1. LUDMILA CIUMAC
ENGLISH
(From beginners or false beginners to
intermediates)
CHIŞINĂU 2001
2. INTRODUCTIONS IN PHONETICS
Introducere in fonetica
Engleza este o limba germanica si are semne conventionale din
alfabetul latin.
Totusi cu timpul, Engleza s-a transformat dintr-o limba
fonetica, pronutarea careia a devenit o problema reala pentru
straini. Venind in ajutor studentului in pronuntarea corecta a
cuvintelor, mai intai vom descrie sunetele, iar apoi, cuvintele
vor fi descrise in Sistema Internationala de Semne, cunoscuta
deasemenea ca Alfabetul Fonetic. Toate vocalele insotite de /:/
arata lungimea vocalei respective.
Rules of Reading
In limba engleza sunt 26 de litere si 44 de sunete. Aceasta se
explica prin faptul ca vocalele a, e, i, o, u, y se citesc diferit in
pozitii diferite. Tabelul de mai jos va va ajuta sa sistematizati
si sa memorizati citirea lor.
2
3. Vocală Silabă Silabă Vocala Vocal Excepţii
a+r
(se termină (se termină în
în vocală) consoană) a + re
A [ei] [æ] [a:] [εә] many
cake [keik] bag [bæg] car [ka:] care [k εә]
have [hævi]
plate [pleit] man [m bar [ba:] hare [h
take [teik] æn] part [pa:t] εә]
make [meik] can [k æn] card [ka:d] fare [f εә]
map [m rare [r εә]
æp]
E [i:] [e] [ ә:] [ i ә]
he [hi:] egg [eg] her [hә:] here [hiә] English
she [∫i:] pen [pen] Berlin [b ә:lin] mere [miә]
we [wi:] hen [hen] perfect[pә:fikt] seven [sevn]
be [bi:] lesson [lesn] term [tә:m]
I/Y [ai] [I] [ ә:] -
I [ai] pig [pig] bird [ bә:d] live [liv]
nine [nain] sick [sik] girl [gә:l] give [giv]
pine [pain] tip [tip] circle [sә:kl]
fix [fiks]
my [mai] kirk [kә:k]-
system [sistәm]
fly [flai] myth [mi θ] (biserica scot)
O [ou] [ ә] [ ә:] -
rose [rouz] box [boks] fork [fo:k] do [du:]
close [klouz] fox [foks] horse [ho:s] son [sΛn]
nose [nouz] clock [klok] pork [po:k] who [hu:]
open [oupn] cock [kok] form [fo:m] two [tu:]
one [wΛn]
you [ju:]
U [ju:] [Λ] [ ә:] -
3
4. pupil [pju:pl] cup [kΛp] fur [fә:] put [put]
music duck [dΛk] turn [t ә:n]
[mju:zik] duster[dΛstә] burn [bә:n]
pure [pju:ә] plus [plΛs] curl [kә: l]
mute [mju:t] cut [kΛt] purpose
student [pә:pәz]
[stju:dnt]
VOWELS [vauэlz] – description and pronunciation (descrierea si
pronuntarea)
“A”
[э] as ‘ă’ ca in limba romana: casă, fată, mamă.
a [э] - un, o
summer [sΛmэ] - vara
sister [sistэ] - sora
[з:] ca ‘aa’ romanesc
girl [gз:l] - fata
first [fз:st] - primul/prima
purpose [pз:pэs] - scop/intentie
[æ] ca ‘a/e’: bere
man [mæn] - om/barbat
cat [cæt] - pisica
flat [flæt] - apartament
[Λ] ca in l. romana: tac, zac, mac.
son [sΛn] - fiu
but [bΛt] - insa/dar/ci
nut [nΛt] - nuca
[a:] rostit din fundul gurii: ba, are.
4
5. car [ka:] - automobil
aunt [a:nt] - matusa
far [fa:] - departe
[ai] [au] ca in l. romana: cai sau.
I [ai] - eu
now [nau] - acum
eye [ai] - ochi
cow [cau] - vaca
buy [bai] - a cumpara
mouse [maus] - soarece
[aiэ] numai in triftongi rostit aprox. Ca aca, cu ultimele doua
elemente foarte scurte.
fire [faiэ] - foc
tired [taiэd] - obosit
hire [haiэ] - a inchiria
[auэ] rostit aprox.. ca aoă, cu ultimele doua elemente foarte
scurte:
flower [flauэ] - floare
tower [tauэ] - turn
sour [sauэ] - acru
“E”
[e] ca in l. romana: vers, neg, cred.
pen [pen] - stilou
lesson [lesn] - lectie
bed [bed] - pat
[ei] ca in l. romana: tei, lei, vrei.
day [dei] - zi
name [neim] - nume
stay [stei] - a sta/a locui
5
6. [eiэ] in triftongi
player [pleiэ] - jucator/actor
prayer [preiэ] - rugaciune
layer [leiэ] - strat
[eэ] o prelungire a lui ‘e’ in ‘ă’
hair [heэ] - par
fair [feэ] - blond/targ/onest/corect
bear [beэ] - a purta/a suporta/urs
rare [reэ] - rar
care [keэ] - grija/atentie
“I”
[i] ca in l. romana: vin, lin, plin.
pity [piti] - mila/compatimire
fist [fist] - pumn
it [it] - el/ea pentru obiecte, fenomene, etc.
[i:] rostit ca doi de‘i’
eat [i:t] - a manca
meet [mi:t] - a /se/ intalni/ a face cunostinta
niece [ni:s] - nepoata
[iэ] rostit ca ‘i’ si ‘ă’romanesc impreuna ‘iă’.
near [niэ] - langa/aproape
dear [diэ] - draga/scumpa
fear [fiэ] - teama/spaima/risc
“O”
[o] rostit scurt si deschis, putin nazal.
not [not] - nu
pot [pot] - oala/vas/cratita/ghiveci
fog [fog] - ceata
[o:] ca in l. romana: alcool, co-operativa.
floor [flo:] - etaj/podea
storm [sto:m] - furtuna
6
7. door [do:] - usa
[oi] ca in l. romana: oi, noi, doi.
toilet [toilit] - toaleta, baie/WC
boy [boi] - baiat
toy [toi] - jucarie
“U”
[u] ca romaneste: drum, cum, fum.
cook [cuk] - a gati/bucatar
book [buk] - carte
put [put] - a pune
[u:] ca romaneste: vacuum
soon [su:n] - curand /indata
noon [nu:n] - amiaza
spoon [spu:n] - lingura
[uэ] ca romaneste ’u’ si ‘ă’ rostite impreuna
poor [puэ] - biet/sarman/sarac
tour [tuэ] - tur/vizitarea unui oras
hour [auэ] - ora
[ou] [эu] ambele sunt rostite in acelas mod ca in l. romana: căus
băut, tău.
open [oupn] - a deschide
old [ould] - vechi/batran
no [nou] - nu
CONSONANTS [konsэnэnts] - descriptions and pronunciations
(descrierea si pronuntarea)
Consonants are divided into two main groups (Consoanele sunt
divizate in doua grupe principale): VOICED [voist] (sonore) b, d, g,
v, z, m, n, n, r, l and UNVOICED [Λnvoist] (surde) p, t, k, f, O, s, , t
, h; SEMIVOWELS [semivaulz] (semivocale) j, w.
[b] ball [bo:l] - minge
bell [bel] - clopotel
big [big] - mare
7
8. [d] dog [dog] - caine
dirty [dэ:ti] - murdar
deep [di:p] - adanc
[g] goose [gu:s] - gasca
gold [gould] - aur
good [gud] - bun/a/
[v] very [veri] - foarte
voice [vois] - voce
have [hæv] - a avea
[z] zip [zip] - fermoar
zoo [zu:] - gradina zoologica
does [dΛz] - face
[m] money [mΛni] - bani
maybe [meibi] - probabil
must [mΛst] - a trebui
[n] nose [nouz] - nas
night [nait] - noapte
nice [nais] - frumos
[l] live [liv] - a locui
love [lΛv] - a iubi
light [lait] - lumina
[p] party [pa:ti] - partid/petrecere
pillow [pilou] - perna
pie [pai] - placinta
[r] crazy [creizi] - nebun
red [red] - rosu
screen [skri:n] - ecran
8
9. [t] time [taim] - ori/timp/ora
tea [ti:] - ceai
tall [to:l] - inalt
[k] cake [keik] - pragitura
kind [kaind] - fel/amabil
cold [kould] - frig
f] fly [flai] - a zbura
fast [fast] - repede
feel [fi:l] - a simti
[s] see [si:] - a vedea
city [siti] - oras
son [sΛn] - fecior
[h] he [hi:] - el
who [hu:] - cine
husbund [hΛzbэnd] - sot
SPECIAL PHONETIC SYMBOLS CORRESPONDING TO
GROUPS OF CONSONANTS (Simboluri special fonetice
corespunzatoare grupurilor de consoane)
[∫] ca ‘s’ romanesc: şal, şarpe.
fish [fi∫] - peşte/a pescui
mushroom [mΛ∫ru:m] - ciuperci
[t∫] ca in cuvantul cinci: trecerea de la “t∫” la oarecare dintre
vocale face fara intermediul lui “I” sa “e”, ca in l. romana; sunetul
“t” poate fi final (ca in “zici”)
picture [pikt∫э] - tablou
teach [ti:t∫э] - a preda
chair [t∫εэ] - scaun
[ŋ] ca ‘n’ din langa, lingura
sing [siŋ] - a canta
9
10. song [soŋ] - cantec
bring [briŋ] - a aduce
[dз] ca ‘g ‘ sau ‘j ‘ romanesc (gi).
