M. Bonierbale, E. Mihovilovich, W. Amoros, J. Landeo and M. Orrillo Sustaining and Projecting Genetic Diversity for Potatoes Adapted To Changing Environments 14th Australasian Plant Breeding and 11th SABRAO Conference, Cairns, Queensland, Australia, 10-14 August 2009

1. Sustaining and projecting genetic
diversity: Potatoes adapted to
changing needs
Merideth Bonierbale
International Potato Center

2. Strengths of Potato for Food
Security
Staple source of minerals,
vitamins and high quality
protein
Source of cash from fresh
and processing markets
High harvest index and
high yield per unit time,
land and water
Versatile in cropping
systems

3. Production Dynamics in Developing
Countries
 Potato area has grown
because:
Commercially-oriented
farmers are
responding to
increased demand
from growing markets
and urban centers.
Subsistence farmers
are responding to
ever-shrinking
farm sizes.

4. Key role in moderating the impacts of
global price crisis
 Availability of a variety
and quantity of locally
produced foods
moderates impact of
global price rises
 Root and tuber crops
are not completely
commercialized
providing options at
the household level

5. Ecosystem/ Sector
Constraints
Small Farms
Hillside Agriculture
Dispersed Production

6. Productivity constraints
Multiple overlapping seasons
High year-round disease pressure

7. Breeding Goals
1. Develop durable
resistance to
predominant diseases
2. Reliable yields with less
water and under warmer
temperatures
3. Improve nutritional and
market traits

8. Assets: Raw and Improved Germplasm
Adapted to Tropical Agro-ecologies
LowlandLowland
tropics andtropics and
Virus ResistantVirus Resistant
(LTVR)(LTVR)
PopulationPopulation
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
3 5 7
Days after inoculation
Lesionradius(mm)
y = a+bx
b=LGR= 5.7
y = a+bx
b=LGR= 3.6
HighlandHighland
tropicstropics
Late BlightLate Blight
Resistant (B3)Resistant (B3)
PopulationPopulation
acl
Tbr
blb
dmsNeo
tbr
Tbrphu
dms
Adg
phu
Adg
Neo
tbr

9. Proximity to Diverse Topical EnvironmentsProximity to Diverse Topical Environments
LA MOLINA Cool lowland, 300 m; 11° S, winter & spring
NAZCA Hot arid lowland, 300 m, 14° S, spring-summer
TACNA Hot arid lowland, 200 m; 18° S, spring-summer
MAJES Warm arid lowland; 900 m; 16° S spring-summe
HUANCAYO Cool highland; 3300 m; 12° S
OXAPAMPA: warm, humid
highland; 2000 m; 11° S
SAN RAMON Hot,
humid high jungle;
900 m; 11° S sprong

10.  Population Breeding for Tropical
Highlands

11. B1
Population
Andigena
4x
Andigena
4x
S.
bulbocastanum
2x
S acaule
4x
Phureja
2x
S.
demissum
6x
Tuberosum
4x
Tuberosum
4x Andigena
4x
B3
Population
0
5
10
15
20
25
668
-887
888
-1106
1107
-13251326
-15441545
-17631764
-19821983
-22012202
-2420
B3C0B3C0
B3C3B3C3
Two Advanced Populations
Resistant to Late Blight Disease
AUDPC

12. Phenotypic Stability of Quantitative
Resistance
 AMMI
 (RCBD; 2 Locations; 4 Years)
 AUDPC
 0  500  1000  1500  2000  2500  3000
 -40
-30
 -20
 -10
 10
 20
PCA1
 G1
 G10
 G11
 G12
 G13
 G14
 G15
 Kory
G2
 G3
 G4 G6
 G7
 G8
 G9
 E1c
 E1x
 E2c
 E2x
 E3c
 E3x
 E4c
 E4x
 Amarilis
 Yungay
 PCA1 = 68.7 %  *** G > GxE > E; CV = 14.9%
 0

13. Distribution and Evaluation in Tropical
Highlands of Africa

14. Release andRelease and
Marketing inMarketing in
ChinaChina

15. EST sequence
GenBank ID
Clone ID and
request form
GenBank IDs for
best hits
Molecular Support for Characterizing
Resistance
III IV VI
IX
III
VII VIII XI XII
V
X
tbr Meyer et al., 1998
ber Ewing et al., 2000
tbr Leonards-Schippers et al., 1994
tbr, ktz, vrn, tar, stn Collins et al., 1999
tbr, chc, ktz, stn, vrn Oberhagemann et al., 1999
tbr Ghislain et al., 2000
phu Ghislain et al., 2000
blb Naess et al., 2000
mcd Sandbrink et al., 2000

16. Building a genetic map in a haploid
progeny from Population B3
303946.7 IVP35
4x 2x
301071.3 X 703308
Resistant haploid (2x) Susceptible 2x cv.
B3C1PH (n = 91)
F1 progeny of heterozygous
male & female parents

17. Localizing QTL for Resistance
Consistent Major Effect on chr IX in 4 / 5 Environments
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Number of clones
158-610
611
- 1063
1064
- 1516
1517
- 1969
1970
- 2422
2423
- 2875
2876
- 3328
3329
- 3781
AUDPC
Comas 2005-06
Frequency
AUDPC
Oxapampa 2005
Oxapampa 2006
Comas 2005
Comas 2006
Oxapampa 2008
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
S084r
STMJK24
S078f
S231
S083r
S089
STMGQ39
S193S026
S007
S001f
S216r
LOD
90.1 %
82.8 %
80.3 %
77.5 %
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Number of clones
71
- 458
459
- 846
847
- 1234
1235
- 1622
1623
- 2010
2011
- 2398
2399
- 2786
2787
- 3174
AUDPC
Oxapampa 2006-07
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Number of clones
123
- 458
459
- 794
795
- 1130
1131
- 1466
1467
- 1802
1803
- 2138
2139
- 2474
2475
- 2810
AUDPC
Oxapampa 2005-06
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Number of clones
284
- 499
500
- 715
716
- 931
932
- 1147
1148
- 1363
1364
- 1579
1580
- 1795
1796
- 2011
AUDPC
Comas 2006-07

18. QTL untapped when major gene is
defeated
0
1
2
3
4
S032fr
S185
STMIR63
S224fr
S047frS006fr
S181
S121r
S224a
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
S084r
STMJK24
S078f
S231
S083r
S089
STMGQ39
S193S026
S007
S001f
S216r
Comas 2005
Comas 2006
Chr XII
Chr IX
1Rpi-vtn1
2Rpi-phu1
Rpi-moc1 1 Smilde et al. (2005)
2 Jliwka · et al, (2006)
3 Foster et al, (2009)
 16%
 90%

19. -27600
-27500
-27400
-27300
-27200
-27100
-27000
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
LnP(D)
B1C5
45%
B1C5
28% B1C0
Structure of Population B1 for association
mapping
74 bred clones from C5 + 30 founders, 61 SSR
Number of Subpopulations (K)

20. 500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
5500
B1C0 B1C0 B1C5-A B1C5-A B1C5-B B1C5-B
Population
AUDPC
Presence
Absence
B1C0 B1C5
STG-0006.174 33% 0%
STG-0006.170 19% 32%
STG-0006.179 48% 67%
Frequency
Marker alleles
Chromosome II
***
R2 =13%
 SSR allele STG-0006.170 associated with resístanse
(reduced AUDPC
Marker-trait association in Population B1

21. Solanum
Piurana
5 spp. + 1
‘outgroup’
Species Series Ploidy(EBN)
sensu Spooner
S. cajamarquense
S. acroglosum
S. piurae
S. paucissectum
S. chiquidenum
S. chomatophilum
Species
Broadening
the base of
resistance

22. Identification of new resistance sources in
wild specie germplasm
Evaluation in 2 endemic locations over 2 years
Acc. SCL
5050
OCH 14187
OCH11640
OCHS15210

23. stn x cjm
phu x chq
Endemic late blight pressure
Oxapampa + Monobamba
Introgression to cultivated species
 (2x-2x and 4x-24 crosses)

