2. CLIMATE CHANGE - A PHENOMENON
CLIMATE “A change in climate which is
attributed directly or indirectly to
Region with certain
conditions of human activities that alters the
temperature, dryness, wind composition of the global
, light etc. atmosphere and which is in
addition to natural climate
variability observed over
TROPICAL CLIMATE comparable time periods.”
 Heat is the dominant
problem.
 Annual mean It implies that climatic change is
temperature is not less attributed to human activities
than 25 degree C
directly or indirectly.

3. CLIMATIC ZONES HOT-ARID ZONE
• High diurnal
variation
WARM • High seasonal
HOT ARID variations with
HUMID extremely hot
summers and cold
winters
• High insolation
TEMPERATE COLD • Low rainfall and
water scarcity
ZONE • Bright cloudless sky
Summer winter
Climatic variable time mean maximum mean maximum
Air temp(deg.C) Day 43-49 58 27-32 -
night 24-32 10-18
RelativeHumidity (%) 10-55 -
precipitation 50-155 -

4. CLIMATIC PARAMETERS
HUMIDITY AND
AIR TEMPERATURE PRECIPITATION
SOLAR RADIATION
AND INFLUENCE
AIR MOVEMENT
OF SKY
CONDITIONS

5. VULNERABILITY OF SETTLEMENTS TO CLIMATE CHANGE
I. Housing & shelter Sectors attributed directly to
II. The surrounding
community,neighbourhood,villag
human settlements and
e or relevant social unit in which vulnerable to climatic change
individuals live,
III. The supporting physical • Health
infrastructure (e.g. water & • Changes in social and
sanitations services physical environment
&communication links) • Loss of biomass
IV. social &cultural services (e.g. • Drought or water storages
Health services,education,police • Floods
protection,recreational services • Tropical cyclones
etc.,) • Sea level rise

6. SITE PLANNING

7. SITE ASSESSMENT
SITE SELECTION
SITE ANALYSIS
SITE DEVELOPMENT

8. SITE SELECTION
It is governed by adjacent land uses, access to public
infrastructure, approval and permitting requirements, cost of
land & construction, microclimate, ecological patterns and
resources.
BASIC RESOURCES THAT MAY BE DOCUMENTED AT
COMMUNITY LEVEL
• Wetlands
• Floodplains
• Moderate &steep slopes
• Groundwater resources and aquifer recharge areas
• Woodlands
• Productive farmlands
• Significant wildlife habitats
• Historic, archaeological & cultural features
• Scenic view sheds

9. Where the proposed use of the site is
Analysis of the building site which
predetermined, and site analysis and site
includes the assessment of its
planning arc concerned with
better features as well as its
constraints and liabilities determining, how best the proposed use
can be fitted to the site
Land planning projects in mountain
regions require data on topographic
SITE
slope, elevation & aspect whereas
this attribute may be insignificant on ANALYSIS
a level terrain
Whenever a site is to be developed for a
It may entail different kinds of particular building program, two sets of
evaluation i.e., information factors have to be considered.
contained in site’s physical, SITE FACTORS - those relating to
biological and cultural attributes. the characteristics of the site
These attributes influence the USE FACTORS - those relating to
suitability of a site for the proposed the proposed use of the site, i.e. the
uses. building program

10. SITE INVENTORY
CHARACTERISTICS

11. SITE INVENTORY
Physical attributes
The purpose of site inventory is the quick assessment of the site to:
• Identify potentially significant site assets & liabilities
• Develop a base map for land planning & design
Physical
Attributes
Topography Soil Climate Precipitation Temperature Wind
Elevation
Slope
Aspect

12. Site inventory characteristics Building design elements Site design elements
Geographical latitude and • Building layout for solar • Location of green and
microclimatic factors such as orientation paved areas
wind loads • Location of windows , • Selection of vegetation and
entrances, and loading integration with the native
docks landscape
• Location of air inlets • Bio-diversity
• Architectural elevations • Use of landscape elements
• Surface to volume ratios such as buffer zones
Topography and adjacent land • Building proportions • Gravity fed sewer lines
forms • Wind loads • Land fillings
• Architectural elevations • Natural site features for
• Drainage strategies rain/storm water drainage
• Location of groundwater
detention ponds
Solar access • Building position for day • Location of energy efficient
lighting , photovoltaic and features such as solar
solar passive techniques ponds
• Construction of walls • Placement of selective
• Selection of building species of trees such as
materials and finishes deciduous trees n the
south side

13. Site inventory characteristics Building design elements Site design elements
Geologic and seismic data • Foundation type Structural considerations for
• Structural specifications site landscaping , such as
retaining walls , fixed seating,
etc.,
Air movement patterns • Placement of wind towers Site layout of building
• Location of fenestration on structures to trap wind for
the basis of pressure ventilation
differentials , passive solar
cooling design
Soil types , textures and load • Foundation design and • Site grading procedures
bearing capacity location that minimize erosion
• Plant selections as per soil
type
Parcel shape and access with Planning for the capacity to Making the potential access
adjacent land uses and accommodate the proposed points , which do not burden
buildings development the lower density or adjacent
land use
Neighboring or proposed Design flexibility for future Location of utility and
future developments extension infrastructure for future
extension.

14. SITE DEVELOPMENT
• Excavation and grading keep to an SLOPES (Earth Cut Or Fill)
• Do not exceed the angle of repose of the
absolute minimum. soils being graded or placed (the steepest
• Balance the on-site cut and fill. Off- angle at which the slope remains stable).
• A slope of 1on 2 maximum (I foot vertical
site borrow or disposition is rise for 2 feet of horizontal distance) is
recom-mended for mulched or planted
expensive. embankments.
• Protect trees and established • A slope of 1on 3 maximum is preferred for
lawn areas to facilitate mowing.
ground covers. Remove and • Place fill material in uniform layers of 6 to 8
inches of loose material.
stockpile the topsoil. • Allow for soil shrinkage (or swelling in some
• Avoid working the soil when it is instances); 3 to 5 percent shrinkage is
normal in compacted fills.
wet, powder - dry, or frozen. • Provide mechanical compaction. Natural
• Provide positive surface drainage compaction by the eventual settlement of
loosely placed soils is seldom uniform or
away from buildings to swales, complete.
• All fills should be compacted fills, placed on
gutters, drain inlets, or outfalls. prepared benches cut through topsoil and
• Re-establish ground covers without overburden.
• Thrust benches and positive drainage must
delay. Unprotected soils cause be provided at the base of major fills.
erosion and siltation.

15. Sun-orientation
• The orientation of a building is influenced by
the amount of solar radiation falling on
different sides at different times.
• Buildings are best arranged in clusters for
heat absorption, shading opportunities and
protection from east and west exposures.
• The larger building dimension should face
north and south (generally, west orientation
is the worst: high air temperature combined
with strong solar radiation) .
• The optimum orientation for any given
location has to be determined in order to
achieve the most satisfactory distribution of
total heat gain and loss in all seasons. At
high altitude enough heat gain for passive
heating should be possible.

16. ROADS AND DRIVEWAYS PARKING
In planning the approach drive or
roadway consider:
• Sight distance: provide sufficient • Allow a normal stall width of 8 feet 6
horizontal and vertical sight distance inches minimum to 12 feet
to give 10 second minimum maximum; 10 feet is a comfortable
observation time at permitted
approach speed. average.
• All-weather and nighttime • Stall marking: While a single divider
drivability, stripe will suffice, two 3-inch lines,
• Economical length and minimum 12 to 16 inches on cen-ter with a half
landscape disruption circle at the aisle end, is
recom-mended.
• For an approximate parking
compound capacity calculation,
allow 300 square feet of paved
parking area per standard car, plus
approach ramps, distributor loops,
planting medians. turnabouts,
collector walks, and buffer areas.

17. DESIGN FOR HOT-ARID ZONES
• Minimal sun-exposure in summer is necessary and
therefore compactness and shade are the main
principals for building in hot-arid zones.
• compact planning for groups of buildings is
required in order to give shade to each other and
reduce the surface area exposed to solar radiation.
• Arcades, colonnades, cantilevered buildings or
building components, membranes and small
enclosed courtyards are traditional responses to
the climate.
• Air circulation can be improved through wind
channelling in shaded narrow streets in the
direction of the main wind.
• The grouping of buildings and alleys or lanes
should allow for proper ventilation or even
increase the airflow.
• The location near a water source and the
incorporation of vegetation is most important.

18. 1. Grid diagonal to east-west axis 2. Narrow, zigzagging alleys
• The grid pattern maximizes radiation
throughout its straight streets, but by • Winding or zigzagging narrow alleys
orienting the grid pattern diagonally to receive minimum radiation, reduce the
the east-west axis, the sun exposure and effect of stormy winds, establish
shade is better distributed on the streets; shaded spaces throughout the day
such a grid still supports the dynamic which provide a cool and comfortable
movement of air. More important, microclimate and also stay relatively
however, is the form of alleys and warm during cold nights and in winter.
buildings.

19. BLOCKED STREETS AND ALLEYS
Street orientation and housing patterns are significant and must be
planned carefully. Straight and parallel streets open the city to wind
ventilation. Storm effects can be reduced by blocking streets. Two-
story buildings with closed patios open to the sky will maximize
shade, minimize radiation, yet still retain ventilation and reduce the
effects of stormy winds. Buildings should be attached (cluster) to
reduce exposed surfaces.

20. URBAN HEAT ISLAND
Heat island refers to any area
which is hotter than the
surrounding area.
CAUSE SOLUTIONS TO REDUCE
UHIE
• Improper planning of the site creates
“heat island effect”.
• main cause of the urban heat island is • Limit the area of hard surfaces
modification of the land surface by urban like paved roads etc.
development which uses materials (such • Shading of paved areas using
as asphalt, tar etc)which effectively
• green cover
retain heat and also by the waste heat
• Use of Light colour concrete
produced by the buildings and vehicles.
• Effects of UHI • surfaces
• Decreases air quality by producing air • Open grid pavement
pollutants like ozone • Materials with high reflectance
• Decreases water quality as warmer water
effects the ecosystem.

21. HARVESTING ENERGY FROM ASPHALT PAVEMENTS AND
REDUCING THE HEAT ISLAND EFFECT
This is a concept of using a piping network
below the surface of asphalt pavements to flow
an appropriate fluid, to reduce the temperature
of the asphalt pavement,reduce Urban Heat
Island Effect, and use the heated fluid for
different end applications such as
heating, power generation or refrigeration. The
reduced temperature will extend the life of the
pavement, while the reduced temperature of
the near surface air will lead to savings in
energy consumption of adjacent buildings and
improvement in air quality.

23. WIND SHADOW EFFECT
Wind when meeting an obstruction in its
path creates pressure on windward and
suction on leeward path ..as a result
buildings on leeward path faces poor
ventilation so they are placed in
staggered forms or at six times their
actual heights.
If buildings are laid out on a regular grid, the
benefit of wind may be lost altogether. If buildings
are staggered, and preferably spaced apart, then
the flow of air may be
maintained, and the wind shadow reduced.

24. Landscape Elements for Microclimate Control
General landscape treatment to create
• Landscaping can be used to comfortable micro climate
• .
control several aspects of
the microclimate. The
climatic variables that can
be regulated include solar
radiation (sol-air
temperature), air
temperature, wind speed
and direction, relative
humidity and glare.
• Landscaping elements can
be grouped into hard
landscaping elements and
soft landscaping elements

25. HARD LANDSCAPE ELEMENTS
Steps and paving
Air crossing hard reflective or absorptive surfaces like parking lots and sidewalks is warmed
.The choice of the surface finishing, material and construction of steps and paving can play a
significant role in the reduction of ground temperature.
Walls and fences
• Walls are used to deflect the wind, and they can be used to channel the wind. Walls are
usually solid, while fences are made from stakes, rails, wire, netting, et c. Fences thus
allow some wind to flow through them, even when they have climbers.
Slopes and barriers
The use of slopes and barriers to direct airflow can be very effective on sites with significant
variations in the topography.
Stones and boulders
Stones and boulders can be arranged to direct airflow and to provide shade.
SOFT LANDSCAPE ELEMENTS
Trees and shrubs
• Trees and shrubs are the most significant in the provision of shade and the control of relative humidity
and air movement.
• They contribute thermal comfort than any other element.
• Ventilation is affected by plant materials.
• air passing through trees and plants will be cooled.

26. HOT-ARID
REGIONS TRELLIS
• In these regions landscape elements
should equalize temperature by
avoiding hot winds and to retain
existing moisture.
• Southern exposure should be treated
with landscaping to block rays of
sun.
• Tall high crown trees such as palm
,eucalyptus are used as sun screens
• Use of trellis on south facing
structures also causes shading and
cool winds.
SOUTH FACING TREES BLOCK
THE DIRECT SUN RAYS AND
PROVIDE SHADE TO ADJACENT
STRUCTURES

27. • Western exposures are
vulnerable to harsh glare so
groundcovers cut reflection and
cool ground air.
• Eastern faces can be controlled
by planting bushes or low trees
are preferred.
GROUND COVER IN CHECK BOARD PATTERN USES
NONREFLECTANCE MATERIALS SUCH AS WOOD,CHIPS ETC.IT
ADDS COLOUR AND DESIGN,DOES NOT REFLECT HEAT AND
LIGHT, CONSERVES MOISTURE AND ELIMINATES DESERT LIKE
LANDSACPE.

28. POOLS AND PONDS A good example is the Baha'i Temple at New
Delhi. This is a complex concrete shell
structure which is a place of assembly, but
does not utilise air-conditioning, even though a
hot dry wind blows through the area. The wind
is funnelled over embankments over standing
water which is below natural ground level. It
then passes through the openings around the
base of the dome, and rises up through the
interior.
water bodies are used for
humidification and evaporative
cooling.
cool pools, if large enough, can
have a significant effect. If moving
air can be funnelled through these
pools which is out of the direct
sun, it will lose some of its heat
before reaching the building.

29. “ All architecture is shelter, all great architecture is the design of space
that contains, cuddles, exalts, or stimulates the persons in that space”
Philip Johnson
• Chaitanya korra 090-158
• Rachana 090 -160
• Ravali 090-172
• Mehar kumar 090-176
• Manogna 090-175