John - [dзon] - Ion
jam - [dзæm] - gem
joy - [dзoi] - bucurie
[зэ] ca ‘j’’ romanesc: jar, jaf, jale.
pleasure [pleзэ] - placere
treasure [treзэ] - comoara
measure [meзэ] - masura
[j] ca ‘i ‘romanesc din: ieri, iarna, iarba.
yesterday [jestэdi] - ieri
yellow [jelou] - galben
yes [jes] - da
[ð] stands for letters ‘th’ and is pronounced as if having a singing
bee on the tip of the tongue. No similitudes between this sound and
any their Romanian sound. (‘z’ sau ‘d’ rostit cu varful limbii intre
dinti)
mother [mΛðэ] - mama
father [fa:ðэ] - tata
brother [brΛðэ] - frate
[θ] stands for letters ‘th’ and is pronounced as if imitating the
sound of snake: No similitudes between this sound and any
Romanian sound. (‘s’ sau ‘t ‘rostit cu varful limbii intre dinti)
thanks [θænks] - multumiri
thick [θik] - gros
think [θink] - a gandi
Citirea imbinarilor de litere
10
11. ee ea eo
[i:]
see [si:] sea [si:] people [pi:pl]
green [gri:n] meal [mi:l]
feed [fi:d] mean [mi:n]
teach [ti:t∫э] speech [spi:t∫]
meet [mi:t] meat [mi:t]
ai ay
[ei]
main [mein] day [dei]
pain [pein] clay [klei]
chain [t∫ein] say [sei]
faint [feint] may [mei]
lain [lein] pay [pei]
oa [ou]
coat [kout]
coal [koul]
soap [soup]
boat [bout]
float [flout]
ou
[au] [Λ]
sound [saund] young [jΛng]
count [kaunt] country [kΛntri]
south [sauθ] cousin [kΛzn]
pound [paund] touch [tΛt∫]
BUT: group [gru:p], soup [su:p]
oo oo
11
12. [u] [u:]
book [buk] too [tu:]
cook [kuk] fool [fu:l]
good [gud] spoon [spu:n]
mood [mud] cool [ku:l]
took [tuk] moon [mu:n]
NOTE: [oo] before ‘d’, ‘k’ is pronounced [u] ([oo] inainte de ‘d’ si
‘k’ este rostit [u] scurt).
ow ew
[au] [ou] [ju:] ng
brown [braun] low [lou] new [nju:]
crown [kraun] crow [krou] few [fju:]
down [daun] yellow [jelou] dew [dju:]
crowd [kraud] fellow [felou] chew [t∫ju:]
Except now [nau], cow [kau], how [hau].
ng
[ŋ]
ring [riŋ]
sing [siŋ]
thing [θiŋ]
long [loŋ]
th
[ð] [θ]
this [ðis] thank [θænk]
these [ði:z] bath [ba:θ]
that [ðæt] breath [breθ]
12
13. those [ðouz] teeth [ti:θ]
clothes [klouðz] cloth [kloθ]
wh wa
[w] [wo]
when [wen] was [woz]
where [wεэ] wash [wo∫]
what [wot] watch [wot∫]
which [wit∫] want [wont]
why [wai] wander [wondэ]
NOTE: WH is pronounced [w] before all the vowels except the
vowel ‘o’.(WH rostit [w] inaintea tuturor vocalelor cu exceptia lui
‘o’). Example: who [hu:] – cine?, whose [hu:z] – al, a, ai, ale cui,
whom [hu:m] – cui, pe cine.
war wor
[wo:] [wз:]
warm [wo:m] world [wз:ld]
war [wo:] word [wз:d]
warn [wo:n] worm [wз:m]
ward [wo:d] worse [wз:s]
wardrobe [wo:droub] worth [wз:θ]
wr
[r]
wrist [rist]
write [rait]
wrong [roŋ]
wrinkle [riŋkl]
wrap [ræp]
ch sh
13
14. [t∫] [∫]
child [t∫aild] shake [∫eik]
chill [t∫il] shave [∫eiv]
lunch [l Λnt∫] shelf [∫elf]
check [t∫ek] fish [fi∫]
chief [t∫if] wash [wo:∫]
ture sure
[t∫э] [зэ]
picture pikt∫э] pleasure [pleзэ]
structure [strΛ kt∫э] measure [meзэ]
mixture [mikst∫э]
lecture [lekt∫э]
signature [signit∫э]
tion [∫n] (at the end of the word – la sfarsit de cuvant)
sion
ssion
station [stei∫n]
tension [ten∫n]
session [se∫n]
sion [зn] at the end of the word after vowels (la sfarsit de cuvant
dupa vocale). Example: television [teliviзn]
a + ss [a:s] a + ll [o:l]
a + st [a:st] a + lk [o:lk]
ask [a:sk] all [o:l]
fast [fa:st] small [smo:l]
grass [gra:s] talk [to:k]
14
16. UNIT 1
Articolul nehotarat [Idefinite Article] din l. engleza este ‘a, an’,
echivalentul articolului nehotarat din l. romana ‘un, o’
[un om, o carte].
Inaintea vocalelor “an [эn]” – an animal, an egg, an hour, an
economist, an eye, an agency.
Inaintea consoanelor si sunetelor ‘w’ si ‘j’ “a [э]” a lady, a boy, a
table, a European [juэrэpiэn], a window, a university.
Intrebuintare:
a). Introduce o notiune noua. Example: There is a new shopping
centre in the city. (In oras exista un nou centru comercial).
b). Inainte de un nume predicativ. Example: He is an artist. (El este
artist). She became a doctor. (A devenit medic).
c). In expresii: as a rule (de regula); for a time (pentru un timp); It is
a pity (E pacat); to be in a hurry (a se grabi).
d). Numai cu substantive la singular si dispare odata cu trecerea
substantivului respectiv la plural. Exemple: a book – books, an item –
items, a dog – dogs, a computer – computers.
16
17. Articolul hotarat (Definite article) din l. engleza este “the”,
echivalentul articolului hotarat din l. romana – ul, (pomul, omul), - a
(tabla, masa), ua – (sacaua, daraua), - le (peretele, caietele) sau la
plutal –ii (pomii, merii), - le (femeile, florile) etc.
Inaintea vocalelor the [ði]: the animal, the apple, the egg.
Inaintea consoanelor the [ðз]: the lady, the man, the university, the
teacher, the European[juэrэpi:эn].
Articolu hotarat introduce o notiune cunoscuta sau amintita
anterior:
I like the recipe. (Imi place reteta).
Exista un numar de substantive proprii care se cer precedate de
articolul hotarat datorita dezvoltarii istorice a limbii engleze. Categorii
de substantive proprii precedate de articolul hotart:
a). Nume de ape curgatoare (rauri, fluvii):
the Danube - Dunarea
the Thames - Tamisa
b). Nume de oceane si mari:
the Atlantic (ocean)
the Black Sea
c). Nume de munti si dealuri:
the Alps - Alpii
the Carpathians - Carpatii
d). Nume de insule (grupe de insule) la plural:
The British Isles - Insulele Britanice
e). Nume de stramtori, canaluri, golfuri, capuri:
the Straits of Dover - Stramtoarea Dover
the English Channel - Canalul Manecii
the Cape Verde - Capul Verde
the Bay of Biscay - Golful Biscaia
f). Nume de intreprinderi, institutii, hoteluri etc:
the British Museum
the Savoy (Hotel)
g). Nume de vase:
17
18. the Augustina
the Titanic
h). Nume de ziare si reviste engleze si americane:
the Times, the World, the Breeze
i). Nume de familii la plural:
the Browns, the Smiths.
Articolul hotarat se refera la un obiect sau lucru considerat de a fi
unic: the sun, the moon, the sky, the world, the Lord, the Bible, the
air, the universe etc.
Artocolul Zero inaintea unor substantive proprii. (The
Zero Article before certain Proper Nouns).
a). Nume de oameni, animle, corpuri ceresti etc:
Michael, John Corbin, Venus – Venera.
b). Nume de continente, tari, provincii, regiuni, orase, sate etc:
Europe, Africa, Rome, France, Moldova.
Dintre exceptii pot fi mentionate:
The Ukraine, the United States, the Hague.
c). Denumirile lunilor anului, ale zilelor saptamanii:
March, June, Monday, Sunday etc.
d). Denumirile limbilor:
Romanian, English, Russian.
e). Cu nume de strazi, piete, parcuri, constructii, aeroporturi,
metruri:
Oxford Street, Red Square, National Park, Windsor Castle,
London Bridge.
f). Cu nume de substantive (in sens general):
Oil floats on water.
II. PRONUMELE PERSONAL (Personal Pronoun)
I = eu
You = tu , dumneata
He, she = el, ea (pentru nume de persone)
It = el, ea (pentru nume de animale si obiecte)
We = noi
18
19. You = voi
They = ei, ele
I se scrie intotdeaune cu litera mare.
EXERCISES:
I. Put in a or an (Adaugati a sau an):
1. … teacher: 4. … worker; 7. … book;
2. … English car; 5. … farmer; 8. … doctor;
3. … engineer; 6. … nurse; 9. … chair;
2. Put in a, an (Completati cu a, an):
1. I have … new car.
2. Nick is … manager.
3. His teacher is … American.
4. She eats … ice cream.
5. I want … apple.
6. We have … nice picture.
7. This is … interesting story.
8. He reads … newspaper.
9. Helen learns … poem.
10. My sister has … black cat.
11. Her brother writes … letter.
12. You sit in … armchair.
A. Put the or nothing into each gap.
I like … Coke.
1. … meat is expensive.
2. He likes to drink … wine.
3. … wine in my glass is red.
4. … Heathrow is … busiest airport in Europe.
5. We arrive in … Paris on … third of April.
6. I don’t like … milk.
7. … milk in my cup is not hot.
8. … textbook is old.
9. These are … desks.
19
20. 10. … desks are dark brown.
11. Tom and Bill are … students.
D. Put in articles where necessary.
1. This is … nice street. It is … Pushkin street.
2. Mr. Brown lives near … Hyde Park.
3. They go to … National Airport.
4. She says that she loves … sea.
5. Mr. Wilson is … professor at … Oxford University.
6. … Greens come to London today.
7. I like … tea.
8. They go to … Black Sea for their holiday.
9. We visit … United States.
10. … Atlantic lies between … Europe and America.
11. They go to … Travel Agency and book … train tickets.
12. … Music Festival will take place in … Moscow next year.
PRESENT SIMPLE of the verb “TO BE”
(Timpul present al verbului “to be- a fi”).
AFFIRMATIVE (Afirmativ)
Singular
I am (I’m) = eu sunt
you are (You’re) = tu esti
he/she/it is (he’s/she’s/it’s) = el, ea este
Plural
we are (we’re) = noi suntem
you are (you’re) = voi sunteti
they are (they’re) = ei sunt
Verbul to be formeaza interogativul prin inversiune.
INTERROGATIVE (Interogativ) INTERROGATIVE-NEGATIVE
am I? am I not?
are you? are you not? etc.
20
21. is he/she/it?
are we?
are you?
are they?
Verbul to be formeaza negativul adaugand cuvantul not (n’t) dupa
verb.
NEGATIVE (Negativ)
I am not (I’m) not
You are not (aren’t)
He/she/it is not (isn’t)
We are not (aren’t)
You are not (aren’t)
They are not (aren’t)
Note: 1. You is singular and plural but the verb with you is always
plural, e.g.
Are you a man? (singular)
Are you all students? (plural)
2. Always write a capital letter for I, e.g.
My friends and I are in the garden.
EXERCISES:
I. Put in I, you, he, she, it, we, they:
1. Paul is a worker. … is a worker.
2. Jane is a girl. … is a girl.
3. Felix is my cat. … is my cat.
4. My friend is a teacher. … is a teacher.
5. This is an English book. … is an English book.
6. Toby is a dog. … is a dog.
7. Mary is a manager. … is a manager.
8. Tom and Bill are children. … are children.
9. The students are in the classroom. … are in the classroom.
10. My friend and I are at the window. … are at the window.
11. The bag is on the chair. … is on the chair.
21
22. 12. The children are at the door. … are at the door.
