Áp dụng các công cụ PRA khi khảo sát nhu cầu của cộng đồng

1. Capacity building project for central region poverty reduction
projects ( CACERP)
--------------------------------------------------
Application of PRA tools in village
development planning and
Commune development planning
( VDP & CDP)
(Training manual for district and commune staff)

2. Foreword
The Capacity building for central region poverty reduction project (CACEP) is an
ADB/dfid/MPI financed project located in the provinces of Kon Tum, Thua Thien
Hue, Quang Binh and Quang Tri. In each province two pilot districts are involved
and in each pilot district one commune is selected. The goal of TA is to facilitate the
creation of the condition for improved decentralized poverty reduction initiatives in
Vietnam. The objectives are to (II) improve local service delivery performance in
selected pilot areas and (II) develop a set of key policy and practice changes aimed
at enhanced poverty -focused service delivery modalities. The main indicators of
success will be adoption by the Government of an agreed set of key policy and
practice changes, creation of a management structure able to deliver these
changes.
The TA has two components: (I) design, test and implement decentralized service
delivery arrangement and outcomes in 8 pilot communes with resulting models for
wider replication; and (II) develop an active policy and practice network, leading to
the development of key principles that will serve as basis for Government to
improve decentralized service delivery for poverty reduction in Vietnam.
The successful trials and demonstrations in Technical Support Project frame
will be applied wide in Credit Project - ‘Central Region Livelihood Improvement
Project (CRLIP). The demonstrations will be improved step by step in 3 years cycle
of Project and the experiences from implementation process should be applied in
CRLIP and in activities for enhancement on capacity of authorities.
Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) is a process that TA was applying after
research and learning experiences from other projects carrying out in these areas.
The PRA process was discussed and agreed by Central Project Management Unit.
In order to have participation of community in this process, the Training courses
were organized in all of 8 pilot communes. The method of training is mainly learning
by doing the practical exercise . The trainees of each training course are Province
representatives , District staff, commune staff and informants at village level.
Training material used in the course includes 2 kinds: (i) Detailed PRA material
including all PRA tools and (ii) Basic material including simplified PRA tools.
The contents presented below have been used as a referen document for
both trainers and trainees during the courses in 8 pilot communes. After courses
have finished, it had been improved for wider use of other courses in next phase of
the project
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3. Table of content
Foreword...............................................................................................................................2
Chapter I - Analysis methods, rural appraisal ..................................................................5
1. Traditional Method.................................................................................................................5
2. Changed by another methods .............................................................................................5
3. Method “Rapid Rural Appraisal” (RRA).............................................................................5
4. Method “Participatory Rural Appraisal” (PRA) ..................................................................6
5. Principles and application of PRA.......................................................................................6
6. What are the main characters of PRA................................................................................7
Chapter II – Techniques of PRA tools use ........................................................................9
Tool 1: Time line ...........................................................................................................................9
Tool 2: Village mapping .............................................................................................................10
Tool 3: Transect walks and Transect map...............................................................................11
Tool 4: Season calendar............................................................................................................13
Tool 5 : Time line diagram ......................................................................................................14
Tool 6: Priority ranking...............................................................................................................15
Tool 7: Venn diagram.................................................................................................................16
Tool 8: Wealth ranking ................................................................................................................17
Tool 9: Household economic semi-structure interview ..........................................................21
Chapter III- Village development plan .............................................................................22
1. Appraisal , making plan on agriculture ...............................................................................22
2. Appraise , make plan on forest trees and fruit . ................................................................23
3. Appraise, make plan on rural infrastructure ........................................................................24
4. Appraise , make plan on off-farm activities .........................................................................26
5. Appraise , make plan on water supply and sanitation, environment .............................27
6. Appraise , make plan on rural credit ....................................................................................28
7. Gender issues.........................................................................................................................30
8. Appraise, make plan on communication activities ............................................................31
9. Appraise, make plan on education and health ..................................................................32
10. Analysis , consolidation of PRA results and appraised information of each aspect. .33
Chapter IV - Consolidation of commune development plan (CDP)..............................36
1. What is commune development plan base on farmer needs...........................................36
2. Objective of commune development planning : ................................................................36
3. Process of commune development planning......................................................................36
Chapter V - Several necessary skills in application of PRA tools in making village
development plan ..............................................................................................................40
