CNIC Information System with Pakdata Cf In Pakistan
Chapter4 sections+1 7
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3. Escherichia coli is one of the most common intestinal bacteria of warm-blooded animals – only a few of the hundreds of types ( strains ) are harmful
53. 1 meter = 10 2 cm = 10 3 mm = 10 6 μ m = 10 9 nm
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55. We use different types of microscopes to reveal different details of their structure
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58. Membranes of most cells can be described as a fluid mosaic of lipids (mainly phospholipids) and proteins
59. Lipids are organized as a lipid bilayer : a double layer of lipids in which the nonpolar tails of both layers are sandwiched between the polar heads
106. The outer bilayer of the double membrane is continuous with the membrane of the ER
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Notes de l'éditeur
Figure 4.1 E. coli O157:H7 bacteria ( red ) clustering on intestinal cells of a small child. This type of bacteria can cause a serious intestinal illness in people who eat foods contaminated with it.
Figure 4.2 Examples of cells. Each one of the cells pictured here is an individual organism; all are protists
Figure 4.3 Overview of the general organization of bacteria and eukaryotic cells. Archaeans are similar to bacteria in overall structure. The three examples are not drawn to the same scale.
Figure 4.3 Overview of the general organization of bacteria and eukaryotic cells. Archaeans are similar to bacteria in overall structure. The three examples are not drawn to the same scale.
Figure 4.3 Overview of the general organization of bacteria and eukaryotic cells. Archaeans are similar to bacteria in overall structure. The three examples are not drawn to the same scale.
Figure 4.4 Three examples of the surface-to-volume ratio. This physical relationship between increases in volume and surface area constrains cell size and shape.
Figure 4.5 Examples of microscopes. A) A compound light microscope. B) A transmission electron microscope (TEM).
Figure 4.5 Examples of microscopes. A) A compound light microscope. B) A transmission electron microscope (TEM).
Figure 4.6 Different microscopes reveal different characteristics of the same organism, a green alga ( Scenedesmus ).
Figure 4.7 Relative sizes. Below , the diameter of most cells is in the range of 1 to 100 micrometers. Right , converting among units of length; also see Units of Measure, Appendix IX.
Figure 4.9 At its most basic, a cell is a lipid bilayer bubble filled with fluid.
Figure 4.8 Cell membrane structure. A Organization of phospholipids in cell membranes. B–E Examples of common membrane proteins.
Figure 4.8 Cell membrane structure. A Organization of phospholipids in cell membranes. B–E Examples of common membrane proteins.
Figure 4.10 A sampling of bacteria ( this page ) and archaeans
Figure 4.10 A sampling of bacteria ( this page ) and archaeans
Figure 4.11 Generalized body plan of a bacterium or archaean.
Figure 4.12 A biofilm. A single species of bacteria, Bacillus subtilis , formed this biofilm. Note the distinct “neighborhoods.”
Figure 4.13 Transmission electron micrographs of eukaryotic cells. A Human white blood cell. B Photosynthetic cell from a blade of timothy grass.
Figure 4.14 The cell nucleus. TEM at right , nucleus of a mouse pancreas cell.
Figure 4.15 Nuclear pores. Each is an organized cluster of membrane proteins that selectively allows substances to cross the nuclear membrane.
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