7. many factors contribute to a possible increase prevalence
males are not always identified as infertile.
8. In USA 3 million men are infertile ( Goldstein, M )
controlled
causes: substances
weed booze
infection mumps STIs
poor cryptorchid
testicular late descent STIs
circulation
9. Smoking ...........major cause of poor sperm quality
alcohol decreases T and sperm function
marijuana binds to estrogen receptors in testes and causes “weird” sperm
anabolic steroids decreases sperm count
chemo. and radiation also
high temp decreases production ( tight tidy whites, hot tubs, retained testes)
single most common cause: Varicoceles, enlarged testicular veins
13. Varicocele is an abnormal enlargement of the vein that is in the scrotum
draining the testicles. The testicular blood vessels originate in the abdomen
and course down through the inguinal canal as part of the spermatic cord on
their way to the testis. Upward flow of blood in the veins is ensured by small
one-way valves that prevent backflow. Defective valves, or compression of the
vein by a nearby structure, can cause dilatation of the veins near the testis,
leading to the formation of a varicocele.
14. these structures appear as a “ Bag of Worms”
the varicocele may invove the epididymis or not
15. 40% of infertile men have them
15% of all men have them
increase with age
large varicoceles decrease sperm numbers and T
production
16. the interstitial cells ( leydig cells) make T
the sertoli cells make nutritional stores
seminiferous tubules grow and develop sperm
18. Azoospermia ( no sperm)
2nd greatest cause of infertility
blocked infection chlamydia
causes duct
poorly at birth toxin
working Y
radiation
SRY steroid unknown
injury abuse