II. Put in the interrogative (Puneti la forma interogativa):
1. He is an economist.
2. You are doctors.
3. She is a good woman.
4. They are here.
5. You are near the window.
6. It is on the desk.
7. Tom is in the classroom.
8. They are at work.
9. It is on the chair.
10. The manager is in the office.
III. Put in the negative (Treceti la forma negativa).
1. They are there.
2. You are at school.
3. I am a good friend.
4. He is a businessman.
5. We are in the classroom.
6. She is a singer.
7. It is hot.
8. You are busy.
9. He is a pilot.
10. It is summer.
22
23. UNIT 2
The PLURAL OF NOUNS (Pluralul substantivelor)
In limba engleza pluralul substantvelor se formeaza de regula
adaugand litera ‘s’, care se citeste [s], [z], sau –es, care se citeste [iz]:
[s] - dupa consoane surde:
a book - books
a desk - desks
a map - maps
a cat - cats
[z] - dupa vocale sau consoane sonore:
a pen – pens
a girl – girls
a dog – dogs
a boy – boys
[iz] - substantive terminate in literele s, sh, ch, tch, sau x adauga
es:
a match – matches
a glass – glasses
a church – churches
a fox – foxes
a peach – peaches
a wish – wishes
Substantivele terminate in consoana + y schimba la plural y in i si
adauga es:
a lady – ladies
a city – cities
an agency – agencies
Cele terminate in vocala + y adauga numai s:
a day – days
a play – plays
a ray – rays
23
24. Cele care au mutatie vocalica:
a man – men
a woman – women [wimin]
a foot – feet
a tooth – teeth
a mouse – mice [mais]
a goose [gu:s] – geese [gi:s]
Plural in –en + mutatie vocalica
an ox – oxen
a child – children
Unele substantive terminate la singular in “o “formeaza plural in
– es:
a hero - heroes
a potato – potatoes
a tomato – tomatoes
Alte substantive terminate la singular in “o” formeaza pluralul in
– s:
a photo – photos
a piano – pianos
a radio – radios
a studio – studios
Plurale neregulate:
- sonorizarea consoanei finale:
[θ] – [ðz] path [pa:θ] – paths [pa:ðz]
bath [ba:θ ] – baths [ba:ðz]
mouth [mauθ] – mouths [mauðz]
[f] – [vz] a leaf – leaves
a half – halves
a shelf – shelves
a knife – knives
a life - lives
a wife – wives
24
25. - Plurale straine:
a nucleus [nju:kliэs] nucleu – (nuclei) [nju:kliai] (nuclei)
a bacterium – bacteria
an analysis [э‘nælisis] – analyses [э‘nælisi:z]
The Adjective (Adjectivul)
In limba engleza adjectivele au o singura forma, indeferent de gen sau
numar. Ele se asaza de regula inaintea substantivului:
A young woman
A new flat
A handsome man
Adjectivele derivate din nume proprii se scriu cu initiala majuscula:
Romanian
English
French
IV. Pronumele si adjectivul demonstrativ
Numar De aproape De departe
Sing. This [ðis] that [ðæt]
(acesta/aceasta/acest/aceasta) (acela/aceea/acel/acea)
Plural these [ði:z] those [ðouz]
(acestea/acestea/acesti/aceste) (aceia/acelea/acei/acele)
Examples:
This is a book. It’s here.
These are books. They are there.
That is a picture.
Those are pictures.
This is a pencil.
Is this a pencil ?
Yes, it is.
No, it isn’t.
25
26. PREPOZITII DE LOC.
1. ON se foloseste cu referire la:
- o linie
It’s on the edge of the table (Este la marginea mesei)
He lives on Oxford Street (Locuieste pe strada Oxford).
Dar in the street (= pe strada).
- suprafata: Put it on the table (Pune-o pe masa).
2. IN se foloseste cu referire la o zona:
It’s in my bag (E in geanta mea)
He lives in Paris (Locuieste la Paris).
3. UNDER : The cat is under the chair.
4. AT se foloseste cu referire la un anumit punct sau pozitie:
I’ll meet you at the station (Ne vom intalni la gara).
5. BETWEEN exprima pozitia fata de doua elemente
My house is between the school and the bank
(Casa mea este intre scoala si banca).
IV. INTREBARI GENERALE (General Questions)
Intrebarile generale presupun un enunt general (o propozitie intreaga)
si un raspuns general, redus, de obicei, la yes da sau no nu.
Example: She is a doctor.
Is she a doctor ?
Yes, she is. No, she is not (isn’t)
We are managers.
Are we managers ?
Yes, we are. No, we are not (aren’t).
26
27. The Construction “THERE IS/ARE”
There is = este, exista, se afla, se gaseste.
There are = sunt, exista, se afla, se gasesc.
There is are forma prescurtata there’s
La viteza normala de vorbire there is si there are sunt neaccentuate si
contin de regula forme slabe.
There is a man at the door.
La interogativ is si are sunt accentuate, iar there are forma tare.
‘Is there a cup of tea for me too?
‘Are there many books on the table?
There is si there are cu accentul pe there, inseamna tot iata, pentru
distanta:
There is the bus = Iata autobusul.
There it is. = Iata-l.
There they are. = Iata-i.
There are Mr. and Mrs. Stevens. Iata-i pe d-na si dl. Stevens.
Folosim there is, there are de a denumi lucruri care exista sau nu
exista.
There’s a child’s picture but there aren’t any plants.
Deseori folosim “there” cand vorbim despre ceva pentru prima data,
si “it” cand descriem detaliile.
There is a good office. It’s dark.
There is a computer in the office. It’s very modern.
EXAMPLES
There is a teacher at the table.
There is a cat in the picture. Is there a cat in the pictureYes, there is.
No, there isn’t.
Is there a train in the station? Yes, there is.
There are flowers in this picture. Are there flowers in this picture?
Yes, there are.
Are there cups on the table? No, there aren’t.
27
28. Intrebari disjunctive la propozitiile continand there is (there’s),
there are, there is not (there isn’t, there’s not), there are not (there
aren’t) sunt:
There are some books on the desk, aren’t there?
Yes, there are.
Sunt cateva carti pe masa, nu-i asa?
There isn’t much water in the cup, is there?
No, there isn’t.
Nu este multa apa in ceasca, nu-i asa?
EXERCISES:
1. Give the plural of these words:
1. a star. 2. a mountain. 3. a tree. 4. a pound. 5. a knife. 6. a waiter. 7.
a woman. 8. a man. 9. an eye. 10. a wife. 11. an airplane. 12. a box. 13.
a bench. 14. a city. 15. a radio. 16. a tomato. 17. a girl. 18. a brush. 19.
a peach. 20. an address.
2. Put these sentences in the plural (Treceti urmatoarele propozitii
la plural)
Model: This is a book. That is a map.
These are books. Those are maps.
1. This is a boy. 6. This is a desk.
2. That is a teacher. 7. That is an armchair.
3. This is a window. 8. This is a chair.
4. That is a tree. 9. This is a table.
5. That is a pencil. 10.That is a bed.
3. Exprimati dezacordul dumneavoastra (Express your discord).
Model: This coat is green. (yellow)
This coat isn’t green. It’s yellow.
1. That car is old. (new)
2. These hats are black. (red)
3. This apple is big. (small)
28
29. 4. Those texts are easy. (difficult)
5. That office is bad. (good)
6. This tie is nice. (plain)
7. These books are thin. (thick)
8. That room is dark. (light)
9. This cat is white. (black)
11. Those days are good. (bad)
4. Make these sentences interrogative:
1. This is a train.
2. That is a door.
3. Those are planes.
4. It is a cat.
5. That is a clock.
6. That egg is bad.
7. This is an umbrella.
8. The window is open.
9. The man is in the car.
10. The cat is under the table.
11. The train is in the station.
12. The plate is on the table.
13. The cigarette is on the desk.
14. They are waiters.
15. The pictures are on the wall.
5. Answer these questions affirmatively (with yes). Use he, she, it
or they in the answers:
1. Is this a pencil?
2. Is this a train?
3. Is that a window?
4. Are the students in the classroom?
5. Are the children in the garden?
6. Is the woman a mother?
7. Is a table a thing?
29
30. 6. Answer these questions negatively (with no). Use he, she, it, or
they in the answers:
1. Is this a tree?
2. Are these trees?
3. Is that a book?
4. Are the girls in the office?
5. Is the boy near the door?
6. Are the flowers on the table?
7. Is the door open?
8. Are the books on the shelf?
9. Is the piano in the corner of the room?
10. Is the computer under the desk?
7. Put in on, in, between, at or under:
1. Tom and Mary are … home.
2. They aren’t … school.
3. The institute is … hospital and the school.
3. It is … the floor.
4. The doctor is … the hospital.
5. Peter is … the blackboard.
6. Bill sits … a chair.
7. Father sits … an armchair.
8. The mouse is … the floor.
8. Translate into English
1. Cestile sunt pe masa.
2. Camera este mare.
3. Automobilul este nou.
4. Acea geanta este neagra. Este ea sub masa?
5. Baiatul este la masa.
6. Lectia este interesanta.
7. Ei nu sunt la lectie.
8. Textul nu este mare.
9. Omul acela este sofer. Este el in masina?
10. El si ea sunt medici. Sunt ei medici?
11. Ei nu sunt medici. Ei sunt ingineri.
12. Este lampa pe masa? Da, este.
30
31. Vocabulary:
picture tablou, pictura, fotografie, film
door usa
to close a inchide
window fereastra
clock ceas (de perete)
wall perete
table masa
near langa
boy baiat
pen pix
pencil creion
desk banca, birou, masa de scris, (ec.) casa
pay at the desk platiti la casa
box cutie
thick gros
thin subtire
big mare
nice placut, dragut
large mare, larg
TEXT: In the classroom
This is a classroom. The classroom is large. That is a teacher and these
are students. That is the door. The door is closed. Those are windows.
One window is open. This is a nice picture. That is a map on the wall.
There is a table in the classroom. There are flowers on the table. The
teacher is near the table. These are desks. The pens and the pencils are
on the desks. Are they thick? The pencils and the pens are thin. They
are in the boxes. The clock is on the wall. Is the clock big? Yes, it is.
31
32. UNIT 3
The verb to have/ to have got (Present Tense)
Affirmative
I have / have got = eu am
You have / have got = tu ai
He has / has got = el are
She has / has got = ea are
It has /has got = el/ea are (pentru animale, obiecte)
We have /have got = noi avem
You have / have got = voi aveti
They have / have got = ei au
Interrogative
Do I have? Have I got?
Do you have? Have you got?
Does he have? Has he got?
Does she have? Has she got?
Does it have? Has it got?
Do we have? Have we got?
Do you have? Have you got?
Do they have? Have they got?
Negative
I don’t have I haven’t got
You don’t have You haven’t got
He, she, it doesn’t have He, she, it hasn’t got
We don’t have We haven’t got
You don’t have You haven’t got
They don’t have They haven’t got
Note: In stilul vorbit, formelor verbului “to have” li se adauga got fara
nici o modificare a sensului.