24. Lbr-40 Atzimba
Monserrate
Yungay
Chata Blanca
 AUDPC
Assessment of fertility and resistance of
new 2x hybrids
 Phu x chq
 N’175
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
506047.1 506047.2 506047.3 506116.4
CIP Code
Percentage
Colored
Non-colored
2n pollen
2x bred clones x S. piurae

25. A B C D E F
A B C D E F
Confirming hybrisity of resistant
selections from inter-clade crosses and
embryo rescue cv Group Goniocalyx  S. chiquidenum

26.  Population Breeding for Adaptation
to Subtropical Lowlands

27. Depressing effect of viruses in the tropics

28. 1970’s 80’s 90’s 2000
Adaptation
Heat
Yield
Earliness
LT’s
LT-1,
LT-2,
LT-7….
Adg
Neo-Tbr
PVX
PVY
Yield
Y, X, DX,
TXY
Costanera
Tacna
Ma.Bonita
PVY
PVX
PLRV
Earliness
Tbr
Europe,USA
LAC
LR93, C91,
C92, C93,
397
Reiche
Unica
Tbr
USA
PVY, PLRV
Earliness,
Heat
Long Days
Drought
Quality
LD
Phu
Adg
Lowland Tropics and Virus
Resistant Population (LTVR)
REICHE UNICA
C91-612
CIP 388611.22
C92-140
CIP 392797.22
Tbrdms
388611.22
392730.2
392745.7
392797.22
393708.31

29. σ2 FE TSI
sd sd
σ2A 190.7 72.7 264.4 98.1
σ2D 121.1 52.7 103.4 37.4
σ2AxL 18.0 14.2 13.0 8.7
σ2DxL 40.1 41.1 3.5 23.2
σ2e 60.7 6.2 42.6 4.3
σ2P 351.0 383.1
h2 0.54 0.20 0.69 0.26
σ2D/σ2A 0.64 0.39
Better screening methods improve heritability
estimates (PLRV resistance)
25 viruliferous aphids
Tuber Sprout
Inoculation (TSI)
Spreaders
Natural Field
Exposure (FE)

30. CLONE: 388615.22
REICHE
CLONE: 392797.22
UNICA
CLONE: 388615.22
C91.640
CLONE: 397073.16CLONE: 397077.16CLONE: 399101.1
Main features of elite clones from LTVR
•Virus resistant (PVY, PVX, PLRV)
•Mid-early tuber production
•Tolerance to warm arid conditions
•Chipping quality
•Good tuber appearance
•Cooking and organoleptic quality

31. Progenitor
Attribute
PLRV
resistance
       
Earliness        
Ntuber no.     
Tuber size     
Yield         
LR93.050
88.052
C93.139
C93.154
LR93.160
92.187
C90.266
C93.156
C91.612
92.062
C92.140
C91.640
Parental value: GCA for virus resistance
and agronomic attributes

32. Descentralized Selection and Breeding
Vietnam
Myanmar
Philippines
Indonesia
Lao
• Clonal assessment
• Farmers and consumers’
preferences
• Combination of Traits

33. Search for germpllasm sources of
higher levels of heritable resistance to
PLRV

34. Three sources of PLRV resistance identifiedThree sources of PLRV resistance identified
in Solanum tuberosum ssp andigenain Solanum tuberosum ssp andigena
collectioncollection
2.5
-2.5
-2.0
-1.5
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
Titia
(
tbr
)A
lpha
(
tbr
)
A
tlantic
(
tbr
)
Granola
(
tbr
)Spunta
(
tbr
)
A
chirana
(
tbr
)
LO
P-868
(
adg
)
H
U
A
-332
(
adg
)
O
CH
-7643
(
adg
)
ZIM
-440
(
adg
)
H
JT
-5535(
adg
)
Exceptionally high
Combining Ability
High level of resistance in 3
Andigena clones
OCH7643
HUA332
LOP868
DW.84.1457(C)
VID11
PPPDGV94
AchiranaINTA
(C)
CUP-199
OCH-8225
UNSAM51
PPP1627
HJA1489
OCH11195
CCC4726
PPPSA2103
HMX1686
FlorBlanca(C)
Perricholi(C)
0
20
40
60
80
100
%infectedplants
25 aphids/plant
50 aphids/plant
HR R S

