SlideShare une entreprise Scribd logo
1  sur  22
UNIVERSIDAD PEDAGÓGICA EXPERIMENTAL LIBERTADOR INSTITUTO PEDAGÓGICO DE CARACAS DEPARTAMENTO DE IDIOMAS MODERNOS CÁTEDRA DE LINGÜÍSTICA METODOLOGÍA  ILE Borges, Carla G . Caracas, March 2009
 
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],Theory of language  British Structuralism  Oral practice of L2 Structures  Theory of learning  Behaviorism   ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Theory of language  Theory of learning  Structural Linguistics  Language is a system of elements linearly arranged Behaviorism ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Stimulus (Input) Organism (Learner) Response Behavior (Verbal behavior) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Theory of language  Theory of learning  “ Language = Communication” “ Language is what a speaker needs to know to be communicatively competent in speech community”  (Hymes, D) Cognitivism ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Theory of language  Structuralism ,[object Object],Theory of learning  Behaviorism ,[object Object],[object Object],Sv (Verbal stimulus) R (Physical Movement) The BIO Program Brain Lateralization ,[object Object],[object Object],Stress  Reduction ,[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],Chooses, models and presents the materials to be used in class Controls the input given ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Theory of language  Theory of learning  Structuralism Cognitivism ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Awareness
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Theory of language  Holistic (cognitive and affective) Theory of learning  Constructivism Whole-person learning ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],S = security A = agression R = retention/ reflection D =discrimination
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Theory of language  Theory of learning  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Theory of language  Theory of learning  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Structuralism Cognitivism ,[object Object],Lexis centered/memorization
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Richards, J ; Rodgers, T.  “Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching”  5th ed.1989. Melbourne. Cambridge University Press Stern, H.  “Fundamental Concepts of Language Teaching”  2nd ed. 1984. London Oxford University Press
THANKS! [email_address]

Contenu connexe

Tendances

Content based instruction
Content based instructionContent based instruction
Content based instruction
Emine Özkurt
 
Content based instruction presentation.
Content based instruction presentation.Content based instruction presentation.
Content based instruction presentation.
Patrmartin
 
The role of the material
The role of the materialThe role of the material
The role of the material
Erika Ruiz
 
Language teaching methodologies
Language teaching methodologiesLanguage teaching methodologies
Language teaching methodologies
Pei Zhao
 
Second language teaching methods
Second language teaching methodsSecond language teaching methods
Second language teaching methods
fadilaAli
 
Summary of approaches and methods in language teaching
Summary of approaches and methods in language teachingSummary of approaches and methods in language teaching
Summary of approaches and methods in language teaching
Nasrin Eftekhary
 
Language Teaching Methodology 1G
Language Teaching Methodology 1GLanguage Teaching Methodology 1G
Language Teaching Methodology 1G
emma.a
 
Language Teaching Methodology
Language Teaching MethodologyLanguage Teaching Methodology
Language Teaching Methodology
Daniela Montes
 

Tendances (20)

Content based instruction
Content based instructionContent based instruction
Content based instruction
 
Summary of ELT Methods & Approaches
Summary of ELT Methods & Approaches Summary of ELT Methods & Approaches
Summary of ELT Methods & Approaches
 
Content based instruction presentation.
Content based instruction presentation.Content based instruction presentation.
Content based instruction presentation.
 
English language teaching methodology
English language teaching methodologyEnglish language teaching methodology
English language teaching methodology
 
Language teaching approaches and methods
Language teaching approaches and methodsLanguage teaching approaches and methods
Language teaching approaches and methods
 
Methods of teaching english
Methods of teaching englishMethods of teaching english
Methods of teaching english
 
The role of the material
The role of the materialThe role of the material
The role of the material
 
Language teaching methodologies
Language teaching methodologiesLanguage teaching methodologies
Language teaching methodologies
 
Second language teaching methods
Second language teaching methodsSecond language teaching methods
Second language teaching methods
 