32
33. II. Pronumele personale la cazurile nominativ si obiectiv:
Nominative Objective
I me (mie, pe mine)
You you (tie, pe tine)
He him (lui, pe el)
She her (ei, pe ea)
It it (le el, pe ea)
We us (noua, pe noi)
You you (voua, pe voi)
They them (lor, pe ei)
NOTE: La cazul nominativ pronumele personale se folosesc numai
in rolul de subiect:
E.g. We are students.
La cazul obiectiv (acuzativ) aceste pronume se folosesc in rolul de
complement a unui verb, dupa prepozitie.
Nominative Verb Objective Preposition
Objective
I know him and I write to him
You know me and you write to me
He knows her and he writes to her
She knows us and she writes to us
We know them and we write to them
They know you and they write to you
E.g. Help me! = (Ajuta-ma). I see him every day. (Il vad pe el in
fiecare zi). Give them these books. (Dati-le lor cartile acestea.).
III. Ordinea obisnuita a cuvintelor in propozitie.
Pozitia subiectului si predicatului
Subiectul este asezat inaintea predicatului:
E.g. Dan has a new car. (Dan are o masina noua).
33
34. In propozitia interogativa verbul totdeauna preceda subiectul:
E.g. Does Dan have a new car? (Are Dan o masina noua?)
Is he a teacher? (Este el profesor?)
Intrebarile, care se incep cu un verb se numesc generale. Ele se rostesc
cu un ton ascendent si raspunsul este scurt afirmativ si negativ.:
E.g. Is he a student? Yes, he is. No, he isn’t.
Have they got good marks? Yes, they have. No, they haven’t.
Intrebarile, care incep cu cuvintele interogative ca: who? (cine?),
what? (ce?), where? (unde?), how? (cum?), how many? (cati,
cate?), how much? (cati, cate?), how old? (ce varsta ai?) what
kind of? etc. se numesc speciale.
E.g. Who is she? (Cine este ea?). She is Jane. (Ea este Jane).
What is Bill? (Ce este Bill?) He is an economist. (El este
economist).
The word who is for people.
The word what is for things. Note: Who is he? He is Mr. X. What is
he? He is a driver.
The students are in the classroom.
Who are in the classroom?
The students are in the classroom, or The students are, or The
students.
Are the students in the classroom? Yes, they are.
Where are the students? They are in the classroom.
The train is in the station.
What is in the station?
The train is in the station, or The train is, or The train.
34
35. NUMERALS
(Cardinal Numerals) (Ordinal Numerals)
0- nought/zero [no:t] [zirou]
1 one [wΛn] the first [fз:st] 1st
2 two [tu:] -“- second [sekэnd] 2nd
3 three [θri:] third [θЗ:d] 3rd
4 four [fo:] fourth [fo:θ] 4th
5 five [faiv] fifth [fifθ] 5th
6 six [siks] sixth [sikθ] 6th
7 seven [sevn] seventh [sevnθ] 7th
8 eight [eit] eighth [eitθ] 8th
9 nine [nain] ninth [nainθ] 9th
10 - ten [ten] tenth [tenθ] 10th
11- eleven [ilэvn] eleventh [ilэvn] 11th
12- twelve [twelv] twelfth [twelfθ] 12th
13- thirteen [θз:ti:n] thirteenth [θз:ti:nθ] 13th
14- fourteen [fo:ti:n] fourteenth [fo:ti:nθ] 14th
15- fifteen [fifti:n] fifteenth [fifti:nθ] 15th
16- sixteen [siksti:n] sixteenth [siksti:nθ ]16th
17- seventeen [sevnti:n] seventeenth [sevnti:nθ]17th
18- eighteen [ei’ti:n] eighteenth [eiti:nθ] 18th
19- nineteen [nainti:n] nineteenth [nainti:nθ] 19th
20- twenty [twenti] twentieth [twentiiθ] 20th
21- twenty-one [twenti wΛn] twenty first 21st
30- thirty [θз:ti] thirtieth [θз:ti:θ] 30th
40- forty [fo:ti] fortieth [fo:tiiθ] 40th
50- fifty [fifti] fiftieth [fiftiiθ] 50th
60- sixty [siksti] sixtieth [sikstiiθ] 60th
70- seventy [seventi] seventieth [seventiiθ] 70th
80- eighty [eiti] eightieth [eitiiθ] 80th
90- ninety [nainti] ninetieth [naintiiθ] 90th
100-one (a) hundred [h Λndrэd] hundredth [h Λndrэdθ] 100th
101- one (a) hundred and one (the) hundred and first 101st
1000- one (a) thousand [θauznd] thousandth [θauzndθ] 1000th
1000000 – one (a) million [miliэn] the millionth [miljэnθ]
1000000th
35
36. Numeralele ordinale, cu exceptia primelor trei, se formeaza din
numeralele cardinale corespunzatoare, cu ajutorul sufixului -th:
Grupul de litere ve din five si twelve devine f in numeralele
corespunzatoare (the fifth, the twelfth). Eight primeste doar un h (the
eighth).
Vocala e din nine cade (the ninth).
De la twenty la ninety, y se transforma in ie, la care se adauga th.
Exprimarea datei: September 12, 1999 – September the twelfth,
nineteen ninety nine.
12th September, 1999 – the 12th of September, nineteen ninety nine.
She was born on the 12th of September. Ea s-a nascut la 12 septembrie.
Exercises:
1. Put in have or has (Completati cu have sau has).
1. I … an English book. 5. You … a little cat.
2. She … a nice dress. 6. We … a new company.
3. He … a little dog. 7. They … a clean house.
4. They … a new chief. 8. Dan … an interesting book.
2. Make these sentences (I) interrogative, (2) negative:
I. I have a book.
8. You have an exercise book.
9. Mr. Corbin has a new car.
10. The students on my left have a computer.
11. Miss Helen has a reading book.
12. Peter has bad pronunciation.
13. I have bad pronunciation.
14. You have a lot of money.
15. The children have funny toys.
16. She has a nice picture.
3. Give true answers (Dati raspusuri adevarate):
Model: Has Tom got a little dog?Has your father got an English book?
Yes, he has. No, he hasn’t.
36
37. 1. Do you have you a new pencil? 5. Does your father have a new
hat?
2. Has your teacher got a new bag? 6. Does your sister have a red
blouse?
3. Do you have a cat? 7. Do they have good friends?
4. Has Mary got a big family? 8. Has Tom got a big flat?
4. Cross out the wrong pronoun (Stergeti pronumele gresit):
1.I write to (he, him) and you write (I, me).
2. Mary goes to a dance, and Bill goes with (her, she).
3.We know (them, they) very well, and they know (we, us).
4. I see (she, her) in the office and she sees (me, I).
5. He telephones (she, her) every day and tells the news.
6. He speaks English to (we, us), and (we, us) speak English to (he,
him).
7. He teaches (us, we).
8. They help (me, I).
5. Make special questions (Puneti intrebari speciale la cuvintele
evidentiate):
1. Mr. Smith has a new team.
2. I have an old car.
3. We go home after lessons.
4. You have five French books.
5. Tom has two sisters and one brother.
6. He is a good father.
6. Do these sums (Faceti aceste adunari):
Model: 3 + 5 = 8
Three and five is eight.
8+4= 1 + 11 = 4+7=
2+5= 10 + 1= 2+8=
4+3= 5 + 5= 7+1=
3+9= 6 + 3= 6+6=
37
38. 7. Translate into English
Aceasta este familia mea. Ea este mare. Aceastea sunt parintii mei.
Tatal meu este inalt. El este doctor. Cati ani are tatal tau? Mama mea
este tanara si frumoasa. Ea este invatatoare. Aveti frati, surori? Da, am
doi frati si trei surori. Fratii sunt studenti si surorile eleve. Cine sunt
aceia? Acei sunt bunei mei. Ei nu sunt prea invarsta. Bunelul este
muncitor si bunica contabil. Cati ani au ei? Noi suntem nepotii lui.
Avem un unchi si o matusa. Ei locuesc nu departe de noi. Cati copii au
ei? Ei nu au copii.
Vocabulary
family familie
average medie
husband sot
wife sotie
parents parinti
father tata
mother mama
grandparents bunici
grandfather bunel
grandmother bunica
children copii
school-children elevi
son fecior
daughter fiica
sister sora
brother frate
grandson nepot (de bunic)
granddaughter nepoata (de bunic)
uncle unchi
aunt matusa
nephew [nefju:] nepot (de unchi)
niece [ni:s] nepoata (de unchi)
cousin verisor(a)
godfather nas
godmother nasa
bride mireasa
38
39. bridegroom mire
wedding cununie
parents-in-law socri
subject obiect de studiu
to work a lucra
to play a se juca
summer vara
farmer fermier, agricultor
usually de obicei
nursery cresa
every fiecare
friend prieten
in-laws cuscri
Text: My friend’s family
My friend has an average family. His name is Paul Brown. He lives in
London. What’s his job? He is an engineer. Paul works in a company.
How old is he? He is thirty. He has got a wife and two children. His
wife’s name is Mary and his children’s names are Jane and Nick.
Mary is a young woman. She is twenty- nine. She’s a doctor in a
hospital. Mr. Brown’s son is a school-boy. He is ten. He takes a lot of
subjects at school. Nick has many friends. He likes playing tennis. His
daughter Jane is five. Her father takes her to a nursery school every
morning. Jane has two little friends: Toby, the dog and Felix, the cat.
Mr. Brown has parents. They aren’t very old. They live in the village.
His father is a farmer and his mother is a housewife. Paul’s wife
usually takes the children to the country in summer to stay with their
grandfather and grandmother. They love their grandchildren very
much. Mr. Brown has parents-in-law. They live in the country, too. He
has an uncle and an aunt. They are farmers. Have they got children?
No, they haven’t. Mr. Brown’s family is very friendly.
39
40. MEETING PEOPLE
How do you do! Buna ziua
Hello! Noroc/Salut!
Who are you? Cum va numiti?/Cum te numesti?
I am …/My name is… Sunt…/Ma numesc …
Glad/Nice to meet you! Sunt incantat de cunostinta!
She is …, my wife. Ea este …, sotia mea.
He is …, my husband. El este …, sotul meu.
40
41. UNIT 4
1. Modal verbs: can, may, must, need
sunt verbe defectiv-modale, cu urmatoarele caracteristici:
- Nu pot fi conjugate la toate modurile si timpurile. Au o forma
pentru present, iar o parte din ele si pentru trecut.
- Au aceeasi forma la toate persoanele:
I can We can
You can You can
He, she, it can They can
Formeaza predicatul numai insotite de alt verb (la infinitiv fara to).
Formeaza interogativul prin inversare:
Can I ? Can we?
Can you? Can you?
Can he? Can they?
Can she?
Can it?
- Formeaza negativul prin adaugarea lui not:
Cannot forma prescurtata can’t
Must not mustn’t
May not may not
Sensurile verbelor modale:
Can – a putea, a sti sa
Can you help me?
Yes, I can. No, I can’t.
I can’t swim.
May – a putea (a-i fi permis); a se putea, a fi posibil, “poate ca”
May I open the window? Pot sa deschid fereastra?
It may be true. Poate sa fie adevarat.
