The document discusses the characteristics of heat transfer of nanofluids used for engine cooling. It provides background on using nanofluids to enhance heat transfer for applications like engine cooling where heat dissipation is important. The literature review summarizes previous studies that found heat transfer enhancement when using nanofluids like Al2O3 nanoparticles dispersed in water or ethylene glycol. The present work aims to investigate heat transfer enhancement under varying bulk temperatures, flow velocities, heat fluxes, and nanofluid concentrations to simulate engine operating conditions. It describes the proposed experimental test rig and setup that will be used to analyze the heat transfer performance of Al2O3/water nanofluids.

1. CHARACTERISTICS OF HEATCHARACTERISTICS OF HEAT
TRANSFER OF NANOFLUIDS INTRANSFER OF NANOFLUIDS IN
ENGINE COOLINGENGINE COOLING
‫تبريد‬ ‫فى‬ ‫النانو‬ ‫لموائع‬ ‫الحرارة‬ ‫انتقال‬ ‫خواص‬‫تبريد‬ ‫فى‬ ‫النانو‬ ‫لموائع‬ ‫الحرارة‬ ‫انتقال‬ ‫خواص‬
‫المحركات‬‫المحركات‬
Submitted By:
ENG. HUSSEIN EL SAYED ALIENG. HUSSEIN EL SAYED ALI
hsmoghaib@gmail.comhsmoghaib@gmail.com
Helwan UniversityHelwan University
Faculty of EngineeringFaculty of Engineering
Mechanical Power Eng. Dep.Mechanical Power Eng. Dep.
Mattaria-CairoMattaria-Cairo
Under Supervision:
PROF. DR. ABDEL HAMID B. HELALIPROF. DR. ABDEL HAMID B. HELALI
DR. MOHAMED H. SHEDIDDR. MOHAMED H. SHEDID
DR. HALA MAHMOUD ABDEL HAMIDDR. HALA MAHMOUD ABDEL HAMID

2.  INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
 LITERATURE SURVEYLITERATURE SURVEY
 THE PRESENT WORKTHE PRESENT WORK
CONTENTS:CONTENTS:

3. INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

4. Cooling becomes one of the top technical challenges facing high-
tech. industries such as microelectronics, transportation,
manufacturing, metrology, and vehicles, etc.
INTRODUCTION:INTRODUCTION:
For reciprocating engine, under full load conditions, 10–25% of
the heat supplied by the fuel is lost through the walls, whereas
under part load, the wall heat loss increases to reach a value
higher than 30% at zero load which lead to thermal loading and
mechanical stresses causing fatigue cracking [1]

5. INTRODUCTION:INTRODUCTION:
 Consequently, the wall metal temperature must be less than
about 400 o
C for cast iron and 300 o
C for aluminum alloy [2]
Localized Nucleate boiling in very high Temp-
erature zones of engine cylinder head
Cracks typically form when a cylinder head
undergoes too much thermal stress

6.  Conventional methods to increase heat flux rates:
• Traditional coolant fluids with chemical additives,
• Extended surfaces such as fins, and
• Increasing flow rates.
 These conventional methods have already utilized to their
maximum potential due to their limitations.
INTRODUCTION (cont.):INTRODUCTION (cont.):
 Nanofluids are promising to meet and enhance the challenges

7.  Nanofluids, coined by Dr. Choi 1995, are new class of
nanotechnology-based heat transfer fluids that are engineered
by stably suspending a small amount of particles, fibers, or
tubes with dimensions on the order of 1-100 nm.
INTRODUCTION (cont.):INTRODUCTION (cont.):
Nanofluids (nano particles mixed with base fluid)

8. Materials for Nanoparticles and Base Fluids:
Nanoparticle materials include
•Oxide ceramics such as Al2O3, CuO
•Metal carbides such as SiC
•Nitrides such as AlN, SiN
•Metals such as Al, Cu
•Nonmetals such as Graphite, carbon
nanotubes
•Layered such as Al + Al2O3, Cu + C
•PCM such as S/S
Base fluids include
• Water
• Ethylene- or tri-ethylene-glycols and other
coolants
• Oil and other lubricants
• Bio-fluids
• Polymer solutions
• Other common fluids
INTRODUCTION (cont.):INTRODUCTION (cont.):

9. Comparison of the thermal conductivity of common liquids, polymers and solids [3]
INTRODUCTION (cont.):INTRODUCTION (cont.):

10. Nanofluid compared to conventional solid-liquid
suspensions:
• High specific surface area,
• High dispersion stability ,
• Reduced pumping power for equivalent heat transfer rate,
• Reduced particle clogging as compared to convention slurries , and
• Adjustable properties, including thermal conductivity and surface wettability, by varying particle concentration
to suit different applications.
INTRODUCTION (cont.):INTRODUCTION (cont.):

11. Effect of Particle Volume ConcentrationEffect of Particle Volume Concentration [4]
Thermo-physical Properties of Nano-fluids:
Knf / Kbf ↑ as Ø% ↑↑ as Ø% ↑ (Al2O3 in water)
Effect of TemperatureEffect of Temperature [4]
Knf / Kbf ↑ as T ↑↑ as T ↑ (Al2O3 in water)
INTRODUCTION (cont.):INTRODUCTION (cont.):