Foreign Language Teaching Methodology
Foreign Language Teaching Methodology Foreign Language Teaching Methodology
Foreign Language Teaching Methodology
 
Task-Based Language Teaching (TBLT)
Task-Based  Language Teaching (TBLT)Task-Based  Language Teaching (TBLT)
Task-Based Language Teaching (TBLT)
 
Approaches & Methods in Language Teaching
Approaches & Methods in  Language TeachingApproaches & Methods in  Language Teaching
Approaches & Methods in Language Teaching
 
Summary of approaches and methods in language teaching
Summary of approaches and methods in language teachingSummary of approaches and methods in language teaching
Summary of approaches and methods in language teaching
 
Methodology I (II Bimestre)
Methodology I (II Bimestre)Methodology I (II Bimestre)
Methodology I (II Bimestre)
 
Task based learning Vs PPP
Task based learning Vs PPPTask based learning Vs PPP
Task based learning Vs PPP
 
MATERIALS' DEVELOPMENT BY BRIAN TOMLINSON
MATERIALS' DEVELOPMENT BY BRIAN TOMLINSONMATERIALS' DEVELOPMENT BY BRIAN TOMLINSON
MATERIALS' DEVELOPMENT BY BRIAN TOMLINSON
 
Language Teaching Methodology 1G
Language Teaching Methodology 1GLanguage Teaching Methodology 1G
Language Teaching Methodology 1G
 
21 st century teaching language approaches
21 st century teaching language approaches21 st century teaching language approaches
21 st century teaching language approaches
 
Language Teaching Methodology
Language Teaching MethodologyLanguage Teaching Methodology
Language Teaching Methodology
 
Methods, approaches and techniques of teaching english
Methods, approaches and techniques of teaching englishMethods, approaches and techniques of teaching english
Methods, approaches and techniques of teaching english
 

En vedette

Second Language Teaching Methods
Second Language Teaching MethodsSecond Language Teaching Methods
Second Language Teaching Methods
guest0c02e6
 
Language Teaching Approaches and Methods
Language Teaching Approaches and MethodsLanguage Teaching Approaches and Methods
Language Teaching Approaches and Methods
emma.a
 
CLIL presentation by Helen Baliou at PIERCE COLLEGE
CLIL  presentation by Helen Baliou at PIERCE COLLEGECLIL  presentation by Helen Baliou at PIERCE COLLEGE
CLIL presentation by Helen Baliou at PIERCE COLLEGE
hbaliou
 
Historical overview of esl education feb. 21
Historical overview of esl education feb. 21Historical overview of esl education feb. 21
Historical overview of esl education feb. 21
candyvdv
 
Content and language integrated learning
Content and language integrated learningContent and language integrated learning
Content and language integrated learning
Paula Lauria
 
Chapter 3 procedural_rights_week_3
Chapter 3 procedural_rights_week_3Chapter 3 procedural_rights_week_3
Chapter 3 procedural_rights_week_3
Nyi Maw
 
Reading Approach
Reading ApproachReading Approach
Reading Approach
Stefy Angel
 
English grammar 1 powerpoint level 1
English grammar 1 powerpoint level 1English grammar 1 powerpoint level 1
English grammar 1 powerpoint level 1
FINAFELIP
 
CLIL 1: What is it? Advantages and Drawbacks
CLIL 1: What is it? Advantages and DrawbacksCLIL 1: What is it? Advantages and Drawbacks
CLIL 1: What is it? Advantages and Drawbacks
Montse Irun
 
Introduction to error analysis
Introduction to error analysis Introduction to error analysis
Introduction to error analysis
Muhmmad Asif
 

En vedette (20)

Second Language Teaching Methods
Second Language Teaching MethodsSecond Language Teaching Methods
Second Language Teaching Methods
 
Language Teaching Approaches and Methods
Language Teaching Approaches and MethodsLanguage Teaching Approaches and Methods
Language Teaching Approaches and Methods
 