He may be handsome, but he is not clever.
O fi el frumos, dar destept nu e.
41
42. Must – a trebui
You must go home. Tu trebuie sa mergi acasa.
Need – forma de present, se foloseste numai in propozitiile
interogative, negative si are sensul de “este nevoie”, “este cazul”,
“trebuie”, “este necesar”.
You needn’t ask him. (Nu e nevoie/nu e cazul sa-l rogi/intrebi).
Need I repeat that? E nevoie/trebuie sa repet asta)
Yes, you must. No, you needn’t.
La intrebarile cu need, raspunsul afirmativ se formeaza cu must, iar
cel negativ cu needn’t.
2. Indefinite Pronouns (Pronumele nehotarate)
(some, any, not any, no)
Some – unii, unele, ceva, catva, cativa, cateva, niste, oarecare –
Se foloseste in propozitii afirmative:
Some houses are high and some are low.
Any – ceva, catva, catava, cativa, cateva, unii, unele, vreun(ul), vreo,
vreuna, vreunii, vreunele, putin(a) –
Se foloseste in propozitii interogative in locul lui some:
Are there any books on the table?
Is there any milk in the bottle?
Se foloseste in propozitii afirmative cu sensul de oarecare:
You may take any of these books. Poti lua oarecare din aceste carti.
Some poate fi folosit in propozitii interogative cand intrebarea nu se
refera la some:
May I have some water? Pot sa beau putina apa?
Yes, you may.
Comparati cu:
Is there any sugar in the cup?
Yes, there is (some).
Any se foloseste in propozitii negative si se traduce prin nu, nici un,
nici o:
I haven’t any chocolates on the table.
42
43. There isn’t any mistake in my work. (Nu exista nici o greseala in
lucrarea mea).
No inlocuieste pe not … any.
There is no mistake in my work.
3. Much, many, a lot of, lots of.
Much [mΛ t∫] mult, multa – se foloseste cu singularul.
Much water/ sugar/information/tea/coffee/milk/work/rice/money/time.
I haven’t got much time. - Nu am (prea) mult timp.
Many [meni] multi, multe – se foloseste cu pluralul.
Many cars/computers/desks/books/lamps/dictionaries.
There are many books in the library.
In propozitiile afirmative se prefera folosirea expresiei a lot of (mai
familiar lots of).
There are a lot of flowers in the garden.
There are lots of trees in the park.
4. a little, little, a few, few
a little – putin, putina, ceva, niste (pentru singular)
a few – cativa, cateva, niste (pentru plural) au conotatii pozitive:
I have a little time. Am putin (ceva) timp. Dispun de oarecare timp.
We have a few friends in this town. Avem cativa prieteni in acest oras.
Little – putin, prea putin, mai deloc.
Few – (prea) putini, (prea) putine, mai deloc au conotatii negative:
I’m afraid I have little time for reading. Ma tem ca am prea putin timp
pentru citit.
There are few birds left in Moldova. Au ramas (foarte) putin e pasari
in Moldova.
4. Alternative Questions (Intrebari alternative)
Intrebarile de tipul: Is he a teacher or a doctor? (Este el profesor sau
medic?) se numesc alternative. Se formeaza cu ajutorul conjuctiei or
43
44. [o:] – sau, si se rostesc cu urmatoarea intonatie: prima parte a intrebarii
(pana la conjunctia “or”) se rosteste cu un ton ascendent, iar partea
care urmeaza dupa “or” cu un ton descendent:
Is this a ‘table or a ‘desk?
Spre deosebire de intrebarea generala, care se pune la intreaga
propozitie, intrebarea alternativa se pune la diferite parti ale
propozitiei:
Is he a doctor or is she? (la subiect)
Is he an engineer or manager? (la predicativ)
Is he in London or in Paris? (la complement circumstantial de loc)
Is the competition in summer or in spring? (la complement
circumstantial de timp)
The Seasons of the Year. (Anotimpurile)
Spring [spriŋ] primavara
Summer [sΛmэ] vara
Autumn [o:tm] toamna
Winter [wintэ] iarna
Ca subiect, anotimpurile nu primesc articolul hotarat:
In Moldova summer is a warm season.
Se spune in winter, in autumn , etc. cand exprimam o generalitate:
In winter the trees are bare. (Iarna copacii sunt golasi).
Cand ne referim la un anotimp dintr-un anume an, folosim
articolul hotarat:
In the spring of 1999. (In primavara anului 1999).
We will see you in the summer. (Te vom vedea la vara.)
What can they do? Put in the verbs:
1. He can play… football. 4. I can drink… milk.
2. She can read… a book. 5. We can study… English.
3. They can play… in the park. 6. You can write… on the
blackboard.
44
45. Make sentences:
Model: I can play football. (tennis)
I can play football, but I can’t play tennis.
1. I can drink tea. (milk)
2. They can play chess. (rugby)
3. We can read books. (novels)
4. You can clean the blackboard. (the window)
5. She can speak Romanian. (English)
6. He can draw my dining-room. (classroom)
7. He can open the door. (the window)
8. I can write exercise 3. (exercise 5)
Text: The Seasons in Moldova
Winter, spring, summer and autumn are the seasons of the year.
December, January and February are winter months. The weather is
cold. Usually it snows. The days are short and the nights are long. You
can see snow everywhere. The rivers and lakes freeze and we can go
skating and skiing.
March, April, May are spring months. It’s a very nice season.The
weather is fine and it is warm. There are many green trees in the
streets and in the parks. Sometimes it rains but as usually the sun
shines brightly.
June, July and August are summer months. It is hot or warm. The days
are long and the nights are short. There are many green trees and nice
flowers in the parks in summer.
September, October, November are autumn months.It is cool. The
weather is changeable. It often rains. The days become shorter and the
nights longer. You can see yellow, red and brown leaves everywhere.
It is time for gathering harvest.
45
46. Exercises:
1. Put in must or mustn’t
1. Children … run in the street.
2. You … do your homework.
3. We … learn our lessons.
4. You …sit on the table.
5. We … read in bed.
6. You … eat breakfast in the morning.
7. They … answer these questions.
8. He … smoke in the office.
2. Read and translate these sentences. (Cititi si traduceti aceste
propozitii)
1. I have very little sugar at home.
2. Peter has few friends at the university.
3. Have they many children?
4. Is there much or little coffee in your cup?
5. There is a little tea in her cup.
6. There are a few books on the shelf.
7. There are a lot of English and French books in the university
library.
8. He usually has a lot of work to do in his office.
3. Put in many, much, few, a few, little, a little and a lot of.
1. There are not … books on the desk.
2. Mr. Brown receives very … visitors on Tuesday.
3. She types … letters every day.
4. There are … students in the canteen.
5. I want … coffee, please.
6. There is not … bread at home.
7. There are … students at the lesson.
8. I have … cigarettes at home.
46
47. 4. Make up alternative questions
1. He is a worker. 2. They have many friends. 3. She is a good
manager. 4. I have much work. 5. Paris is the capital of France. 6.
The bag is under the table.
Vocabulary
Drawing room/living room/sitting room camera de zi
Bed room dormitor
Bath room baie
Dining room sufragerie
Kitchen bucatarie
Balcony balcon
Entrance hall hol de intrare
1. Bed room 1. Dormitorul
bed pat
carpet covor
wardrobe sifonier
window fereastra
curtain perdea, draperie
dressing-table masa de toaleta
2. Drawing room 2. Camera de zi
sofa canapea
armchair fotoliu
chair scaun
TV-set televizor
picture tablou
door usa
furniture mobila
mirror oglinda
piano pian
3. Dining room 3. Sufragerie
table masa
stool taburet
lamp lampa
buffet bufet
glass-case vitrina
47
48. 4. Kitchen 4. Bucatarie
oven/cooker/stove aragaz
fridge frigider
cupboard dulap
sink chiuveta
vacuum-cleaner aspirator
5. Room 5. Camera
wall perete
floor dusumea/podea
ceiling tavan
blinds jaluzele
6. Entrance hall 6. Holul de intrare
peg cuier
clothes imbracaminte
key cheie
wallpaper tapet
7. Bathroom 7.(Camera de)baie
basin chiuveta
water-closet closet, WC
soap sapun
towel prosop
Verbs Verbe
to open a deschide
to shut/close a inchide
to eat a manca
to drink a bea
to sit a sedea
to watch a privi
to look (at) a privi (la)
to dry a (se) sterge
to wash a (se) spala
to dress a (se) imbraca
to make-up a (se) machia
to go to bed a merge la culcare
to get up a se scula
to sleep a dormi
to cook a gati
48
49. to come in a intra in
to go out/to leave a iesi/a pleca
to live a locui/a trai
to put a pune
Text: My Flat
I have a large flat in a new block of flats. There are ten floors in our
house. Our house has all modern conveniences such as: central
heating, electricity, gas, running water, and a telephone. Our flat is
very confortable. There are four rooms in it: a dining room, a bed
room, a bath room and a kitchen. In the bed room we have a bed near
the window and a wardrobe near the door. There is a lamp above the
bed. There is a green carpet on the floor. The walls are white, the
curtains are white, too and the blinds are green. It’s a nice bedroom.
The living room is large and light. The walls in this room are yellow.
The ceiling is white and the floor is brown. There is a square table in
the middle of the room. There is a vase of flowers on it. There are two
arm-chairs and a standard-lamp in the corner. We sit down in the arm-
chairs and watch TV. There is also a piano in the room. My sister
plays the piano very well. She loves music. To the right of the piano
there is a writing-table. There are some books on it.
Our dining room is a large room. In the middle of it there is a big
round table and some chairs.
The bedroom is not large. There are two beds, a night table
(commode), a telephone, a wardrobe and a mirror.
The study is large. There is a large writing-table in front of the
window. There are many things in it. There are a sofa and a bookcase
in the corner.
The kitchen is not very large. There is a window and on the sill I have
many flower pots. There are a cupboard, a table, some stools, a sink
and a fridge. In the kitchen we have breakfast, dinner and supper. I like
my flat very much.
49
50. Dialogue
Ted: Do you have a nice flat, John?
John: Yes, I do. My flat is not large but comfortable.
Ted: How many rooms do you have, John?
John: I have two bedrooms, a dining-room, a kitchen, a bathroom and
a living-room.
Ted: Do you eat in the living-room?
John: No, we don’t. My mother cooks in the kitchen and we eat in the
dining-room.
Mary: Is the entrance-hall large?
John: Well, not very large.
Mary: Is the fridge in the dining room or in the kitchen?
John: The fridge and the freezer are in the kitchen near the window.
Ted: Thank you.
Better slowly, but surely.
Take your time ang get it right.
50
51. UNIT 5
The Present Indefinite (Prezent simplu)
The Present Indefinite exprima actiuni obisnuite, repetate nu neaparat
legate de momentul vorbirii, de ex.: She is a very good doctor; They
like to travel. Acest tip de propozitii include adesea informatia despre
anumite capacitati (calitati). He reads very quickly. Tom speaks
French fluently.