12. LITERATURE REVIEWLITERATURE REVIEW

13. AUTHORAUTHOR COOLANTCOOLANT RESULTSRESULTS
Abdel-Hamid B. HelaliAbdel-Hamid B. Helali
20022002
(conventional method)(conventional method)
PG and EG/DI WaterPG and EG/DI Water
hh ↑↑by 39, 83% at 15, 20% PGby 39, 83% at 15, 20% PG
Hosny Z. Abou-ZiyanHosny Z. Abou-Ziyan
20032003
(conventional method)(conventional method)
Distilled Water throughDistilled Water through
variable T-ductsvariable T-ducts
hh ↑↑ by 27% at width aspectby 27% at width aspect
ratio ↑ by 43%ratio ↑ by 43%
h ↑ by 60% at v ↑ from 1 to 2h ↑ by 60% at v ↑ from 1 to 2
m/sm/s
h ↑ by 12% at Tb ↑ from 60h ↑ by 12% at Tb ↑ from 60
to 80 Cto 80 C
Devdatta P. KulkarniDevdatta P. Kulkarni
20082008
Al2O3/EG-Water – 45 nmAl2O3/EG-Water – 45 nm
2, 4, 6% vol.2, 4, 6% vol.
H.Ex. efficiencyH.Ex. efficiency ↑↑by 3.85% atby 3.85% at
6% vol.6% vol.
LITERATURE REVIEW:LITERATURE REVIEW:

14. AUTHORAUTHOR COOLANTCOOLANT RESULTSRESULTS
M. Eftekha, A.M. Eftekha, A.
Keshavarz. 2010Keshavarz. 2010
Al2O3/DI Water – 40 nmAl2O3/DI Water – 40 nm
0.1, 0.5, 1, 2% vol.0.1, 0.5, 1, 2% vol.
hh ↑↑by 1.5 and 23% for 0.1by 1.5 and 23% for 0.1
and 2% vol.and 2% vol.
M.M. Heyhat, F. Kowsary.M.M. Heyhat, F. Kowsary.
20122012
Al2O3/EG-Water – 50 nmAl2O3/EG-Water – 50 nm
1, 2, 3% vol.1, 2, 3% vol.
Warm-up Time reductionWarm-up Time reduction
10.2, 17.2, 29.3%10.2, 17.2, 29.3%
M Raja, R Vijayan.M Raja, R Vijayan.
20132013
Al2O3/DI Water – 40.3 nmAl2O3/DI Water – 40.3 nm
0.5, 1, 1.5, 2% vol.0.5, 1, 1.5, 2% vol.
UU ↑↑ by 11, 18, 23, 28%by 11, 18, 23, 28%
Mohamed H. Shedid.Mohamed H. Shedid.
20142014
Al2O3/Water – 25 nmAl2O3/Water – 25 nm
0.2, 0.5, 1, 5% vol.0.2, 0.5, 1, 5% vol.
hh ↑↑ by 6.4% at 1% andby 6.4% at 1% and
36.1% at 5% vol.36.1% at 5% vol.
LITERATURE REVIEW (cont.):LITERATURE REVIEW (cont.):

15. THE PRESENT WORKTHE PRESENT WORK

16. PRESENT WORK:PRESENT WORK:
Objectives:
 Investigation of the heat transfer enhancement for forced
convection and sub-cooled boiling for the following parameters:
1. Bulk temperatures (50 : 70 C)
2. Flow velocities (1, 2, 2.5 m/s)
3. Heat flux, and
4. Nanofluid concentrations (0 : 3%)
Simulated to engine
operating conditions
The used nanofluid:
 Al2O3/DI Water (nanoparticles: gamma, 50 nm, 3600 kg/m3)

17. Expected results in the form of graphs:
PRESENT WORK (cont.):PRESENT WORK (cont.):

18. PRESENT WORK (cont.):PRESENT WORK (cont.):
1. Supply tank
2. Main cooling liquid tank
3. Cooling coil
4. Immersion heater
5. Circulating pump
6. By-pass valve
7. Flow control valve
8. Flow meter
9. Test duct
10. Test specimen
11. Bulk liquid TCs
12. Pressure gage
13. Drain valve
14. Cooling water inlet
Proposed scheme of Test rig:

19. PRESENT WORK (cont.):PRESENT WORK (cont.):
Test Section:

20. PRESENT WORK (cont.):PRESENT WORK (cont.):
Details of section A-A:

21. [1] Hosny Z. Abou-Ziyan. Forced convection and sub-cooled flow boiling heat
transfer in asymmetrically heated ducts of T-section. Elsevier Science; 2003
[2] Helali AB. Evaluation of propylene glycol and ethylene glycol engine coolant
additives under forced convection
and boiling conditions. Res Eng J, Helwan Univ 2002.
[3] Wen D, Lin G, Vafaei S, Zhang K. Review of nanofluids for heat transfer
appli-cations. Particuology 2009;7:141–50
References:References: