Challenges, Progress & State-of-art in Breeding for Iron/Zinc
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Merideth Bonierbale - First Global Conference on BiofortificationNovember 9-11, 2010, Washington, DC, USA
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Challenges, Progress & State-of-art in Breeding for Iron/Zinc
- 1. Challenges, Progress & State-of- art in Breeding for Iron/Zinc First Global Conference on Biofortification November 9-11, 2010, Washington, DC Merideth Bonierbale International Potato Center Wolfgang Pfeiffer HarvestPlus HarvestPlus Crop Leaders
- 2. 3.5 billion people in the developing world are Fe deficient Women and children are most affected Micronutrient Deficiencies ”Hidden Hunger” http://www.micronutrient.org Prevalence of IDA among children <5 years old• Maternal mortality • Impaired mental development & capacity for labor • Growth failure • Susceptibility to infections
- 3. Outline • Genetic Variation in Crop Gene pools • Setting Breeding Targets • Genetic Gains Achieved • Molecular and Biotechnologies • Product Delivery • Research Needs
- 4. Genetic Variation in Crop Gene pools: Varieties, Landraces, Breeding Populations, Wild Relatives
- 5. Qualitative (HPLC) Semi- Quantitative NIRS XRF Bench-top Hand-held Colorimetric Image-Analyzer Near-Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy X-Ray Year 20102005 Samples day-1 1000 500 $US Cost sample-1 0.25 1.00 (0.5 - 3.0) • High-throughput • Fast & economical • No contamination > 30 5-10
- 6. e.g. Worldwide NIRS Quality Network for Sweetpotato (and other crops)
- 7. Progress: Fe Variation Discovered in Germplasm of 8 Staple Crops (ppm DW) Wheat Sweetpotato Rice_unpolish Rice_polish Potato_Native Potato_Adv Maize Cassava 6050403020100 Wheat Sweetpotato Rice_unpolish Rice_polish Potato_Native Potato_Adv Maize Cassava 1501401301201101009080706050403020100 Beans Pearl millet
- 8. Wheat Sweetpotato Rice_unpolish Rice_polish Potato_Native Potato_Adv Maize Cassava Beans 1101009080706050403020100 Pearl millet Progress: Zn Variation Discovered in Germplasm of 8 Staple Crops (ppm DW)
- 9. Beans Pearl Millet Polished_Rice Potato_Adv Potato_Native Sweetpotato Unpolished_Rice Wheat Fe vs Zn Ord Crops N Correlation Coefficients 1 Pearl Millet 79 0.86 2 Sweetpotato 89 0.85 3 Unpolished_Rice 110 0.79 4 Wheat 176 0.64 5 Beans 215 0.63 6 Potato_Native 604 0.52 7 Polished_Rice 123 0.41 8 Potato_Adv 310 0.31 FEDW ZnDW 160140120100806040200 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Positive correlation between Fe & Zn allows simultaneous improvement for both
- 10. The amount of Fe or Zn required in a biofortified crop for significant impact on nutritional status Breeding Target • ‘Baseline’ = amount obtained from varieties consumed by target population + • ‘Increment’ = amount to be added by breeding =
- 11. Consumption level (g/day) Increment of nutrient required for health impact Concentration of nutrient in the crop as consumed (after storage, milling & cooking ) Bioavailability of nutrient in the diet Target Nutrient Content of Staple Foods Influencial Factors
- 12. Primary Sources of Food for Populations at Risk of Malnutrition Intakeingrams gen Yams Potato Cassava OFSP Cowpea Lentil Bean Maize W heat Rice Pearl M illet Barley Sorghum 500 400 300 200 100 0 Grains (100% DM) Legumes (100% DM) Roots (33% DM) Tubers (25-33% DM) Intakeingrams gen Yams Potato Cassava OFSP Cowpea Lentil Bean Maize W heat Rice Pearl M illet Barley Sorghum 500 400 300 200 100 0 Grains (100% DM) Legumes (100% DM) Roots (33% DM) Tubers (25-33% DM) Consumption Levels of 13 Staple Food Crops (DW) (DW) (FW) (FW)
- 13. Targeting Food & Production Systems High Zn Wheat Targets in India ME1: Temperate Irrigated High Production ME5: Irrigated High Temperate Stress 42 38 46 36 22 19 12 11 12 14 9 8 6 4 9 8 4 2 3 2 4 7 5 18 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Women Children Women Children AbundanceScarcity Cereals Potato Vegetablesandfruits Pulses Noodles Foodfronsocialprograms Breadandcookies Sugars Meatandchicken Other Dietary Sources of Fe in Huancavelica, Peru