Aceasta repetare este indicata prin adverbele de frecventa si imbinari
de cuvinte ca: often – deseori, always [‘olweiz, olwэz]-intotdeauna,
mereu, vesnic, usually – de obicei, never – niciodata, rarely – rar,
once a week – odata pe saptamana/saptamanal, every day – in
fiecare zi, every year – in fiecare an, seldom –rar.
Exemplu: I never drink milk. Eu niciodata nu beau lapte; He goes to
the theatre twice a month – El merge la teatru de doua ori pe luna.
Adverbele de timp nedefinit si frecventa se asaza de regula intre
subiect si predicat.
I always get up early.
They often forget to brush their teeth.
They seldom come to the lessons.
Exceptie: Intre verbul to be si numele predicativ:
Helen is always dressed well. (Helen este intotdeauna bine
imbracata)
Kathy is never late for school.
La interogativ: Do you often go to concerts? (Mergi des la concerte?)
La negativ: I don’t always enjoy his plays.
La interogativ-negativ: Don’t you ever read detective stories? (Nu
citesti niciodata romane politiste?)
O propozitie englezeasca neputand contine doua negatii, in exemplul
de mai sus never a fost inlocuit cu ever.
51
52. Sometimes – uneori, cateodata are loc variabil in propozitie: I
sometimes have news from him. Sometimes we go for a walk. She says
sometimes that she loves him. (Uneori ea spune ca-l iubeste).
Terminatia Prezentului Indefinit la persoana a 3-a singular se conduce
dupa aceleasi reguli ortografice si fonetice ca si pluralul substantivelor.
Verbele terminate in consoana, e, w sau y precedate de o vocala (e
vorba de litere), adauga terminatia –s:
he knows,
she forgets,
it changes,
she plays.
Cele terminate in y precedat de o consoana formeaza persoana a 3-a
singular in –ies:
To cry-cries,
to fly-flies,
to hurry-hurries.
Cele trminate in –ss, -s, ch, -tch, sh, -x = es:
She teaches,
He fixes
He watches,
She passes,
it washes.
Verbele to go si to do = es: she goes [gouz], he does [dΛz]
Terminatia –s sau –es a persoanei a 3-a singular se pronunta –z – dupa
vocale si dupa consoane sonore = b, d, g, m, l ,n, v ,ð, ŋ.
Plays, descriobes, reads, calls, comes, learns, lives, bathes, says [sez].
- s dupa consoane surde = f, k, p, t, θ: laughs [la:fs], cooks, hopes,
meets, baths.
- s dupa consoanele sueratoare – iz:
rises [raiziz] – se redica, rouges [ru:зiz] – rujeaza, changes [t∫eidзiz].
52
53. Affirmative Interrogative Negative
I know Do I know? I don’t know
You know Do you know? You don’t know
He, she,(it) knows Does he,she,it know? He, she, it doesn’t know
We know Do we know? We don’t know
You know Do you know? You don’t know
They know Do they know? They don’t know
Interogativul Prezentului Nedefinit se formeaza exclusiv cu ajutorul
auxiliarului do urmat de infinitivul scurt al verbului de conjugat. Ca
auxiliar verbul to do isi pierde total sensul de a face:
Do you know me?
Does he know English?
Does she know how to cook? (Se pricepe sa gateasca?)
Verbul to do, cu sensul de a face, se conjuga cu el insusi ca auxiliar
pentru a forma interogativul:
What do you do? (Ce faci?)
What does he do? (Ce face el?)
How do you do? (formula de salut).
Where do you work? (Unde lucrezi?)
When do you go home? (Cand mergi acasa?)
Daca intrebarea este adresata subiectului propozitiei, atunci verbul
auxiliar nu se intrebuinteaza:
Who works in the garden? (Cine lucreaza in gradina?)
Cand in calitate de predicat se foloseste verbul to be, formele
interogativa si negativa nu include auxiliarul do:
He is a farmer. He is not a farmer. Is he a farmer?
53
54. The Days of the Week (Zilele saptamanii)
Monday [mΛ ndei] luni
Tuesday [tju:zdei] marti
Wednesday [wenzdei] miercuri
Thursday [θз:zdei] joi
Friday [fraidei] vineri
Saturday [sætэdei] sambata
Sunday [sΛndei] duminica
Denumirile zilelor saptamanii provin din timpurile vechilor credinte,
cand fiecare zi era consacrata unui zeu sau unui eveniment sacru.
Monday – provine din anglosaxonul day of the moon, adica zeul
lunii.
Tuesday – provine de la Tiu, fiul Zeului Odin.
Wednesday – provine de la Odin, numit in engleza Odin sau Woden.
Thursday – Zeul Thor era venerat joia.
Friday – provine de la Zeita Frei sau Frigg.
Saturday – provine de la Saturn.
Sunday – provine de la anglosaxonul day of the Sun, adica Ziua
Soarelui.
In limba engleza zilele saptamanii se scriu cu litera mare. Pentru a
spune: (in ziua de) luni sau (in ziua de) marti, se foloseste particula
on, de ex.: on Monday, on Tuesday.
Expresii in legatura cu zilele saptamanii:
(on) Monday – luni
last Thursday - joia trecuta
next Sunday – duminica viitoare
on Fridays – vinerea, vinerile
(on) Wednesday morning – miercuri de dimineata
on Saturday afternoon – intr-o dupa ameaza de sambata
The Meals of the Day
Mesele zilei:
Breakfast micul dejun
54
55. Lunch 1. masa de pranz
2. gustarea de pranz
luncheon dejun
tea ceaiul (de dupa-ameaza)
dinner 1. Masa (principala a zilei)
2. masa de seara
3. dineu
supper 1. cina
2. supeu
In mod obisnuit, mesele zilei nu se articuleaza:
We have dinner at 2 o’clock in the afternoon.
What time is breakfast?
Supper is a light meal. Cina este o masa usoara.
The Months of the Year. (Lunile anului)
January [‘dзænjuэri] July [dзulai]
February [‘februэri] August [‘o:gэst]
March [ma:t∫] September [sep’tembэ]
April [‘eiprl] October [ok’toubэ]
May [mei] November [nou’vembэ]
June [dзu:n] December [di’sembэ]
The 1st of January sau January the 1st
The 8th of March sau March the 8th
Exercises:
1. Make sentences:
55
56. gets up in the mornig.
the afternoon.
washes the evening.
He goes to school
She watches TV at noon.
plays in the park night.
eight o’clock.
Monday.
goes to bed on Thursday.
Sunday.
2. Put in on, at or in:
1. Nick goes to the university on…in the morning.
2. He has lunch at… noon.
3. He does his homework in… the afternoon.
4. She has English on… Monday and Friday.
5. He has dinner at… seven o’clock.
6. He goes for a walk on… Sunday.
7. He goes to bed at… night.
3. Open the brackets using the verbs in the correct form.
(Deschideti parantezele si folositi verbul respectiv la forma
corecta).
1. We (study) very much.
2. She (speak) English very well.
3. They (work) hard.
4. He (read) many books.
5. Peter (walk) very fast.
6. This pen (write) well.
7. He (like) coffee.
8. She (drink) tea.
9. We (get up) at 6 o’clock.
10. He (watch) TV in the evening.
4. Change these sentences.
Model: He opens the window in the morning. (always)
He always opens the window in the morning.
56
57. 1. I have coffee in the morning. (often)
2. Peter has tea in the morning.(usually)
3. She watches TV in the afternoon. (never)
4. My friend and I play chess on Sunday. (sometimes)
5. He goes to the cinema on Saturday. (often)
6. She listens to the music in the evening. (seldom)
7. He runs in the park every morning. (usually)
8. Mother cleans the rooms every Saturday. (always)
5. Trasform these sentences. Give short answers to the questions.
(Transformati aceste propozitiile. Dati raspunsuri scurte la
intrebari.)
Model: He often watches TV on Friday.
“Does he often watch TV on Friday?” “Yes, he does.”
1. I always have dinner at home.
2. We usually play chess in the morning.
3. She sometimes has dinner at seven o’clock in the evening.
4. They seldom write letters to her mother on Friday.
5. He often has English class on Tuesday.
6. She usually has lunch on Sunday.
7. My sister goes to college every day.
8. Our father washes his car every week.
6. Transform these sentences into negative.
Model: Nick does his homework every week.
Nick doesn’t do his homework every week.
1. My brother works very much.
2. I usually get up at 6 o’clock in the morning.
3. Tom often reads books in the evening.
4. We sometimes go for a walk at weekends.
5. He is busy all day.
6. Her grandparents live in the country.
7. He meets me every day.
8. You like French very much.
57
58. 7. Put in the interrogative:
1. He goes to work every day. (who, where, when, what)
2. She has two brothers and three sisters. (who, what, how many)
3. My parents live in a small town near Paris.(who, what, where, what
kind of)
4. They have a three-room flat in a new house in the centre of London.
(who, what, how many, what kind of, where)
5. He comes to the factory at eight o’clock in the morning. (who,
what, where, when)
8. Complete these sentences with respective articles. (Completati
golurile din urmatoarele propozitii cu articolul respectiv)
1. He is a… student.
2. They study at the… University.
3. We live in a… good flat.
4. We have … two-room flat in … new block of flats.
5. Our flat is on the… ninth floor.
6. He works in a.. big company.
7. There are many things in their flat. the… things are good.
8. There is a… nice picture on the… wall.
9. Translate into English
1.In Washington sunt multi studenti. there are a lot of studets in
Washington. 2. Ei isi fac studiile in universitati si colegii. They study
at universities and coledgies 3. Studentii universitatilor lucreaza intens.
4. Ei citesc multe carti. 5. Duminica parintii nu lucreaza. 6. Copiii nu
merg la scoala. 7. Duminica noi ne plimbam in parc. 8. Feciorului meu
ii place sa se plimbe cu mine. 9. Dumneata faci studii la Universitate?
10. Cine va preda limba engleza? 11. Unde locuieste d-l Smith? 12. El
nu locuieste in Chisinau, el locuieste in Londra. 12. El este managerul
unei mari companii.
Vocabulary
to walk [wo:k] a merge (pe jos)
week [wi:k] saptamana
to receive [ri’si:v] a primi (in vizita)
to stay [stei] a sta, a ramane
58
59. to want [wont] a dori, a vrea
to study [stΛdi] a studia
only [ounli] numai
to rest [rest] a se odihni
young [jΛŋ] tanar(a)
to go [gou] a merge, a pleca, a se duce
boy [boi] bait
girl [gз:l] fata
factory [fæktori] fabrica
to listen [lisn] to a asculta
to [tu:] (prep.) la, spre, catre
to discuss [diskΛs] a discuta
to return [ritз:n] a se intoarce
hard [ha:d] intens
after [a:ftэ] dupa
questions [kwest∫nz] intrebari
to read [ri:d] a citi
home [houm] acasa
newspaper [nju:speipэ] ziar
university [ju:nivз:siti] universitate
Text: Rob Fellows
Rob Fellows works in a company. He lives near the company. He
usually walks there. He only works five days a week. He works on
Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, and Friday. He doesn’t
work on Saturday and Sunday. He often receives visitors from
factories in the afternoon. They discuss a lot of questions with him. He
usually finishes work at six o’clock in the evening.
