,
asthma, etc.
Presence of vitamin B12 in the body, helps minimize the
chances of pernicious anemia.
Vitamin B12 also helps in relieving fatigue and contributes to the
improvement of concentration of a person.
Sufficient quantities of vitamin B12 help in the generation of
genetic material called DNA.
In recent times, vitamin B12 and weight loss, have been linked
together. However, there is no direct evidence found in this
regard. The only trace that can be found in this association is the
improvement in the rate of metabolic process and digestion
process on consuming vitamin B12.

12. . The most common vitamin B12 deficiency symptoms are, shortness of
breath, insomnia, memory loss, depression, fatigue, tiredness, pernicious
anemia, sores in the mouth corner, eye twitching, migraine, headaches, etc.
Some of the common vitamin B12 side effects include, breathing problems,
heart palpitations, chest pain, skin rashes, panic attacks, anxiety and itching
vitamin B12 deficiency, if left untreated can result in anemia, as well as
irreversible nerve and brain damage.
Deficiency of vitamin B12 can result in fatigue and apathy, back pain, weight
loss, bone loss, difficulty with balance andreflexes, abnormal gait, tingling
fingers, tinnitus, eye disorders, hallucinations and migraine headaches
Vitamin B12 Deficiency Symptoms
low levels of vitamin B12 are at increased risk of
having brain atrophy or shrinkage. Brain atrophy is
associated with Alzheimer’s disease.
B12 deficiency, if left untreated can result in
anemia, as well as irreversible nerve and brain
damage.

13. .
Glossistis Moeller-Huntur(Burning from the tongue)

14. What are the causes of vitamin B12 deficiency?
· pernicious anemia is caused by an autoimmune disease; the
person’s own immune system attacks good parts of the body, as if they
were bacteria or viruses.
The immune system of patients with pernicious anemia creates
antibodies which attack the lining of the stomach, damaging cells that
produce intrinsic factor. Intrinsic factor is a substance that is secreted
by the gastric mucous membrane (lining of the stomach) and is vital for
the absorption of vitamin B12 in the intestines. If the production of
intrinsic factor is undermined, vitamin B12 cannot be absorbed into the
body properly.
· Bowel problem - patients with Crohn’s disease, as well as people
who have had their bowels surgically shortened, may have problems
absorbing vitamin B12 into their bloodstream.
Vegan diet - some people who follow a vegan diet may suffer from
B12 deficiency if they do not eat fortified foods, or some types of yeast.

15. lack of vitamin B12 in the blood can lead to a blood disorder called
pernicious anemia. Those with the disorder are unable to produce enough of
a protein substance - IF (intrinsic factor) - in their stomach that allows their
body to absorb vitamin B12.

16. What are the treatment options for B12 deficiency?
Hydroxocobalamin injections - this is a form of B12. It is injected into a muscle
every two to four days. After about six injections the patient should have a good
store of B12.
Most patients require booster injections of B12 every three months for the rest of
their lives.
Assay:
25 mg of cyanocobalamin
Dissolve in water
Make volume upto 1000ml with water
Measurement of absorbance at 361 nm.
Determination of net content of vitamin B12by taking
A1%
1cm values as 207 at 361nm.

17. Uses of vitamin B12
•In the treatment of megaloblastic anaemia and psychiatric desorders.
•Pernicious anaemia.
•It is also used in deficiency of vitamin B12 caused by its insufficient intake due to
malabsorption,prolonged cemotherapy and by fish tapeworm infestation.
•It is used prophylactically after surgeries of the site of IF(intrinsic factor)prduction
or the site of vitamin B12 absorption is removed.
Researchers recently reported
that it is also useful in reducing
Breast cancer,
Lung cancer,stroke,fatigue,
cardiovascular disease,
Alzheimer's disease.
Folic acid 1mg
vitaminB12-400mcg
pyridoxine-10mg
taking daily
decreases
the
restenosis
in ballon
angioplasty
patients.

18. Physiological Importance(pharmacological aspects) of vitaminB12.
The vitamin B12 is one of the B vitamins which are important to maintain a
healthy body.
The Vitamin B12 is required for the processes to change the
carbohydrates, fats and proteins from food into energy.
Vitamin B12 also, more importantly, helps maintain the red blood cells
healthy and thus prevent heart disease along with maintaining the
immune system functioning at its optimum level
. In addition, Vitamin B12 is utilized to produce the protective covering of
all nerve cells in the body.
The most important function of Vitamin B12 is to form healthy red blood
cells.
All of the nerve cells in the body also need Vitamin B12 to form their
protective fatty layer. This really is essential for all of the nerves but is
specifically so for those in the brain. If there's not sufficient Vitamin B12 to
produce this protective layer then the brain will not be functioning
properly
Interestingly, the amount of Vitamin B12 that the body requires is rather
small but is needed on a regular basis. Nevertheless, Vitamin B12 on its
own isn't enough as the body cannot absorb it very easily. To help the body
absorb Vitamin B12, the stomach produces intrinsic factor (IF) which
enables more of the Vitamin B12 to be absorbed.

19. Vitamin B12 is converted in to its co-enzyme form in the body.
This vitamin B12 co-enzymes is involved in many bio-chemical reactions occuring
in the body like.
1. Isomerization.
Conversion of L-glutamic acid to L-β-Methyl aspartic acid.
2. Formation of lipids from carbohydrates.
3. Metabolism of deoxyriboses.
4.Transmethylation.
-It acts on bone marrow resulting in an increase in WBC and platelet count.
-It is required for the formation and maturation of RBC's.

20. Vitamin B-12 can give you the energy and focus you need to do the things you love -
but it gives you so much more than just energy.
Boost your energy levels
Reduce the level of harmful homocysteine in your body
Lower your risk of heart disease and stroke
Combat depression and the blues
Diminish your risk of developing Alzheimer's Disease
Restore mental clarity and emotional balance
There's so much more that B12 can do to help you improve your health and well-being.

21. Fatigue, Irritability, Depression, it's Not You... it's a Vitamin B12 Deficiency