5.1 Skills needed to carry out PRA tools..................................................................................40
5.2 . Some skills needed for planning ......................................................................................42
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4. Abbreviations
ADB: Asian Development Bank
CACERP: The Capacity Building for Central Region Poverty Reduction Project
CDP: Commune Development Plan
CRLIP Central Region Livelihood Improvement Project
DFID: Department for International Development
RRA: Rapid Rural Appraisal
PRA: Participatory Rural Appraisal
VDP: Village Development Plan
MPI : Ministry of Planning and Investment
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5. Chapter I - Analysis methods, rural appraisal
1. Traditional Method
Recently, most analysis concentrates on the rural situation in developing country that have the
following bearing common following characteristics
+ Time is long, it take some years
+ The steps of work are stable and regular.
+ Scope is limited that concentrating on single
problem and there is little relation to fact.
+ Level of diversity is poor, although there are
a lot of officers in many different fields
taking part in assessment.
+ The result of assessment are likely to be
good
+ The main guidance from level to level is to
work directly with state enterprise and
some organizations, and indirectly with
households
+ The participatory role of peasant in project
area is rare
+ High cost that wastes time and human
resources
+ The methods consist of economic analysis,
inventory land and crop in detail, testing in the field , interview by using a list of prepared
social economic questions.
Because this technique has no characters that can be changed , so it is not sensitive to local
conditions, that lacks of flexibility and consolidation, and so is not suitable to be recommended.
2. Changed by another methods
The defects in common analysis methods showed in years 1970. Up to now, the trying on
development work is raise productivity of crops, making much of uniform environment, enrichment
resources and checkable. After that they take care of poor farmers problems and difficult
economic conditions. Hence there is a need to learns the working systems of farmer and
developappropriate technology for various agricultural systems.
Method “ Research of farming system ” was set up from those understandings. The general target
of method is to describe cultivation, livestock, awareness, and extension activities. These
developed by many forms, research plans and extension activities. Many different forms including
rural research centers of Consultant Group International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) and
national institutes develop it. General of that office is repeating.
At the beginning the method “ Research of farming system ” used many old ways to survey farmers
and experimenting in the fields. But RFS also was encourage to have new techniques are faster
and more exact
3. Method “Rapid Rural Appraisal” (RRA)
The term “ Rural Rapid Appraisal” in agricultural field can be described by any new method that
using researcher group in many fields to work together with farmers and community leader in order
to develop quickly and systematically.
The following activities can be used by RRA method
1) To evaluate the demands of rural development and other common development of
community
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6. 2) To determine the priority tasks for developing work
3) To assess capacity of implementation (by social aspect and technical aspect)
4) To find out priority characters in developing activities
5) To implement development activities.
6) To monitor development activities
RRA operated in 1970, with FSR movements. Among the persons to contribute to the first of
creation were Robert Chambers, Peter Hildebrand, Robert Rhoades and Michael Collinson. They
were the first persons to apply RRA to have a workshop in development research institute of
Sussex University in England dated Oct. 1978 and Dec. 1979. At that time documents and the
press were popularised the term PRA and introduced it to readers widely. In mid 1980s there
were many experiences to find out by applying in many regions in the world. There was an
international workshop in Sep. 1985 in Khon Kaen Thailand to test application of PRA and to
perfect PRA term.
4. Method “Participatory Rural Appraisal” (PRA)
The advantages of PRA when compare to traditional methods are participation of community is
higher, time is short and low cost. Collection of data by pilot survey, in some cases may need less
investigation but data analysis consumes much time. Collected data must be coded in the
computer and analyzed by separate steps in research communes. When collection of data is
completed it is difficult and high cost is needed to collect missing data , because it need to back to
the field. The cost for information is always high.
Participatory Rural Appraisal is specially suitable for community development because it allows
participation of community and research groups in all research activities and data analysis .
The data collected by PRA supports group and community participants for their tasks as well as
information collected by hard works of participants for research, will be ensured that collected
information are correct and useful. The analysis at the field ensures collected information are
reliable and it can be adjusted before leaving village .
5. Principles and application of PRA
5.1. What is PRA?
PRA is a process of flexible learning of each to others between community people and outsiders.
It is a ‘Group” of approach and tools create local people to have opportunity for exchange and
analysis of life awareness and their condition to planning of development and action .
This process is to support community people to be able: :
- To determine main their needs
- Giving priority to above needs
- To help them to have necessary actions, based on taking maximum advantage of
their existing resources
5.2 Objectives of PRA
PRA assist participants to be able to
- Understand methods and be able to could plan and implement local development
activities
- Get aware more about community capacity
- Use participatory methods in real activities (by independent group)
To support community people to make VDP, based on taking maximum advantage of existing
local resources
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7. 5.3. Principles
- Observation
- Semi-structured interview
- Group discussion by subject
- Assign tasks to farmers to do
- Cross checking
- Suitable information reliability
- Living with community
PRA is a continuous process which using the tools, Its result is total dependent on behaviours
method or attitude of implementman.
6. What are the main characters of PRA
6.1. Triangle
This is a method used to crosscheck the
reliability of information which are
different and collected from different
resources. It is presented by:
- Group component
- Information resources
- Use of tools for information
collection
a. Group component
- Professional skills from different
places are needed, that make
different point of views, and all of
these will add each to other into
perfect result