Rob learns French. He works hard at his French. He sometimes stays
in the office after work for his French lessons. After classes he returns
home.
Mr. Fellows has a family. His family is not large. He has a wife and
two children, a boy and a girl. The boy goes to school. The girl doesn’t
go to school. She is very young. She is only three. She goes to a
nursery. His wife is a student at the University. She wants to be a
doctor. She works very hard every day.
59
60. On Saturday we clean the house and cook breakfast, lunch and dinner
for our family.
On Sundays we rest from work. We walk in the park with our children.
They play and we read some newspapers. We go home at 7 o’clock.
The children go to bed at 9 o’clock, but we don’t. We watch TV and
listen to the radio.
It’s hard, but it’s worth trying.
60
61. UNIT 6
The form of the Possessive/Genitive Case (cazul
posesiv/genitivul in ‘s)
The declension of nouns (Declinarea substantivelor)
Nominativ The waiter wears white gloves.
(the/a) (Chelnerul poarta manusi albe)
Genitiv (of The gloves of the waiter are white./The
the/a) waiter’s gloves are white. (Manusele
‘s chelnerului sunt albe)
Dativ (to Don’t forget to give a tip to the waiter.
the/a) (Nu uita sa-i dai chelnerului un bacsis)
Acuzativ Let’s call the waiter. (Sa chemam
(the/a) chelnerul)
Vocativ (-) Waiter! The bill, please. (Chelner! Nota,
te rog)
The Genitive Case
Genitivul in limba engleza se exprima cu prepozitia “of” pentru
lucruri si cu “s”, numai cu apostrof in general pentru persoane si
alte fiinte:
The boy’s name – numele baiatului
Tom’s father – tatal lui Tom.
La plural, apostroful se asaza dupa s:
The boys’ books – cartile baietilor.
Daca pluralul substanivelor (neregulate) nu se termina in s, se
adauga ‘s:
The men’s club – clubul barbatilor
The children’s parents – parintii copiilor.
Mike and Mary’s children. (Copiii amandurora.)
Tom, Bill and Jane’s parents. (Parintii comuni ai celor trei copii.)
In cazul acesta ‘s se aseaza numai dupa ultimul substantiv la
genetiv.
Elena’s and Jerry’s parents. (Parintii fiecaruia in parte).
In cazul acesta ‘s se asaza dupa fiecare substantiv la genetiv.
61
62. Genitivul sinteticse foloseste de asemenea:
(the) baker’s (shop) – brutarie
butcher’s – macelarie
florist’s – florarie
grocer’s – bacanie
greengrocer’s – zarzavagerie
tobacconist’s - tutungerie
doctor’s, dentist’s (office)
mother’s (house) Let’s go to mother’s tonight.
Pentru a exprima distanta, durata si greutatea:
A mile’s walk – cale de o mila pe jos.
A two hours’ journey – o calatorie de 2 ore.
A three pounds’ cake – un tort de trei lire.
A 3 pound cake (Am.v.)
Cu adverbe, ca: today, yesterday, tonight, sau cu substantive ce
exprima timpul, spatiul sau greutatea
- yesterday’s newspaper (ziarul de ieri)
- tonight’s programme (propramul din aceasta seara)
- a month’s holiday – (o vacanta de o luna.)
Genetivul analitic “of”
Se foloseste:
- cu substantive comune:
the colour of the sky – culoarea cerului
the author of the book- autorul cartii
the difficulty of the problem- dificultatea problemei.
- cu denumiri geografice:
the city of London – orasul Londra.
62
63. Personal Pronouns Pronumele Posesive
(Pronumele personale) (Pronumele posesive)
Dependente Independente
I my mine
You your yours
He his his
She her hers
It its its
We our ours
You your yours
They their theirs
This is my book. Mine is on the desk.
This is his car. That is hers.
The place of direct and indirect object in the sentence. (Locul
complementului direct si indirect in propozitie):
In limba engleza complementul indirect, de obicei, preceda pe cel
direct:
He gives her many materials.
El i-a dat ei multe materiale.
Daca complementul direct il preceda oe cel indirect, atunci ultimul
este precedat de prepozitia “to”, devenind complement
prepozitional:
He gives many materials to her.
El ii da ei multe materiale.
Disjunctive Questions (Intrebari disjunctive)
- Se traduce in limba romana prin “nu-i asa?” sau “Nu?” sau “Asa-
i?”
- Dupa o propozitie afirmativa, intrebarea disjunctiva are forma
interogativ-negativa:
Fred is a student, isn’t he?
Mr. Smith has got a car, hasn’t he?
63
64. - Dupa o propozitie negativa, intrebarea disjunctiva are forma
interogativa simpla:
He is not a student, is he?
She can’t speak English, can she?
- In intrebarile disjunctive se folosesc pronumele personale si, de
regula, formele prescurtate ale verbelor.
Intrebarile disjunctive la propozitiile continand there is (there’s),
there are, there is not (there isn’t, there’s not), there are not (there
aren’t) sunt:
There are some flowers in the garden, aren’t there?
There isn’t much time left, is there? (n-a mai ramas mult timp, nu-i
asa?)
Intrebarile disjunctive la propozitiile continand Prezentul Nedefinit se
formeaza dupa regulile cunoscute, cu precizarea ca verbul notional nu
apare in asemenea intrebari ci este inlocuit cu do, does, don’t,
doesn’t:
You know me, don’t you?
You don’t know me, do you?
She goes to bed early, doesn’t she?
She doesn’t go to bed late, does she?
The Adjective (Adjectivul)
In limba engleza adjectivele au o singura forma, indeferent de gen sau
numar. Ele se asaza de regula inaintea substantivului:
A young woman
A new flat
A handsome man
Adjectivele derivate din nume proprii se sriu cu initiala majuscula:
Romanian
English
French
64
65. Exercises:
1. Model: The teacher has a good book.
The teacher’s book is good
1. Mr. Robinson has a new car.
2. The boy has an old computer.
3. The pupil has a clean notebook.
4. Our ather has a white shirt.
5. The woman has a new dress.
6. My sister has a new bag.
7. The man has a blue uniform.
8. His brother has a dirty suit.
2. Put in the plural:
Model: The student’s composition is interesting.
The students’ compositions are interesting.
1. The girl’s blouse is beautiful.
2. The boy’s shirt is white.
3. The teacher’s pen is black.
4. The doctor’s room is clean.
5. The girl’s hair is nice.
6. The student’s problem is difficult.
3. Complete the sentences with possessive pronouns. (Completati
propozitiile de mai jos cu pronumele posesive respective:
1. Sylvia lives in London with her… parents. 2. Your pipe is in …
place. 3. Jeff and Tom are at the cinema with … sister. 4. … brother’s
teacher is a man, but …is a woman. Is that coat …? “Yes, it is … .” 5.
… mother is at home. Where is …? 6. We have a new TV set in …
bedroom. 7. Mike and … wife are at the theatre. 8. Don’t show me …
report, show me …. . 9. How old is … father? 10. Our house is new,
but … is old.
4. Change the places of direct and indirect objects. (Schimbati cu
locurile complementele direct si indirect):
1. He lends me his pen. 2. He sends the letter to her. 3. They show us
65
66. their new car. 4. She brings me a cup of coffee. 5. He demonstrates his
project to them.
5. Read these disjunctive questions and answer them.
1. Peter goes to the cinema, doesn’t he? 2. John has some friends at
school, hasn’t he? 3. Your friend’s family isn’t large, is it? 4. There are
ten students in the classroom, aren’t there? 5. There aren’t any pictures
on the walls, are there? 6. You always listen to the radio in the
evening, don’t you? 7. He opens the window every day, doesn’t he? 8.
His brothers don’t play chess every weekend, do they? 9. He has
coffee in the morning, hasn’t he? 10. They can speak English very
well, can’t they?
6. Completati spatiile goale cu corespondentul romanesc al lui
“nu-i asa?”
1. It’s a tasty cake, … …? 2. Sally is your sister, … …? 3. Mr. and
Mrs.Lee are your parents, … … ? 4. It isn’t late, … …? 5. You
have got a car, … … ? 6. You aren’t very busy, … … ? 7. There is
an English newspaper on the desk, … … ? 8. She can’t work, …
… ? 9. She watches TV, … … ? 10. He isn’t happy, … … ?
7. Translate into English.
1.Tu ai multe greseli, nu-i asa?. 2. Apartamentul prietenului meu este
foarte confortabil. 3. Eu nu pot sa merg la petrecere in seara aceasta.
4. Ei trebuie sa traduca acest text. 5. Ti-ai cumparat carti noi, nu-i asa?
6. Noi cumparam paine de la bacanie. 7. Aceasta este cartea mea, da
aceea a ta. 8. Pot sa deschid fereastra? 9. Culoare cerului. 10.
Profesoarea de pian a lui Tom. 11. Lectia profesorului. 12. Marca
acestui automobil. 13. Primele capitole ale romanului. 14. Usa camerii
lui Bill si Jane. 15. Noua prietena a Lizei. 16. Numele strazii noastre.
17. Numarul casei lor.
Vocabulary
capital capitala
old vechi
city oras (mare)
huge urias, imens
66
67. bridge pod
across peste
river rau
narrow ingust
pavements trotuar, pavaj
financial financiar
sights punct turistic de atractie
bell clopot
to weigh a cantari
residence residenta
queen regina
cars automobile
buses autobuse
tube (underground)
/subway (Am.v) metrou
nice frumos
TEXT: LONDON
London is the capital of Great Britain. It is a very old city. It is two
thousand years old. London is not only the capital of the country, it is
a huge port.
London is situated on both banks of the Thames. There are 17 bridges
across the river. The population of London is about 9 million people.
London has three parts: the City of London, the West End, the East
End.
The City of London is the oldest part of London. You can see narrow
streets and pavements there. There are many offices, firms and banks
in this part of London. The City of London is the financial centre of
the United Kingdom.
The West End is the centre of London. There are many sights in the
West End. They are, for example, the Houses of Parliament with Big
Ben which is the biggest clock bell in Britain. It weighs 13.5 tons.
The official London residence of the Queen is Buckingham Palace.
There are many museums, libraries and galleries in London. There are
many cars and buses. There is a tube (an underground) in London, too.
It is a nice one.
67
68. UNIT 7
The Present Participle (Participiul prezent)
The Present Participle, in general, are un sens activ, ex: I see him
painting.
Functii: 1. Impreuna cu verbul auxiliar “to be”, formeaza aspectul
continuu la diferite timpuri.
2. Are o valoare adjectivala, determinand un substantiv.
Poate fi folosit atat atributiv (ex.: an interesting story = o poveste
interesanta), cat si predicativ
(ex.:The story is interesting = Povestea este interesanta.)
The Present Participle se formeaza cu ajutorul sufixului –ing, care se
ataseaza la infinitivul verbului fara partica “to”: to read – reading, to
stay - staying, to take –taking, to get – getting.