- 14. 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 Pearl Millet Bean Bean Rice Rice Maiz Maiz Wheat Wheat Potato Sweetpotato Fe Fe Zn Fe Zn Fe Zn Fe Zn Fe Fe ppm Baseline & Target Levels for 7 Crops 8 44 8 8 32 64 8 11 22 22 Non-Biofortified Avg. Baseline BreedingTarget Genetic Variation Discovered 30 Target Increment
- 15. Breeding Focus by Crop and Micronutrient HarvestPlus investment level I. Zn Rice, Zn Wheat II. Fe Pearl Millet, Fe Bean III. Fe Potato, Fe Sorghum, Fe Lentil. Zn Maize – initially HarvestPlus, then AgroSalud Fe & Zn Sweetpotato in SASHA
- 16. Fe (ppm) P (ppm) Rice polished Maize Wheat Bean Cassava Potato Lentil Pearl Millet Yams Phytate: Inhibitor of Fe Absorption 5% SweetPotato10%
- 17. Iron Bioavailability in Landrace Potatoes 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 704393 703168 705543 702464 700234 700787 701997 703274 703488 Caco2cellsferritinformation(ng ferritin/mgprotein) Caco-2 Cell Ferritin Formation USDA/SRS & CIP
- 18. 0,0 5,0 10,0 15,0 20,0 25,0 30,0 15,5 23,3 31,1 38,8 46,6 54,4 62,1 69,9 77,7 85,4 93,2 mg Ac Ascorbico/ 100g DW Porcetajedepoblación Base Population k = 5% Progeny of selected individuals mg Vitamin C/ 100g Percent Genetic Gains from Selection Gs = k * δp * H2 Selection Intensity HeritabilityGenetic Variation
- 19. Non-negotiable Core Traits Product Attributes - Breeding Objectives
- 20. Fe Zn FV N=89 PBF N=64 FV N=89 PBF N=64 Genetic Gains for Fe and Zn in OFSP African farmers’ varieties (FV) vs. Pre-breeding families (PBF (ppmindrymatter)
- 21. Cycle 1 Families: Source of superior clones Selected genotypes with high micronutrient concentration Fe(mg/kg) 32.0 31.0 30.0 29.0 28.0 27.0 26.0 25.0 24.0 23.0 22.0 21.0 20.0 19.0 18.0 17.0 16.5 16.0 15.0 14.0 12.5 12.0 11.0 9.0 8.0 7.0 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 Boxplot Ranges of Fe (mg/kg) in diploid potato families (NCD-II) Base line (17.5 mg/kg
- 22. Biotechnologies –Reduce time and cost to meet breeding goals –Exceed levels feasible by conventional breeding
- 23. Identification of genes affecting variation in Fe & Zn in Bean by QTL analysis • Overlapping Fe and Zn QTL suggest common transcriptional control of uptake • Identification of allelic variation for FRO to facilitate transfer of high mineral traits among genepools and varieties Blair et al., 2010
- 24. Promoter Genomic Wheat Ferritin clone 1DX5 Glutenin Nos A B C • Introduce extra copies of the most active wheat allele of the TaFer1 gene into wheat. • Biolistic transformation using glutenine1Dx5 promoter to drive endosperm specific expression. Transgenic WT- Bob white Prussian blue stain Targeting Ferritin to the Wheat Endosperm Exon Intron (Aarhus University/Denmark)
- 25. Research Agreements & Contracts with 7 Private Companies - # will increase • GxE Performance Testing • Joint Development of Fe/Zn-dense Hybrids (private NARS) & OPVs (public NARS) by Consortium PartnersPartners in Deployment Variation for Fe in Inbred lines & Hybrids Product Delivery: Case of Pearl Millet
- 26. Breeding cycles Iron(ppm) 2005 2007 2009 2011 50 65 80 100 Lines in release process Families in pipeline 2010 Baseline Target Incremental gains toward breeding goal for Fe in Bean
- 27. Wolfgang H PFEIFFER Product Development & Release Schedule
- 28. What Do We Have in Hand to Succeed in Biofortification ? Micronutrient-enrichment traits are available within the genomes of staple food crops. Target levels have been defined. Breeding schemes established. First-ever genetic gains for mineral traits realized Mainstreamed into adapted populations. Product pipelines defined. Partners engaged Early-stage efficacy trials: looking good!