3. Characteristics
High population out migration figures
Many boarded up shops
Many empty & derelict properties
The closing of schools & low levels of
education
High levels of unemployment
High incidences of crime, vandalism &
graffiti
Low levels of participation in local
democracy
4. Causes of inner city
decline
A) Deindustrialisation – between 1960-81
1.6mn manufacturing jobs were lost in
major urban areas.
This led to unemployment in inner city areas
of former industrial regions of Liverpool,
Sheffield, Glasgow….
Unemployment was very high among the
poorly skilled and ethnic minorities.
5. B) Population loss & social decline
– the more skilled & affluent people
moved to search for better
employment opportunities, they also
desired larger houses with open space,
and now the countryside was more
easily accessible.
6. Poor physical
environment
Low quality housing
Derelict properties
Vacant factories
Unsightly overgrown wasteland
Vandalism, graffiti.
Few amenities, such as parks or play areas.
Bleak concrete dominated landscape, with
urban motorways & flyovers.
8. Inner city high rise
developments
They lacked a community feel
They were poorly ventilated & suffered from
damp
Expensive to heat
Poorly designed open spaces – no one cared
– vandalism
Poorly designed led to ‘hidden paces’ where
hooliganism & criminal activity took place.
Many have now been demolished.