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- 3. Escherichia coli is one of the most common intestinal bacteria of warm-blooded animals – only a few of the hundreds of types ( strains ) are harmful
- 5. Causes serious illness in people who eat contaminated foods
- 8. A lipid bilayer is the structural foundation of cell membranes, including organelle membranes
- 12. Archaeans are similar to bacteria in overall structure
- 25. Robert Hooke magnified a piece of thinly sliced cork and named the tiny compartments he observed “ cellae ”
- 26. 1820s: Robert Brown was first to identify a cell nucleus
- 27. Matthias Schleiden, hypothesized that a plant cell is an independent living unit even when it is part of a plant
- 28. Schleiden and Theodor Schwann concluded that the tissues of animals as well as plants are composed of cells
- 30. 2. A cell is the smallest unit of life, individually alive even as part of a multicelled organism
- 31. 3. All living cells come from division of preexisting cells
- 32. 4. Cells contain hereditary material, which they pass to their offspring during division
- 34. Each has a plasma membrane that separates its interior from the exterior environment
- 35. A cell’s interior contains cytoplasm and DNA
- 37. We use different types of microscopes and techniques to reveal cells and their internal and external details
- 50. 1 millimeter (mm) = 1/1000 meter, or 0.04 inch
- 51. 1 micrometer ( μ m) = 1/1,000,000 meter, or 0.00004 inch
- 52. 1 nanometer (nm) = 1/1,000,000,000 meter, or 0.00000004 inch
- 53. 1 meter = 10 2 cm = 10 3 mm = 10 6 μ m = 10 9 nm
- 55. We use different types of microscopes to reveal different details of their structure
- 58. Membranes of most cells can be described as a fluid mosaic of lipids (mainly phospholipids) and proteins
- 59. Lipids are organized as a lipid bilayer : a double layer of lipids in which the nonpolar tails of both layers are sandwiched between the polar heads
- 64. All membranes have transport proteins
- 65. Plasma membranes also have receptor proteins , adhesion proteins , enzymes, and recognition proteins
- 73. Archaean membranes are far more rigid than those of bacteria or eukaryotes
- 75. The proteins carry out various tasks, including control over which substances cross the membrane
- 79. A single, circular chromosome is located in a nucleoid
- 80. Many have a cell wall , flagella or pili
- 89. The wall of most bacteria consists of a polymer of peptides and polysaccharides
- 90. Sticky polysaccharides form a slime layer, or capsule, around the wall of many types of bacteria
- 92. May include bacteria, algae, fungi, protists, and archaeans
- 95. In general, they are the smallest and structurally the simplest cells, but they are also the most numerous
- 97. Most eukaryotic cells contain an endomembrane system (ER, vesicles, and Golgi bodies), mitochondria, and a cytoskeleton
- 105. Receptors and transporters stud both sides of the nuclear envelope; other proteins form nuclear pores
- 106. The outer bilayer of the double membrane is continuous with the membrane of the ER
Notes de l'éditeur
- Figure 4.1 E. coli O157:H7 bacteria ( red ) clustering on intestinal cells of a small child. This type of bacteria can cause a serious intestinal illness in people who eat foods contaminated with it.
- Figure 4.2 Examples of cells. Each one of the cells pictured here is an individual organism; all are protists
- Figure 4.3 Overview of the general organization of bacteria and eukaryotic cells. Archaeans are similar to bacteria in overall structure. The three examples are not drawn to the same scale.
- Figure 4.3 Overview of the general organization of bacteria and eukaryotic cells. Archaeans are similar to bacteria in overall structure. The three examples are not drawn to the same scale.
- Figure 4.3 Overview of the general organization of bacteria and eukaryotic cells. Archaeans are similar to bacteria in overall structure. The three examples are not drawn to the same scale.
- Figure 4.4 Three examples of the surface-to-volume ratio. This physical relationship between increases in volume and surface area constrains cell size and shape.
- Figure 4.5 Examples of microscopes. A) A compound light microscope. B) A transmission electron microscope (TEM).
- Figure 4.5 Examples of microscopes. A) A compound light microscope. B) A transmission electron microscope (TEM).
- Figure 4.6 Different microscopes reveal different characteristics of the same organism, a green alga ( Scenedesmus ).
- Figure 4.7 Relative sizes. Below , the diameter of most cells is in the range of 1 to 100 micrometers. Right , converting among units of length; also see Units of Measure, Appendix IX.
- Figure 4.9 At its most basic, a cell is a lipid bilayer bubble filled with fluid.
- Figure 4.8 Cell membrane structure. A Organization of phospholipids in cell membranes. B–E Examples of common membrane proteins.
- Figure 4.8 Cell membrane structure. A Organization of phospholipids in cell membranes. B–E Examples of common membrane proteins.
- Figure 4.10 A sampling of bacteria ( this page ) and archaeans
- Figure 4.10 A sampling of bacteria ( this page ) and archaeans
- Figure 4.11 Generalized body plan of a bacterium or archaean.
- Figure 4.12 A biofilm. A single species of bacteria, Bacillus subtilis , formed this biofilm. Note the distinct “neighborhoods.”
- Figure 4.13 Transmission electron micrographs of eukaryotic cells. A Human white blood cell. B Photosynthetic cell from a blade of timothy grass.
- Figure 4.14 The cell nucleus. TEM at right , nucleus of a mouse pancreas cell.
- Figure 4.15 Nuclear pores. Each is an organized cluster of membrane proteins that selectively allows substances to cross the nuclear membrane.