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GENERAL PATHOLOGY DR NADEEM REYAZ UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES
Where there is love of medicine, there is love of humankind
PATHOLOGY is the scientific study of disease or is the study of structural and functional abnormalities that are expressed as diseases of organ and system
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY ,[object Object]
PATHOGENESIS ,[object Object]
PERSPECTIVE PATHOLOGY ,[object Object]
[object Object]
HYPOXIA ,[object Object]
CAUSES OF HYPOXIA ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
POOR NUTRITION INFECTIOUS AGENT  eg, Clostridia IMMUNE INJURY   eg, Antibody and T cell  mediated CHEMICAL AGENTS  eg, salts, overwater,  PHYSICAL AGENTS  eg, fire, freezing, electricity, radiation
ATROPHY ,[object Object]
 
Here is the centrilobular portion of liver next to a central vein. The cells have reduced in size or been lost from hypoxia. The pale brown-yellow pigment is lipochrome that has accumulated as the atrophic and dying cells undergo autophagocytosis.
Atrophy; Cardiac Muscle
HYPERTROPHY ,[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Hypertrophy of the muscles of a strength athlete                                                         
Hypertrophy of the Uterus
Hypertrophy of cardiac muscles
 
HYPERPLASIA ,[object Object]
 
 
 
METAPLASIA ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
DYSPLASIA ,[object Object]
[object Object]
INTRACELLULAR STORAGE  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Mallory bodies (the red globular material) composed of cytoskeletal filaments in liver cells
The brown coarsely granular material in macrophages in this alveolus is hemosiderin
These renal tubules contain large amounts of hemosiderin, as demonstrated by the Prussian blue iron stain
Liver:  Fatty change
NECROSIS ,[object Object],[object Object]
Necrosis with inflammatory cells
Many nuclei have become pyknotic (shrunken and dark) and have then undergone karorrhexis (fragmentation) and karyolysis (dissolution). The cytoplasm and cell borders are not recognizable.
[object Object]
 
TYPES OF NECROSIS  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
COAGULATION NECROSIS ,[object Object]
[object Object]
[object Object]
 
 
Kidney: Coagulative necrosis
APOPTOSIS ,[object Object]
 
[object Object]
LIQUEFACTIVE NECROSIS ,[object Object]
 
The two lung abscesses seen here are examples of liquefactive necrosis in which there is a liquid center in an area of tissue injury. One abscess appears in the upper lobe and one in the lower lobe. Liquefactive necrosis is typical of organs in which the tissues have a lot of lipid (such as brain) or when there is an abscess with lots of acute inflammatory cells whose release of proteolytic enzymes destroys the surrounding tissues.
Lung Abscess:  Microscopic appearance  (Liquefactive Necrosis)
ENZYMATIC FAT NECROSIS  ,[object Object]
 
 
CASEOUS NECROSIS ,[object Object]
[object Object]
 
Caseous necrosis with granulomatous inflammation
Caseous necrosis with Giant cells
GUMMATOUS NECROSIS ,[object Object],[object Object]
FIBRINOID NECROSIS ,[object Object]
 
NECROBIOSIS ,[object Object]
CAVITATION ,[object Object]
GANGRENE ,[object Object]
[object Object]
TYPES OF GANGRENE ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
DRY GANGRENE ,[object Object]
[object Object]
“Dry Gangrene”
WET GANGRENE ,[object Object]
"wet gangrene in patient with Diabetes millitus”
CLOSTRIDIAL GANGRENE ,[object Object]
FOURNIER'S GANGRENE ,[object Object]
 
PATHOLOGICAL  CALCIFICATION   ,[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object]
This is dystrophic calcification in the wall of the stomach. At the far left is an artery with calcification in its wall
“ Metastatic calcification" in the lung of a patient with a very high serum calcium level (hypercalcemia).
HYALINE ,[object Object]
REVERSIBLE CELL INJURY ,[object Object]
IRREVERSIBLE CELL INJURY ,[object Object]
 
FREE RADICALS  ,[object Object]
FREE-RADICAL GENERATION  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object]
[object Object]

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Cell Injury And Death Lecture I

  • 1. GENERAL PATHOLOGY DR NADEEM REYAZ UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES
  • 2. Where there is love of medicine, there is love of humankind
  • 3. PATHOLOGY is the scientific study of disease or is the study of structural and functional abnormalities that are expressed as diseases of organ and system
  • 4.
  • 5.
  • 6.
  • 7.
  • 8.
  • 9.
  • 10.
  • 11.
  • 12.
  • 13. POOR NUTRITION INFECTIOUS AGENT eg, Clostridia IMMUNE INJURY eg, Antibody and T cell mediated CHEMICAL AGENTS eg, salts, overwater, PHYSICAL AGENTS eg, fire, freezing, electricity, radiation
  • 14.
  • 15.  
  • 16. Here is the centrilobular portion of liver next to a central vein. The cells have reduced in size or been lost from hypoxia. The pale brown-yellow pigment is lipochrome that has accumulated as the atrophic and dying cells undergo autophagocytosis.
  • 18.
  • 19.
  • 20. Hypertrophy of the muscles of a strength athlete                                                        
  • 23.  
  • 24.
  • 25.  
  • 26.  
  • 27.  
  • 28.
  • 29.  
  • 30.
  • 31.
  • 32.
  • 33. Mallory bodies (the red globular material) composed of cytoskeletal filaments in liver cells
  • 34. The brown coarsely granular material in macrophages in this alveolus is hemosiderin
  • 35. These renal tubules contain large amounts of hemosiderin, as demonstrated by the Prussian blue iron stain
  • 36. Liver: Fatty change
  • 37.
  • 39. Many nuclei have become pyknotic (shrunken and dark) and have then undergone karorrhexis (fragmentation) and karyolysis (dissolution). The cytoplasm and cell borders are not recognizable.
  • 40.
  • 41.  
  • 42.
  • 43.
  • 44.
  • 45.
  • 46.  
  • 47.  
  • 49.
  • 50.  
  • 51.
  • 52.
  • 53.  
  • 54. The two lung abscesses seen here are examples of liquefactive necrosis in which there is a liquid center in an area of tissue injury. One abscess appears in the upper lobe and one in the lower lobe. Liquefactive necrosis is typical of organs in which the tissues have a lot of lipid (such as brain) or when there is an abscess with lots of acute inflammatory cells whose release of proteolytic enzymes destroys the surrounding tissues.
  • 55. Lung Abscess: Microscopic appearance (Liquefactive Necrosis)
  • 56.
  • 57.  
  • 58.  
  • 59.
  • 60.
  • 61.  
  • 62. Caseous necrosis with granulomatous inflammation
  • 63. Caseous necrosis with Giant cells
  • 64.
  • 65.
  • 66.  
  • 67.
  • 68.
  • 69.
  • 70.
  • 71.
  • 72.
  • 73.
  • 75.
  • 76. "wet gangrene in patient with Diabetes millitus”
  • 77.
  • 78.
  • 79.  
  • 80.
  • 81.
  • 82. This is dystrophic calcification in the wall of the stomach. At the far left is an artery with calcification in its wall
  • 83. “ Metastatic calcification" in the lung of a patient with a very high serum calcium level (hypercalcemia).
  • 84.
  • 85.
  • 86.
  • 87.  
  • 88.
  • 89.
  • 90.
  • 91.
  • 92.