35. Major gene for high levels of resistance
confirmed and mapped on 2 homologs of Chr
V
Rladg
Rladg
Rladg
Velásquez et al . 2007
Tetraploid Map AFLP; SSR

36. Combining LTVR and B3 populations
Population
B3
Population
LTVR
acl
dem
blb
tbr
tbr
phuadg
Neo-
tbr
Neo-
tbr
demtbr
phu
tbr
adg
Late blight +
Virus Resistance?
Yield gain through
Heterosis ?
Adaptation
to lowland
tropics
Resistance
to viruses
Field resistance
to late blight
Adaptation to
highland tropics

37. Cluster analysis of a sample of progenitors
from B3 and LTVR populations
0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90
393242.50
391004.18
392639.31
392639.8
393280.64
392637.27
392650.49
392657.8
393074.86
C97.158
C97.270
WA.077
C93.154
C97.214
LR93.309
C90.266
LR93.050
92.187
Subgroup 1
Subgroup 2
Subgroup 3
Subgroup 4
Jaccard similarity coefficient
B3
LTVR

38. H%
Highland Tropics
(Amarilis-Huánuco)
Heterosis and yield performance
H%
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Tuber number
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Tuber number
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
3 4 5 6 7
Marketable tuber number
LTVR
B3
LTVRB3
Legend
Lowland Tropics
(La Molina- Lima)

39. Enhancing Adaptation to HotEnhancing Adaptation to Hot
EnvironmentsEnvironments
10
14
18
22
26
30
34
38
Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar
(Midmore, 1992)
AirTemperatureºC
Max Day Tº
Max Night Tº
- Flexibility in cropping
systems
- Demographic &
climate change

40. Early generation selection for heat tolerance
Tuberization
pattern
I II III IV
B3*B3
TBR*B3 TBR*LTVR
LTVR*LTVR
LTVR-B3
SIn = BPn(3)+TSn(2)+TUn(2)+Spn+Knn+Chn+Crn
Normal
tuberization
Physiological
disorders
Warm temperature screening

41. 10
14
18
22
26
30
34
DEC JAN FEB MAR
TemperatureºC
No adapted material Adapted material
Shorter cycle tuber production under
warmer conditions

42.  Nutritional and Health Value

43. Micronutrients
Vit “C” & “B” complex
Minerals
Fiber
Macronutrients
Water
Carbohydrates
Proteín
Secondary Metabolites
Attraction / Protection
Plant Responses to Environment
Functional Properties in the Diet
Carotenoids PhenolicCompounds

44.  Leading cause of maternal
mortality
 Impairs mental development
and learning
 Limits capacity to perform
physical labor
 Stunting
 Susceptibility to infections
Iron and Zinc Deficiencies
Implications for human health & development

45. Genetic Diversity
Aymara
3900 masl
Inyaya
3700 masl
Pahualtupo
4200 masl
Native Andean Landraces
Advanced and Elite Clones
Modern Varieties
Controlled-cross Progenies
>900 Genotypes

46. 0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Natives
(n=286)
Improved
(n=315)
Zn(mg/100gFW)
0.20
0.58
0.13
0.84
0
10
20
30
40
Natives
(n=626)
Improved
(n=315)
VitC(mg/100gFW)
4.2
33.2
4.2
33.2
Iron Zinc Vit C
Ranges of Micronutrient Contents in Landrace
& Improved Potato Germplasm
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Natives
(n=286)
Improved
(n=315)
Fe(mg/100gFW)
0.28
0.75
0.23
0.64
0.75 fw
30 dw
0.84 fw
33 dw
 (mg/100g)
 (mg/kg)