CLIL presentation by Helen Baliou at PIERCE COLLEGE
CLIL  presentation by Helen Baliou at PIERCE COLLEGECLIL  presentation by Helen Baliou at PIERCE COLLEGE
CLIL presentation by Helen Baliou at PIERCE COLLEGE
 
Historical overview of esl education feb. 21
Historical overview of esl education feb. 21Historical overview of esl education feb. 21
Historical overview of esl education feb. 21
 
Content and language integrated learning
Content and language integrated learningContent and language integrated learning
Content and language integrated learning
 
FAMOUS ESL THEORIST
FAMOUS ESL THEORIST FAMOUS ESL THEORIST
FAMOUS ESL THEORIST
 
Chapter 3 procedural_rights_week_3
Chapter 3 procedural_rights_week_3Chapter 3 procedural_rights_week_3
Chapter 3 procedural_rights_week_3
 
An introduction to content and language integrated learning
An introduction to content and language integrated learningAn introduction to content and language integrated learning
An introduction to content and language integrated learning
 
Reading Method - C-map
Reading Method - C-mapReading Method - C-map
Reading Method - C-map
 
Reading Approach
Reading ApproachReading Approach
Reading Approach
 
Clil: What´s Clil?
Clil: What´s Clil?Clil: What´s Clil?
Clil: What´s Clil?
 
The 4Cs Of CLIL - Module 1
The 4Cs Of CLIL - Module 1The 4Cs Of CLIL - Module 1
The 4Cs Of CLIL - Module 1
 
English grammar 1 powerpoint level 1
English grammar 1 powerpoint level 1English grammar 1 powerpoint level 1
English grammar 1 powerpoint level 1
 
CLIL 1: What is it? Advantages and Drawbacks
CLIL 1: What is it? Advantages and DrawbacksCLIL 1: What is it? Advantages and Drawbacks
CLIL 1: What is it? Advantages and Drawbacks
 
Language Teaching Methodology
Language Teaching MethodologyLanguage Teaching Methodology
Language Teaching Methodology
 
Clil presentation
Clil presentationClil presentation
Clil presentation
 
Introduction to error analysis
Introduction to error analysis Introduction to error analysis
Introduction to error analysis
 
CLIL - Content and Language Integrated Learning
CLIL - Content and Language Integrated LearningCLIL - Content and Language Integrated Learning
CLIL - Content and Language Integrated Learning
 
Jurisprudence study guide 2.docx
Jurisprudence study guide 2.docxJurisprudence study guide 2.docx
Jurisprudence study guide 2.docx
 
Teaching speaking and pronunciation ppt
Teaching speaking and pronunciation pptTeaching speaking and pronunciation ppt
Teaching speaking and pronunciation ppt
 

Similaire à Methods And Approaches

History of language teaching methodology
History of language teaching methodologyHistory of language teaching methodology
History of language teaching methodology
ACorrea58
 
UTNM.pptxPREPARATION COURSE FOR PET EXAM
UTNM.pptxPREPARATION COURSE FOR PET EXAMUTNM.pptxPREPARATION COURSE FOR PET EXAM
UTNM.pptxPREPARATION COURSE FOR PET EXAM
Jose Obando
 
Nine twentieth century approaches to language teaching
Nine twentieth century approaches to language teachingNine twentieth century approaches to language teaching
Nine twentieth century approaches to language teaching
edac4co
 
English Language Teaching Methods
English Language Teaching MethodsEnglish Language Teaching Methods
English Language Teaching Methods
Hala Nur
 
Methods & approaches ubo
Methods & approaches   uboMethods & approaches   ubo
Methods & approaches ubo
johnchile
 
HISTORY METHODS AND APPROACHES
HISTORY METHODS AND APPROACHESHISTORY METHODS AND APPROACHES
HISTORY METHODS AND APPROACHES
Oven Pérez Nates
 

Similaire à Methods And Approaches (20)

Methods and Approaches (Introduction to the course)
Methods and Approaches (Introduction to the course)Methods and Approaches (Introduction to the course)
Methods and Approaches (Introduction to the course)
 