- Access to different topics by using new way of observation deeply.
- Women must be included in the group
- The group must have community people to exchange skills and awareness each to
others
b. Different Information resources
- The group members have different backgrounds so that information collected by
them is more diversified.
Carry out combination of appropriate technology In order to help you to use a package
of PRA techniques quickly and correctly , We would show a package of PRA tools.
These tools have to be used harmoniously in the PRA process.
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8. 6.2. Flexibility character of PRA
The research plans and methods are not fixed, they could be modified to to fit real condition
6.3. Community character
- It is useful for analysis of collected information
- To evaluate the community difficulties correctly and to create the main elements for
VDP, CDP process
- Members of PRA group should consist of rich, medium, poor households and , female
and male
6.4, Quantitative character
Request ourselves always:
• What information is needed
• What information must be collected
• Who will analyze and use these information , What the objective is
• What level of accuracy of these information,
6.5. Analyze in the field
- The selected information will be analyzed immediately
- The collection and analysis of information are done continuously and interactivety
(collect information - Analyze at the field - collect information - Analyze at the field)
- If it necessary the analysis focus, could take place open through out the
implementation process
- During PRA process, analysis focus can be expanded if necessary
.
Bag of PRA tools
chart
map Ven- Season calendar
n
Wealth
ranking
Group Village
discusion
history
Semi - structure inerviewiew
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9. Chapter II – Techniques of PRA tools use
Tool 1: Time line
1.1. Objective:
• To be acquainted, increase good acquaintance between PRA staff and villagers
• Help villagers to remember historical events in the village, through that villagers can
review village development process correctly and encourage the solidarity and support of
each villager to others in coming time.
1.2. Methodology :
• Select a village informant group consist of 5-7 villagers ( Elders who have been living in the
village for long time and understanding village history, should be selected)
• A comfortable place for group discussion is selected to do the tool
• PRA staff facilitate villagers to discuss amongs themselves the time when historical take
place in the village. The collected information is noted on Ao size paper to help villagers
easily to discuss or add other necessary information.
• During discussion process, PRA staff could make open questions to help villagers
remember and adding events of village.
• Selected information is written on A4 paper.
Example: a completed time line.
Years Events affect life and production of villagers
1973 There are two households reside at village
1974 Local Government does settlement for minority ethnic group in the
village
1980 Slash and burn is a major production of villagers, productive risk
appears cause villagers are hungry.
1993 Epidemic disease of animal appear; livestock husbandry are facing
many difficulties
1999 Local Government does not allow to harvest natural forest, villagers
are supported budget for forest management and protection.
2002 The village is supported small scale irrigation system and electric
power.
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10. Tool 2: Village mapping
2.1. Objectives :
• Assess, analysize general village situation to expose difficulties, solutions for each field
related poverty reduction in the village
• Village map will be used for making VDP and village meeting discussion
.
2.2. Methodology
• Form a group consist of 5 to 7 villagers including female and male
• Select of a high site from where it is convenient to review the village, the select place
should be good for traffic, attracting villagers' participation.
• Villagers discuss and draw up their village map on ground . They could use color chalk,
small leaves, branches of tree, ... to present the terrain characters, land use, roads, ... on
village map. During mapping process, PRA staff help villagers to discuss with appropriate
questions.
• After map is completed , the villagers make a copy of the map on lage size paper (Ao)
• Remark sites of each households on the map , result of wealth ranking is used to mark
households categoried . Each type of household is remarked by one color on village map
Note : Village map need to be included: Information concerning: Roads, rivers/streams. Rice,
corn, ...fields, canal; forest, grazing-land; ... of village
For example: A village map drew up by villagers
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11. Tool 3: Transect walks and Transect map
3.1. Objective:
• Transect walks provides necessary information and general picture on potential of natural
resources, land use structure, animal, crops and hidden potential.. of the villager
• The above findings will be used for VDP.
3.1. Methodology :
• Form a group, at least consist of 5 to 7 villagers including men and women
• Village map, chart are used to discuss and identify transect direction ; chart, map,
compass, view and measure equipments, pen, papers are need to be prepared. PRA staff
explain clearly the objectives of this transect walks and suggest farmers to assist the group
to transect walk and discuss on the way.
• Walking is need to be done from low area to high area, at the convenient area of village,
the group can stop to discuss. PRA staff draw up topography and characters of each area
in the village to help farmers in group discussion. PRA staff could ask farmers more.
• Drawing transect map on big size paper or on land floor by chalk or local material
• The map can be copied on A4 papers
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12. Example: Transect map of Luong nang village, Hoa son commune, Tuyen Hoa¸ district, Quang Binh province
Natural forest Sloping land Home garden Paddy rice Bare land
Natural Good soil, covered by Bad soil, have been used for long Land surface is thick, quite flat, home One rice crop with low Yellow color soil and good
condition different natural tree time, slope garden located around house. yield soil
species.
Managem Partly allocated to Plant maize, upland rice, land is not Plant mango, lemon, and other mixed tree No application of No people manage, bare
-ent commune for allocated to household, are not valuable. fertilizer, lack of tending land with brush and
management, Forest is invaluable tree;
being exploited
Difficulties Large area, located far Bad soil, lack of cultivation techniques Lack of valuable species and land use plan Lack of high yield Far from house, lack of
resident area, it varieties, intensive labor
caused protection of techniques.
forest is difficult. Forest
has not been allocated
to individual
households yet.
Expectati- Budget for protection Productivity is increased Home garden is used effectively Yield is increased Land to be covered by
on of forest, Forest is forest tree species with high
allocated to economic value
households.