47. Cromatogram of a variety with high total carotenoids
Cromatogram of a variety with high ß-carotene n
Carotenoid Profile of Native Potatoess
AU
0.00
0.05
0.10
Minutes
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 45.00 50.00 55.00 60.00
ZeaxanthinZeaxanthinAnteraxanthinAnteraxanthin
703566
AU
0.000
0.010
0.020
Minutes
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 45.00 50.00 55.00 60.00
ßß--carotenecaroteneLuteinLuteinViolaxanthinViolaxanthin
705800

48. grup
Phencomp(mg/100g,FW)
StnPhuGonChaAdg
250
200
150
100
50
0
700234 703741 702395 703985
MidiumMidium
Concentration of phenolic compounds in
native potatoes (n=282)
LowLow
705280
70273
6
703844
704393
HighHigh
703264
701997
704143
702453
703264
701997
704143
702453
705280
702736
703844
704393
703985702395700234 703741

49. Iron bioavailability in native potatoes
(in Vitro Caco 2 cells)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
704393 703168 705543 702464 700234 700787 701997 703274 703488
Caco2cellsferritinformation
(ngferritin/protein)

50. CROSSES
Popln 1
Stn, Gon, Phu
Popln 2
Adg x Adg
Poplm 3
Advanced. x Adg
NCD-I (24 families)
Heritabilityestimates
L x T (24 families) parental
Value
Selection (240
clones)
Pre-breeding scheme: Micronutrients
and 2° Metabolites
(Base Populations)
Selection (47
clones)
Evaluation &
Selection (20
clones)
Evaluation &
Selection
(50 clones)
2005
2006
2007
2008

51. 303832
303826
303841
703421
Stn
702815
Stn
703291
Phu
703825
Gon
704393
Gon
X
Group 1
703168
Gon
703831
Gon
703352
Gon
701165
Phu
703825
Gon
X
Group II
303842
303845
303846
303828
303835
Genetic Stocks for nutritional and health value

52. Midparent_Ascorbic acid (mg/100g,FW)
offspring_Ascorbicacid(mg/100g,FW)
19181716151413121110
22
20
18
16
14
12
10
S 1.63281
R-Sq 53.2%
R-Sq(adj) 46.6%
Regression
95% CI
Y = 4.77 + 0.70 X
Midparent_Fe (mg/100g,FW)
Offspring_Fe(mg/100g,FW)
0.440.430.420.410.400.390.380.37
0.54
0.52
0.50
0.48
0.46
0.44
0.42
0.40
S 0.0298906
R-Sq 33.9%
R-Sq(adj) 25.6%
Regression
95% CI
Y = 0.18 + 0.70 X
Midparent_Zn (mg/100g,FW)
Offspring_Zn(mg/100g,FW)
0.4000.3750.3500.3250.3000.2750.250
0.36
0.34
0.32
0.30
0.28
S 0.0081189
R-Sq 93.0%
R-Sq(adj) 91.9%
Regression
95% CI
Y = 0.18 + 0.42 X
Mid-parent offspring regression
Heritability of Iron, Zinc and Vit. C concentrations
Iron Zinc
Vitamin C

53. Genetic gains from selection for high Iron
and Zinc concentration (2X)
Zn(mg/100g,FW)
0.90
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.38
0.30
0.20
0.00
0.90
0.65
0.60
0.55
0.50
0.45
0.40
0.35
0.00
Mean=0.38+0.08
N=28
Mean=0.50+0.07
N=16
0 1 2Selection Cycle
Fe(mg/100g,FW)
1.20
0.90
0.65
0.60
0.55
0.500.49
0.45
0.40
0.35
0.00
1.20
0.88
0.80
0.72
0.64
0.60
0.56
0.48
0.40
0.32
0.00
Mean =0.60+0.13
N=16
Mean =0.49 +0.07
N=28
2005 2007
Cycle 0
28 progenitors
(native cultivars
Stn, Gon, phu) a
NCDI – 16 families
Cycle 1
16 progenitors high
Fe and Zn NCDII -
32 families

54. 4. Sustainably use
genetic diversity for
resilient and nutritious
farming and food systems

55. • W Amoros
• L. Porta;
• G. Burgos
• E. Mihovilovich
• E. Salas
• J. Landeo
• M. Gastelo
• L. Rivera
• M, Orrillo
• S. Munive