History of language teaching methodology
History of language teaching methodologyHistory of language teaching methodology
History of language teaching methodology
 
History of language_teaching
History of language_teachingHistory of language_teaching
History of language_teaching
 
Teaching methods
Teaching methodsTeaching methods
Teaching methods
 
Methods_and_Approaches_in_ELT.pptx
Methods_and_Approaches_in_ELT.pptxMethods_and_Approaches_in_ELT.pptx
Methods_and_Approaches_in_ELT.pptx
 
UTNM.pptxPREPARATION COURSE FOR PET EXAM
UTNM.pptxPREPARATION COURSE FOR PET EXAMUTNM.pptxPREPARATION COURSE FOR PET EXAM
UTNM.pptxPREPARATION COURSE FOR PET EXAM
 
Methods_and_Approaches_in_ELT.pptx
Methods_and_Approaches_in_ELT.pptxMethods_and_Approaches_in_ELT.pptx
Methods_and_Approaches_in_ELT.pptx
 
a slide history_of_language_teaching.ppt
a slide history_of_language_teaching.ppta slide history_of_language_teaching.ppt
a slide history_of_language_teaching.ppt
 
Book review on approaches and methods in language teaching
Book review on approaches and methods in language teachingBook review on approaches and methods in language teaching
Book review on approaches and methods in language teaching
 
TIKA WAHYU LESTARI (16108810038)
TIKA WAHYU LESTARI (16108810038)TIKA WAHYU LESTARI (16108810038)
TIKA WAHYU LESTARI (16108810038)
 
Nine twentieth century approaches to language teaching
Nine twentieth century approaches to language teachingNine twentieth century approaches to language teaching
Nine twentieth century approaches to language teaching
 
English Language Teaching Methods
English Language Teaching MethodsEnglish Language Teaching Methods
English Language Teaching Methods
 
Methods & approaches ubo
Methods & approaches   uboMethods & approaches   ubo
Methods & approaches ubo
 
history_of_language_teaching
history_of_language_teachinghistory_of_language_teaching
history_of_language_teaching
 
Audio Lingual Method, army method ppt.pptx
Audio Lingual Method, army method ppt.pptxAudio Lingual Method, army method ppt.pptx
Audio Lingual Method, army method ppt.pptx
 
HISTORY METHODS AND APPROACHES
HISTORY METHODS AND APPROACHESHISTORY METHODS AND APPROACHES
HISTORY METHODS AND APPROACHES
 
Teaching of english as a foreign language
Teaching of english as a foreign languageTeaching of english as a foreign language
Teaching of english as a foreign language
 
Audio Lingual Method
Audio Lingual MethodAudio Lingual Method
Audio Lingual Method
 
Adapt don’t adopt
Adapt don’t adoptAdapt don’t adopt
Adapt don’t adopt
 
Four skills
Four skillsFour skills
Four skills
 

Plus de Carolina Roman (20)

Welcome to 2nd eso. Bilingual Maths
Welcome to 2nd eso. Bilingual MathsWelcome to 2nd eso. Bilingual Maths
Welcome to 2nd eso. Bilingual Maths
 
Ingles ya-powerpoint-2014+ ministay
Ingles ya-powerpoint-2014+ ministayIngles ya-powerpoint-2014+ ministay
Ingles ya-powerpoint-2014+ ministay
 
Reunión padres 2013 4ºc
Reunión padres 2013 4ºcReunión padres 2013 4ºc
Reunión padres 2013 4ºc
 
Presentación curso 1 bachillerato
Presentación curso 1 bachilleratoPresentación curso 1 bachillerato
Presentación curso 1 bachillerato
 
Presentacion ingles
Presentacion inglesPresentacion ingles
Presentacion ingles
 
Presentacion ingles baseball antonio morales
Presentacion ingles baseball antonio moralesPresentacion ingles baseball antonio morales
Presentacion ingles baseball antonio morales
 