The Present Continuous Tense (Prezentul continuu)
The Present Continuous se formeaza cu ajutorul verbului auxiliar “to
be” la Presentul Simplu si Participiul I al verbului de conjugat.
Affirmative
I am (I’m) reading a book
You are (You’re) reading a book
He is (He’s) reading a book
She is (She’s) reading a book
We are (We’re) reading a book
You are (You’re) reading a book
They are (They’re) reading a book
68
69. Interrogative
Am I reading ?
Are you reading a book ?
Is he reading a book ?
Is she reading a book ?
Are we reading a book ?
Are you reading a book ?
Are they reading a book ?
Negative
I am not (I’m) not reading a book
You are not (aren’t) reading a book
He is not (isn’t) reading a book
She is not (isn’t) reading a book
We are not (aren’t) reading a book
You are not (aren’t) reading a book
They are not (aren’t) reading a book
The Present Continuous exprima:
a). – o actiune, care se petrece in momentul vorbirii:
Ex.: Look! It’s raining. (Priveste! Ploua)
b). – o actiune, care are loc pentru o perioada limitata de timp in
prezent:
Ex.: What are you reading these days?
I’m taking driving lessons. (Iau lectii de conducere auto)
c) - poate avea o valoare de viitor, exprimand o actiune ce va avea
loc conform unui program stabilit inainte, si anume verbele, care
exprima miscarea, ca to go, to come, to leave denota o actiune care
se va efectua in viitorul apropiat:
Ex.: He is coming tomorrow. (El vine miine)
Unele verbe nu se pot folosi la forma continua:
- verbe care exprima o activitate mintala (know, remember, believe,
mean, understand, forget, doubt [daut], agree, appreciate, expect,
assume, feel (=think), realize, recognize)
69
70. - verbe care exprima sentimente sau stari sufletesti (love, regret,
prefer, want, like, to etc.)
- verbe care exprima o perceptie senzoriala (see, hear, smell etc)
- verbe care exprima posesia (have, belong (to) – a apartine, to own-
a poseda, cat si verbul “to be”)
- verbe modale (can, must, may )
The Adverb (Adverbul)
Adverbul poate determina un verb (She sings beautifully), un adjectiv
(She has an extremely beautiful voice) sau un alt adverb (very late).
Modul de formare
Majoritatea adverbelor de mod se formeaza prin adaugarea sufuxului
–ly la un adjectiv.
Ex.: Adjectiv Adverb
Useful usefully
Easy easily
True truly
Slow slowly
Full fully
Adjectivele terminate in –ic primesc terminatia –ally
Fantastic fantastically
Diplomatic diplomatically
Unele adverbe au aceeasi forma cu adjectivele corespunzatoare:
Friendly friendly
Early early
Lovely lovely
Fast fast
Late late
Hard hard
Only (singur,unic) only (numai, doar)
Tipuri de adverbe:
1. Adverbe de timp si frecventa:
Yesturday (ieri), today (astazi), tomorrow (maine), soon(curand),
often (deseori), always (intotdeauna), now (acum)
70
71. - She comes today (Vine astazi)
- We often have dinner at home. (Noi deseori luam pranzul acasa)
2. Adverbe de mod:
Slowly (lent), bravely (cu curaj), angrily (suparat)
- He is working slowly.
- She replies angrily. (Ea raspunde pe un ton suparat)
3. Adverbe de loc:
Here (aici), there (acolo), near (aproape), below (dedesubt), down
(jos), up (sus) etc.
They stop here. (Ei sau oprit aici)
4. Adverbe care indica gradul:
Absolutely/completely (complet), incredibly (incredibil de),
perfectly (perfect), simply (pur si simplu), very (foarte) etc.
It’s incredibly boring (E incredibil de plicticos)
I absolutely agree (sunt complet de acord).
Pozitia adverbelor in propozitie
Cand in propozitie exista mai multe adverbe, ordinea este:
MOD LOC TIMP
Ex.: He arrives safely in Washington today.
(1) (2) (3)
(Ajunge in siguranta la Washington astazi)
1 2 3
Nota: Unele verbe ca become/ turn/keep/remain/stay/, look, seem,
taste, smell sunt urmate de adjective si nu adverbe (Ex: It smells good
= Miroase bine), He looks happy (Pare fericit), He was born rich. (S-a
nascut bogat).
Exercises:
1. Make sentences negative and interrogative:
Model: They are reading now.
They aren’t reading now.
Are they reading now?
1. The sun is shining.
71
72. 2. The men and the women are standing.
3. The students are drinking cups of tea.
4. The dog is sleeping.
5. You are playing football.
6. I am staying at that hotel.
7. She is looking for her.
8. We are looking after the children.
9. He is smoking a cigarette.
10.The birds are flying over the sea.
2. Answer these questions using the model:
Is Tom reading a book? (watch TV)
No, he isn’t. He’s watching TV.
1.Is she opening the window? (to close the window). 2. Is Jane asking
questions? (to answer questions). 3. Is he reading text 2? (to read text
3). 4. Are they playing chess? (to watch TV). 5. Is Bill showing his
new project to Peter? (to show it to Nick). 6. Are they listening to
music ? (to listen to the latest news).
3. Use the present continuous instead of the infinitives in brackets.
1. Mary (to arrive) home now.
2. Look, the sun (to rise). It (to rain)? Yes, it (to rain) very hard.
3. The delegation (to leave) Moldova tomorrow.
4. Peter (to smoke) a cigarette.
5. Why you (to speak) so fast.
6. They (not to work), they (to watch) TV.
7. The weather is fine. The sun (to shine) and the birds (to sing).
8. I can’t hear what they (to talk) about.
9. She (not to work), she (swim) in the river.
10.Why Ann (not to wear) her new dress?
11.What Tom (to do) now? He (to clean) his shoes.
11. He (to teach) his boy to ride.
72
73. 4. Put the verbs in brackets into the simple present or present
continuous.
1. We (to study) at university. We (to study) English and French there.
Now we (to be) in the classroom, we (to read) an English text. We (not
make) mistakes.
2. We (to speak) Romanian at home, but we (to speak) English
at the university.
3. You (to speak) Romanian now? We (to speak) English
because we (to be) at the English lesson.
4. He (to go) to the university in the evening. Where he (to go)
now?
He always (to go) to the office at 9.
5. Form adverbs from these adjectives and translate them:
Occasional, real, bad, fruitful, happy, useful, helpful, beautiful,
bright, slow, nice.
6. Complete the sentences. Choose from:
1. Father is tall. He isn’t … fat
2. My friend Nick is thin. He isn’t … short
3. Our office is clean. It isn’t … old
4. We get up early. We don’t get up … dirty
5. I like my new dress. I don’t like my … dress. late
6. Felix is a white cat. It isn’t … bad
7. The window of the classroom is open. It isn’t … black
8. Tom is a good student. He isn’t … young
9. Grandmother is old. She isn’t shut
10. The grass is wet in the rain. It isn’t … dry
7. Put the adverbs of time in the right place:
1. I go to bed late (never). 2. We haven’t English lessons (every day).
3.
Let’s go to the theatre (tonight). 4. Do you smoke (ever)? 5. I’m going
to mother’s (next Sunday). 6. We see each other (very often). 7. We go
for a walk (sometimes). 8. I get up early (always). 9. They comb and
brush their hair (seldom). 10. He can tell lies (never). 11. You can tell
(never). (Nu se stie nici odata).
73
74. 8. Translate into English
1. Cand te duci la culcare? 2. Ce asculti? 3. Unde luati pranzul?
4. Ei va viziteaza des? 5. Unde va petreci vacanta de vara? 6. Ea
culege flori. 7. Aceasta floare miroase frumos. 8. El e prietenul tau,
nu-i asa ? 9. Imi place painea foarte mult. - 10. Si parintelor mei. 11.
Trebuie sa pleci, nu-i asa? 12. Omul acela este fratele cumnatei mele.
Text: At the English lesson
The students are in a classroom. The classroom is a big room. They are
in the English class. They are having an English lesson. They are
sitting on chairs in front of their desks. The teacher is standing at the
blackboard. She is speaking to the students and she is writing the new
English words on the blackboard. The students are writing them in
their notebooks. They are also repeating the new words. The students
are looking at their teacher and they are listening to what she is telling
them. She has a pleasant voice. She is teaching them many new words
and grammar rules.
The students are making good progress in English and say that
learning English is a great pleasure for them. They usually do all their
exercises and all their homework. They always say that they have too
much to do.
The students like to learn English and they say that English is not
difficult. They work hard and they learn many new English words in
every new lesson. They have a lot of work to do at home for their
English lessons. They are hard-working students and their teacher likes
them.
74
75. If you want to attain something,
you have to fight like a lion.
75
76. UNIT 8
The Past Simple (Trecutul Simplu)
Verbele limbii engleze la Trecutul Simplu se impart in doua grupe:
regulate si neregulate.
Mare majoritate a verbelor din limba engleza formeaza Trecutul
adaugand terminatia –ed:
a) Terminatia –ed se pronunta d.
To open – opened [oupnd]
To play – played [pleid]
b) Terminatia –ed se pronunta t.
To look – looked [lukt]
To ask – asked [a:skt]
c) Terminatia –ed se pronunta id.
To want – wanted [wontid]
To need – needed [ni:did]
d) Verbele terminate in e adauga numai –d:
To live – lived [livd]
To love – loved [lΛvd]
e) Verbele terminate in y precedat de o vocala adauga –ed:
To play –played [pleid]
To stay – stayed [steid]
Nota: Exista numai trei exceptii:
To say – a spune, a zice - said [sed]
To pay - a plati - paid [peid]
To lay – a pune, a aseza – laid [leid]
f) Cele terminate in y precedat de o consoana schimba y in i si adauga
–ed:
76
77. To try – tried [traid]
To cry – cried [kraid]
j) Verbele monosilabice terminate intr-o singura consoana precedata
de o singura vocala dubleaza consoana finala inaintea terminatiei – ed:
to stop – stopped [stopt]
to plan – planned [plænd]
Affitmative Interrogative
I played tennis Did I play tennis ?
You played tennis Did you play tennis ?
He,she (it) played tennis Did he, she,(it) play tennis?
You played tennis Did you play tennis ?
We played tennis Did we play tennis ?
They played tennis Did they play tennis ?
Negative
I did not (didn’t) play tennis
You did not (didn’t) play tennis
He, she, (it) did not (didn’t) play tennis
We did not (didn’t) play tennis
You did not (didn’t) play tennis
They did not (didn’t) play tennis
Trecutul Simplu al verbelor neregulate se formeaza prin diferite
procedee:
- schimbarea vocalei de baza: to get – got;
- schimbarea consoanei finale to spend - spent;
- schimbarea verbului in intregime: to go – went;
- pastrarea formei initiale: to put – put;
- pastrarea formei initiale, in rostirea diferita: to read [ri:d] –
read [red].
Conjugarea verbului “to be” la Trecutul Simplu:
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