Indonesia’s most notable tsunami disaster tsunamis can accompany large subduction zone earthquakes generated as a result of complex interaction of the indo-australia and eurasiatectonic plates. In 2004, the existing indian ocean warning system was inadequate; so evacuation did not happen. Tsunami waves with wave heights of 4 to 10 m and inland runup of 3.3 km or more reached the coasts of all indian ocean nations- - - whose people were unevacuated and unprepared.As many as 220,000 people killed (120,000 in indonesia) --- and 500,000 injured. Presentation courtesy of Dr Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction Indonesia Earthquakes and Tsunamis

2. LESSONS LEARNED FROM
PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS
INDONESIA
PART 1B: TSUNAMIS

3. NATURAL HAZARDS THAT PLACE
NATURAL HAZARDS THAT PLACE
INDONESIA’S COMMUNITIES AT RISK
INDONESIA’S COMMUNITIES AT RISK
EARTHQUAKES
GOAL: DISASTER
GOAL: DISASTER
RESILIENCE
RESILIENCE TSUNAMIS
ENACT AND IMPLEMENT FLOODS
ENACT AND IMPLEMENT
POLICIES HAVING HIGH
POLICIES HAVING HIGH
BENEFIT/COST FOR
BENEFIT/COST FOR CYCLONES
COMMUNITY RESILIENCE
COMMUNITY RESILIENCE
VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE

4. TSUNAMIS
TSUNAMIS CAN ACCOMPANY LARGE
SUBDUCTION ZONE EARTHQUAKES
GENERATED AS A RESULT OF COMPLEX
INTERACTION OF THE INDO-AUSTRALIA
AND EURASIATECTONIC PLATES

5. TECTONIC PLATES

6. INDONESIA

7. REGIONAL TECTONICS
• The Indo-Australian and
Eurasian plates meet in
Indonesia, creating a tectonic
setting that generates
earthquakes and volcanoes.

8. REGIONAL TECTONICS
• The Indo-Australian plate is moving
northward while being subducted
under the Eurasian plate creating a
zone marked by a submarine trench
that can be traced from the
northern tip of Sumatra to the
Lesser Islands.

9. SUBDUCTION ZONE

10. INDONESIA’S SEISMICITY

11. TSUNAMI RISK
ACCEPTABLE RISK
•TSUNAMI HAZARDS
•PEOPLE & BLDGS. RISK
•VULNERABILITY UNACCEPTABLE RISK
•LOCATION
GOAL: TSUNAMI
INDONESIA’S DISASTER RESILIENCE
DATA BASES
AND INFORMATION COMMUNITIES
POLICY OPTIONS
• PREPAREDNESS
HAZARDS: •PROTECTION
GROUND SHAKING
GROUND FAILURE •EARLY WARNING
SURFACE FAULTING
TECTONIC DEFORMATION
•EMERGENCY RESPONSE
TSUNAMI RUN UP •RECOVERY and
AFTERSHOCKS
RECONSTRUCTION

12. CAUSES OF
CAUSES OF
DAMAGE
DAMAGE
INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO
HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING
SOIL AMPLIFICATION
PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT
(SURFACE FAULTING & GROUND
FAILURE)
IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION
EARTHQUAKES AND PLAN
EARTHQUAKES
“DISASTER
“DISASTER TSUNAMI WAVE RUNUP
LABORATORIES”
LABORATORIES”
POOR DETAILING AND WEAK
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
FRAGILITY OF NON-STRUCTURAL
ELEMENTS

13. CAUSES OF
CAUSES OF
LOSS
LOSS
HIGH VELOCITY IMPACT OF
INCOMING WAVES
INLAND DISTANCE OF WAVE
RUNUP
VERTICAL HEIGHT OF WAVE
RUNUP
INADEQUATE WARNING
TSUNAMIS
TSUNAMIS SYSTEM
“DISASTER FLOODING
“DISASTER
LABORATORIES”
LABORATORIES”
INADEQUATE HORIZONTAL
AND VERTICAL EVACUATION
PROXIMITY TO SOURCE OF
TSUNAMI

14. LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT
DISASTER RESILIENCE
• ALL TSUNAMIS.
• DISASTER-
INTELLIGENT
COMMUNITIES USE
TIMELY EARLY
WARNING BASED ON
CRITICAL INFORM-
ATION TO EVACUATE
PEOPLE AND
PREPARE.

15. INDONESIA’S MOST NOTABLE
TSUNAMI DISASTER
The Great Sumatra
Earthquake -Indian Ocean
Tsunami Disaster
December 26, 2004

16. LOCATION

19. BEFORE AND AFTER THE
DISASTER
• SOURCE OF IMAGES: SPACE
IMAGING/CRISP-SINGAPORE
• NOTE: A TSUNAMI TRAVELS
AT SPEEDS OF ABOUT 800
KM/HR IN THE DEEP OCEAN

20. BEFORE DECEMBER 26, 2004
EARTHQUAKE-TSUNAMI

21. AFTER DECEMBER 26, 2004
EARTHQUAKE-TSUNAMI

22. BEFORE DECEMBER 26, 2004
EARTHQUAKE-TSUNAMI

23. AFTER DECEMBER 26, 2004
EARTHQUAKE-TSUNAMI

24. BEFORE DECEMBER 26, 2004
EARTHQUAKE-TSUNAMI

25. AFTER DECEMBER 26, 2004
EARTHQUAKE-TSUNAMI

26. BEFORE DECEMBER 26, 2004
EARTHQUAKE-TSUNAMI

27. AFTER DECEMBER 26, 2004
EARTHQUAKE-TSUNAMI

28. THE TSUNAMI
•THE EXISTING INDIAN OCEAN
WARNING SYSTEM WAS
INADEQUATE; SO EVACUATION
DID NOT HAPPEN.

29. THE TSUNAMI
• TSUNAMI WAVES WITH WAVE
HEIGHTS OF 4 TO 10 M AND INLAND
RUNUP OF 3.3 KM OR MORE
REACHED THE COASTS OF ALL
INDIAN OCEAN NATIONS- - -
• WHOSE PEOPLE WERE
UNEVACUATED AND UNPREPARED.

30. IMPACTS OF THE DISASTER
• AS MANY AS 220,000 PEOPLE KILLED
(120,000 IN INDONESIA)
• --- AND 500,000 INJURED

31. IMPACTS OF THE DISASTER
• URGENT NEED FOR FOOD, WATER, AND
HEALTH CARE SERVICES TO PREVENT
“A HEALTH-CARE DISASTER AFTER THE
TSUNAMI DISASTER”

32. IMPACTS OF THE DISASTER
• MILLIONS DISPLACED FROM
HOMES

33. IMPACTS OF THE DISASTER
•BILLIONS OF DOLLARS NEEDED
FOR RESPONSE, RECOVERY, AND
RECONSTRUCTION

34. IMPACTS OF THE DISASTER
•INTERNATIONAL AID WAS
COORDINATED BY UN, USA, INDIA,
AUSTRALIA, & JAPAN

35. TOWARDS DISASTER RISK
REDUCTION FOR TSUNAMIS
RISK ASSESSMENT
• VULNERABILITY
• COST
• EXPOSURE
TSUNAMIS EXPECTED
EXPECTED POLICY
POLICY
TSUNAMIS
• EVENT LOSS
LOSS ADOPTION
ADOPTION
• BENEFIT
POLICY •CONSEQUENCES
ASSESSMENT