Polo
PoloPolo
Polo
 
Lacrosse efren y aroa
Lacrosse efren y aroaLacrosse efren y aroa
Lacrosse efren y aroa
 
Ingles deportes1
Ingles deportes1Ingles deportes1
Ingles deportes1
 
Ingles deportes
Ingles deportesIngles deportes
Ingles deportes
 
Ice hockey, adri y carmen
Ice hockey, adri y carmenIce hockey, adri y carmen
Ice hockey, adri y carmen
 
Cricket julia y junra
Cricket julia y junraCricket julia y junra
Cricket julia y junra
 
Baseball
BaseballBaseball
Baseball
 
Basketball soniaandangela2ºc
Basketball soniaandangela2ºcBasketball soniaandangela2ºc
Basketball soniaandangela2ºc
 
Basketball
BasketballBasketball
Basketball
 
Presentación curso 2 bachillerato
Presentación curso 2 bachilleratoPresentación curso 2 bachillerato
Presentación curso 2 bachillerato
 
Presentación curso 3º eso
Presentación curso 3º esoPresentación curso 3º eso
Presentación curso 3º eso
 
Tutoría 3º d
Tutoría 3º dTutoría 3º d
Tutoría 3º d
 
Presentación arce sierra nevada (word)
Presentación arce sierra nevada (word)Presentación arce sierra nevada (word)
Presentación arce sierra nevada (word)
 
Trabajo
TrabajoTrabajo
Trabajo
 

Dernier

Architecting Cloud Native Applications
Architecting Cloud Native ApplicationsArchitecting Cloud Native Applications
Architecting Cloud Native Applications
WSO2
 

Dernier (20)

Navi Mumbai Call Girls 🥰 8617370543 Service Offer VIP Hot Model
Navi Mumbai Call Girls 🥰 8617370543 Service Offer VIP Hot ModelNavi Mumbai Call Girls 🥰 8617370543 Service Offer VIP Hot Model
Navi Mumbai Call Girls 🥰 8617370543 Service Offer VIP Hot Model
 
Boost Fertility New Invention Ups Success Rates.pdf
Boost Fertility New Invention Ups Success Rates.pdfBoost Fertility New Invention Ups Success Rates.pdf
Boost Fertility New Invention Ups Success Rates.pdf
 
Apidays New York 2024 - The Good, the Bad and the Governed by David O'Neill, ...
Apidays New York 2024 - The Good, the Bad and the Governed by David O'Neill, ...Apidays New York 2024 - The Good, the Bad and the Governed by David O'Neill, ...
Apidays New York 2024 - The Good, the Bad and the Governed by David O'Neill, ...
 
EMPOWERMENT TECHNOLOGY GRADE 11 QUARTER 2 REVIEWER
EMPOWERMENT TECHNOLOGY GRADE 11 QUARTER 2 REVIEWEREMPOWERMENT TECHNOLOGY GRADE 11 QUARTER 2 REVIEWER
EMPOWERMENT TECHNOLOGY GRADE 11 QUARTER 2 REVIEWER
 
Connector Corner: Accelerate revenue generation using UiPath API-centric busi...
Connector Corner: Accelerate revenue generation using UiPath API-centric busi...Connector Corner: Accelerate revenue generation using UiPath API-centric busi...
Connector Corner: Accelerate revenue generation using UiPath API-centric busi...
 
MINDCTI Revenue Release Quarter One 2024
MINDCTI Revenue Release Quarter One 2024MINDCTI Revenue Release Quarter One 2024
MINDCTI Revenue Release Quarter One 2024
 
Corporate and higher education May webinar.pptx
Corporate and higher education May webinar.pptxCorporate and higher education May webinar.pptx
Corporate and higher education May webinar.pptx
 
Strategies for Unlocking Knowledge Management in Microsoft 365 in the Copilot...
Strategies for Unlocking Knowledge Management in Microsoft 365 in the Copilot...Strategies for Unlocking Knowledge Management in Microsoft 365 in the Copilot...
Strategies for Unlocking Knowledge Management in Microsoft 365 in the Copilot...
 
Automating Google Workspace (GWS) & more with Apps Script
Automating Google Workspace (GWS) & more with Apps ScriptAutomating Google Workspace (GWS) & more with Apps Script
Automating Google Workspace (GWS) & more with Apps Script
 
GenAI Risks & Security Meetup 01052024.pdf
GenAI Risks & Security Meetup 01052024.pdfGenAI Risks & Security Meetup 01052024.pdf
GenAI Risks & Security Meetup 01052024.pdf
 
Architecting Cloud Native Applications
Architecting Cloud Native ApplicationsArchitecting Cloud Native Applications
Architecting Cloud Native Applications
 
Strategize a Smooth Tenant-to-tenant Migration and Copilot Takeoff
Strategize a Smooth Tenant-to-tenant Migration and Copilot TakeoffStrategize a Smooth Tenant-to-tenant Migration and Copilot Takeoff
Strategize a Smooth Tenant-to-tenant Migration and Copilot Takeoff
 
How to Troubleshoot Apps for the Modern Connected Worker
How to Troubleshoot Apps for the Modern Connected WorkerHow to Troubleshoot Apps for the Modern Connected Worker
How to Troubleshoot Apps for the Modern Connected Worker
 
Apidays New York 2024 - Accelerating FinTech Innovation by Vasa Krishnan, Fin...
Apidays New York 2024 - Accelerating FinTech Innovation by Vasa Krishnan, Fin...Apidays New York 2024 - Accelerating FinTech Innovation by Vasa Krishnan, Fin...
Apidays New York 2024 - Accelerating FinTech Innovation by Vasa Krishnan, Fin...
 
"I see eyes in my soup": How Delivery Hero implemented the safety system for ...
"I see eyes in my soup": How Delivery Hero implemented the safety system for ..."I see eyes in my soup": How Delivery Hero implemented the safety system for ...
"I see eyes in my soup": How Delivery Hero implemented the safety system for ...
 
Web Form Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apri...
Web Form Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apri...Web Form Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apri...
Web Form Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apri...
 
AWS Community Day CPH - Three problems of Terraform
AWS Community Day CPH - Three problems of TerraformAWS Community Day CPH - Three problems of Terraform
AWS Community Day CPH - Three problems of Terraform
 
FWD Group - Insurer Innovation Award 2024
FWD Group - Insurer Innovation Award 2024FWD Group - Insurer Innovation Award 2024
FWD Group - Insurer Innovation Award 2024
 
Axa Assurance Maroc - Insurer Innovation Award 2024
Axa Assurance Maroc - Insurer Innovation Award 2024Axa Assurance Maroc - Insurer Innovation Award 2024
Axa Assurance Maroc - Insurer Innovation Award 2024
 
Manulife - Insurer Transformation Award 2024
Manulife - Insurer Transformation Award 2024Manulife - Insurer Transformation Award 2024
Manulife - Insurer Transformation Award 2024
 

Methods And Approaches

  • 1. UNIVERSIDAD PEDAGÓGICA EXPERIMENTAL LIBERTADOR INSTITUTO PEDAGÓGICO DE CARACAS DEPARTAMENTO DE IDIOMAS MODERNOS CÁTEDRA DE LINGÜÍSTICA METODOLOGÍA ILE Borges, Carla G . Caracas, March 2009
  • 2.  
  • 3.
  • 4.
  • 5.
  • 6.
  • 7.
  • 8.
  • 9.
  • 10.
  • 11.
  • 12.
  • 13.
  • 14.
  • 15.
  • 16.
  • 17.
  • 18.
  • 19.
  • 20.
  • 21. Richards, J ; Rodgers, T. “Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching” 5th ed.1989. Melbourne. Cambridge University Press Stern, H. “Fundamental Concepts of Language Teaching” 2nd ed. 1984. London Oxford University Press