13. Tool 4: Season calendar
4.1. Objectives:
• To help villagers understanding all of frequent activities of the village in a year.
• Season calendar is a basis for village development planning and giving tasks to villagers
4.1. Methodology :
• Establish a villager group consist 5 to 7 villagers including men and women and villagers
who have long experiences on production in the village
• Finding a good site for people to participate in discusion
• Villager group discusses about crop season in village. PRA staff encourage, promote
farmers to discuss.
• Villagers can use local available materials ( Stick, leaf, chalk ) to draw up season calendar
on land floor, each material shows each activity in the village or months of the year.
• Use square paper to take note information discussed Copying all of discussed information
in A4 size paper.
For example: Crop and season calendar of Ha village, Thanh Hoa¸ commune, Tuyen Hoa
district Quang Binh province
Temperature
Rainfall
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Spring
rice Tending Harve
Planting sting
Disease Stem disease,
yellow leaf
Winter
tending harvesting
Plantin
g
Disease Stem disease,
yellow leaf
Maize
Sowing seeds Tendi
ng
Collection
of forest 100 %
products
PRA - VDP 13

14. Tool 5 : Time line diagram
5.1. objectives:
• To help villagers understanding some of variations in village by time such as variation of
crop yields, or what population changed, how is land use structure changed
• Time line diagrams help villagers to undersatnd reasons make negative changes so that
their negative awareness can be changed .
5.2. Methodology:
These diagrams show the quantitative changes by time.
These diagrams could show many type of changes by time such as:
− Crop production
− Area of crop cultivation
− Number of animal heads
− Population and household numbers
− Price changed
− Child-bearing and death ratio in village
− Rainfall
− The changes of natural forest, plantation forest and lad use situation.
− Disbursement of Project
− ...
Guide villagers to do the following issues
− square or normal paper are prepared
− Exchange with village informant about your thinking
− Let them have some time to think, remember and make comparison.
− Try to encourage them to collect the data changed of specific field within a last 10 years
− To combine 2 or more of variable data in one diagram.
− To combine the new reviewed information and base information
− The villages draw themselves the diagram changed by time on land floor or on board, big
size papers
For example: Diagrama of land use
%
60 60
Natural forest
Resident land
42.2 Crop land
40 35.6
Pady rice land
28 Planted forest
23
Other land
20 13.5
11
13.5
11 11
Maize area
9
5 5 5.5 5 5 5.5 5.7 5.5 Forest restoration
0 n¨m
1970 1980 1995
PRA - VDP 14

15. Tool 6: Priority ranking
6.1. Objectives:
• Giving priority to development activities
• Evaluation of farmers' interests
6.2. Methodology .
There are several types of priority ranking:
- Ranking base on priority set
- Double ranking
pripority ranking by using matrix
- Wealth ranking methods of Ranking for priority; Double ranking; Direction matrix ranking are
similar: Priority ranking allows PRA to determine major farmer needs or priority set by
villagers quickly, it also make comparison of villager ideas more easily Normally, a ranking
priority can be done by apply the following steps:
• Select some issues that need to be given priority . For example: crops, rice varieties,
firewood, fruit trees, or difficulties effected to community development. etc.
• Select some villagers who have proven experiences on village situation to collaborate with
PRA team
• Suggest the villagers show their point of views to give priority to selected issues and how
to give priorities. The villagers decide what categories can be used for ranking or giving
score to ask each villager, the questions should be quot; what do you think morequot; Continue to
ask other villagers for the same issues.
• To synthesize all discussed results on a table for making comparison .
See example:
Matrix ranking means that each criteria is given score, the villagers can use stones, maize seeds,
rice seeds to show score that they want to give. This way allows illiterates to be able for ranking.
Double ranking: There are 2 types or 2 issues compared each to other and rank by priority.
Double ranking of the wealth classification for villages in a commune
No of
Ord 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 appeara Priority
nces
1 Village 1 X 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 1 1 1 1 10 2
2 Village 2 X 2 4 5 2 7 8 9 2 2 12 4 8
3 Village 3 X 4 5 3 7 8 9 3 3 12 3 9
4 Village 4 X 5 4 7 8 9 4 4 12 5 7
5 Village 5 X 7 8 9 5 5 12 6 6
6 Village 6 X 7 8 9 6 6 12 2 10
7 Village 7 X 8 9 7 7 12 7 5
8 Village 8 X 8 8 8 8 11 1
9 Village 9 X 9 9 12 8 4
10 Village 10 X 10 12 1 11
11 Village 11 X 12 0 12
12 Village 12 X 9 3
On the table, Village 8 is the best wealthy, Village 11 is the poorest in commune.
PRA - VDP 15

16. Tool 7: Venn diagram
7.1 Objectives:
• To assist villagers in discussing different importance level of organisations and its impacts
to villagers' life..
• Through implementation of the tool both PRA staff and villagers can find out necessary
change need to be made to support organizations to help villagers more effectively.
Villagers' demands can also be reflected to exiting organizations, it makes organizations to
know what should be changed to satisfy the need of villagers. .
7.2.Methodology :
• Form a group consist of 5 to 7 villagers in cluding men and women, elder is promoted
• PRA staff guide villagers to list organisations which have activities related to villagers life,
the villagers show their point of views , to determine responsibility, importance levels as
well as impact of those organizations to village .
• Suggest villagers to use color paper cards and comparison method to determine the
important levels of each organization. Biggest circle card shows the community and it is
put at the center. Bigger circles show important organizations and smaller circle show less
important organizations. Distance from center to circles show impact levels of organizations
to village ( a circle far from center show impact of that organization to village is weak and
opposite) After work is finished Venn diagram need to be copied on A4 paper.
Example: An organization diagram (Vene) made by villagers
Village
Managem-
ent Board
Commun Agriculture
e people Bank
committe
Villag-
ers
Extension 135
Farmers progr
associate
am
-on
Heath
care
PRA - VDP 16

17. Tool 8: Wealth ranking
8.1. Objectives:
• To help villagers to do wealth ranking in the village by themselves determining and
discussing methods to improve livelihood of the poor in village.
• To support monitoring and evaluation on effectiveness and impact of project/program in
next years.
8.2. Methodology:
• To establish a group of 5 to 7 villagers including the poor and woman.
• PRA staff support farmers to determine criteria for wealth ranking, each household category
( rich, medium, poor..) has own criteria. Base on village condition, the villagers can
categorize households into 3-4 groups, categorized ones should be called household
category 1, category 2, category 3..It is should not call rich household group or poor
household group. A table on paper Ao size is prepared as table 1, the criteria are indicated
based on house, family property, food/person, animal.
Table 1: Household indicators
Household Categories breakdown
categories House Property Food/person Animal ……………..
Category 1
Category 2
Category 3
Category 4
• Prepare small paper cards with different colors, the number of cards is equal to the number
of households in the village, the name of each householder is noted in each card.
• Villagers discuss to categorize households base on criteria identified, households will be
categorized according to categories mentioned in above table
• Villagers put cards with name of households at type of category they want
• At the end of the process, checking the agreement of participants, whether they agree or
not.
• Prepare a similar table (as table 2) on AO paper and the result of discussion of all of
participants. After that, the result is noted on A4 size paper.
Table 2: Household wealth ranking
Ord. Category I Category II Category III Category IV
1
2
3
...
• Discuss main difficult issues that poor households are facing. What do villagers think?
Suggest discussion group to give scores according to the importance level of these
difficulties. The most important is 10 score and the scores are from 1 to 10, The result of
discussion is noted in model table (table 3).
PRA - VDP 17

18. Table 3: Difficult issures of the poor
Give score
Difficult issu Reason Solution
1 to 10
• PRA staff assist villagers in discussion to put forward activities for solution of difficult issues
of the poor. Each activity could be showed includes advantage, difficulties, and quantity,
especially the responsibility of village in these tasks. The end, PRA group discusses about
priority ranking for activities. The results of discussion are noted in table 4.
Table 4: The activities for solution of difficulties for poor households
Quantity Estima Responsibility
Prio Adva- Diffic- Soluti Objec Plac
Activity Unit te
rity ntage ulty -on -tive 2004 2005 2006 e budget village outside
PRA - VDP 18

19. Example: Wealth ranking result made by villagers; Tu Ma Rong village, Tu Ma Rong
commune, Dak To district, Kon Tum province:
Criteria for wealth ranking formulated by villagers:
Category I Category II Category III
- One month surplus food/year - Food is enough - Lack 3-4 month food per year
- Have average 3 cattle - Have average 1-2 cattle - Have no cattle
-There are 1 motorcycle or TV - Have TV set - Have no motorcycle, Ti vi set
set
- House (metal roofing, - House (leaf roofing, bamboo
- Have stable house (roof cover Bamboo wall) wall)
by tile; timber wall)
- Most families send their - Children are not sent to
- Children are sent to school children to school school
Wealth ranking result made by villagers
1. A §inh 1 A Ban Y Lý
2. Y Ngäc 2 A Ph−¬ng A Móa
3. Y T©m 3 A D«n A MÐa
4. A Dòng 4 Y Hå A Man
5. Y S¸o 5 A Ninh A T¨ng
6. Y Bóc 6 Y Thu A Nhiªn
7. A Lîi 7 Y Nai A Liªm
8. Y Bung 8 Y Ch¨m A PhÝt
9. A Bin 9 A Miªn A Hiªng
10 A Han Y Th¶o
Y Thñy
PRA - VDP 19

20. Social village mapping
After wealth ranking made, the group draws up their social village map:
Base on natural village map that have been made by tool 1, draw up village map ( boundary of
the village, main roads, compound area..) on A0 paper size.
Mark households sites on the map by using different color; for example: Households
categorized 1, mark red color, households categorized 2, mark yellow color...
Final discuss households sites marked on the map, and evaluate where household category 1
located and where category 4 located give ideas to help the poor and indicate which area in
the village need to be supported.
Example: A social village map made by PRA group
PRA - VDP 20

21. Tool 9: Household economic semi-structured interview
9.1. Objectives :
• To evaluate, analyse current livelihood of households,
• this is a basis to be used for follow-up evaluation activities
9.2. Methodology :
• To form a discussion group consist of at least 4 persons
• The result of wealth ranking is used as a basis to select households for interview. Several
households represented each type of household category , will be selected for interview
• Discuss household economic status. Suggest households to analyze itself according to
model table prepared .
Note: Before household economic analysis, PRA staff need to and explain clearly objective of
interview
The discussion must be welcome, comfortable. To ensure that the farmers do not feel as if
they are being crossexamined .
During interview process, PRA staff should try to apply opening questions to discover
necessary information. The use of hard question will make interview boring and collected
information to be idea of PRA staff
Table 5: Example for household economical analysis
Head householder name : No of people :
Household category : No of labor :
Village : commune : district :
Income resorces Income Spend balance Solution
$ VND material $ VND materials
Food Crop
Rice
Maize
Other
Pig
Chicken
Laber rent
PRA - VDP 21

22. Chapter III- Village development plan
1. Appraisal , making plan on agriculture
1.1. Objective
• Appraise current situation of agriculture production including productively that can be indicated .
• Problems, obstacle which are facing by villagers then find out solutions
• Raising activities base on villagers' demands
1.2. Methodology
• Form a villagers' group consist of 5-7 people, male and female should be included ( People
who have proven experiences should be selected)
• The group visit field where activities are need to be appraised.
• Discuss and answer questions concerning situation, problems, obstacle of agriculture
production. Result of discussion is completed in to the following table
• Table 6
Table 6: Situation of agriculture production
Items Situations Problems Reason Methodology
Crops
Paddy rice
.........
Plant protection
Livestock
Buffalo
Pig
...
Veterinary
Other service
• Discuss proposed activities for agriculture production, giving priority for proposed activities
and complete the following table Table 7
Table 7: Proposed activities for agriculture
Quanlity Responsibility
Prio Soluti Object Estimat
Activity Unit 200 200 200 Place
. on ive ed cost Villag Outsider
4 5 6 ers s
Crop
Livestock
PRA - VDP 22

23. 2. Appraise , make plan on forest trees and fruit
2.1. Objective :
• Appraise current situation of forest production and management
• Indicate problems, obstacle and find out solutions for forest production and management .
2.2. Methodology
• Form a group consist of 5-7 villagers who have long experiences on forest production and
management, male and female should be included.
• Visit forest area which represent different forest types in the village.
• Discuse and analyze current situation and propose solution, discussion results completed
in the following table (Table 8)
Table 8: Situation of forest management and fruit trees .
Items Situation Problems Causes Solution
Forest planting
Forest restoration
Forest protection
Fruit trees
- Mango
- Grapefruit
- .....
• Discuss solution to solve problem, giving priority for proposed activities . Consolidate
information gained in to the table 9.
Tool 9: Proposed activities for forest production and fruit trees.
Quanlity Cost Responsibility
Solutio- Objec Uni
Prio. Activities Place estimat Villager Ousider
n -tive -t 200 200 200
4 5 6 e s s
Forest
Fruit trees
PRA - VDP 23

24. 3. Appraise, make plan on rural infrastructure
3.1. Objective:
• Through analyses of situation of current
constructions in the village, to indicate
problems on both technical situation and
current use of contractions, propose
solution.
• Propose constructions need to be
updated or new built to reduce problems
facing by villagers
3.2. Methodology:
• Form a group of villagers consist of 5- 7
villagers who have long experiences on
rural infrastructure in the village, the
group do appraisal of current
constructions .
• Collect information and data of exiting constructions and complete the following table and
indicate constructions' place on the map.
Table 10: Situation of infrastructure
Name of Year Finan Capacity Number Current Problems
Pri constructions of cial (technical of manageme
o. buildin resou data) beneficia nt
-g rces tes
Exiting works
I- Irrigation
1) Reserve
2) Dams.
3) Canal
II- Rural road
1- Inter-village
roads:
a) Road
b) Bridge
c) Culverts
2- Road inside
village:
a) Road
b) Bridge
c) ...
III School:
a) Primary
b) Nursery
IV- Health station
V- Electric
VI- Drinking water
IV Sanitation,
environment hygiene
PRA - VDP 24

25. • Problems being faced by villagers are the basis to raise discussion and to propose works
needing invest and solutions. Visiting the field is a good way for PRA staff and villagers to
find out unfeasible works that will be deleted in proposed plan by villagers. Couple
comparison tool is used to priotize proposed activities and indicate responsibility of
contributors.
• Discussion result are completed on the following
• Table 11
Table 11: Proposed activities for infrastructure
Prio. Works proposed ( Estim Future Numb Type Availa Working Year Contributors
solution , number, ated capacity er of of ble conditions of Benefi Outsider
size) cost benef house local (Problems, impl ci- s
iciarie hold materi road access eme aries
s in catego als to works) ntati
future ries to on
be
benefi
ciaries
.
I- Update and repairer
II- New building
PRA - VDP 25

26. 4. Appraise , make plan on off-farm activities
4.1. Objective:
• Assist villagers in appraising current situation,
problems, obstacle and potential of off-farm activities.
• Discuss solutions to raise feasible off-farm activities
4.2. Methodology:
• Form a villagers' group consist of 5-7 villagers,
female and villagers who have long experiences on
off-farm are prioritized.
• Discuss and answer questions related to : “ what
are potential, problems and obstacle of off-farm
activities in village ”.discussion results are
summarised in Table 12.
Table 12: Situation, solution and important level of proposed activities.
Important level
( 1-10)
Current Off-farm activities Problems Solution level 1 is low
important, level
10 is most
important
• Discuss and answer the second question: “What should be proposed to outsiders to
support off-farm activities ” ask villagers to give priority to proposed activities. Put
discussion result in to Table 13
Table 13: Proposed off-farm activities
Quantity Responsibility
Prio Soluti Objec Estimat
Activities Unit 200 200 200 Place
. -on tive ed cost Villagers Ousider
4 5 6 s
PRA - VDP 26

27. 5. Appraise , make plan on drinking water supply and sanitation, environment
5.1. Objective :
• Assist villagers in raising solutions to improve water supply system, sanitation and
environment in the village .
• Propose activities to update current situation
5.2. Methodology
• Form a group consisting several villagers who have long experiences on water supply
system and sanitation, environment
• Discussion: Current problems of water supply system, sanitation, environment. Propose
villagers to discuss and give score to proposed activities based on it's important level. Most
important level has 10 score and low important level has 1 score, discussion result is put in
Table 14
Table 14: Situation, problems of water supply system and sanitation and environment.
Description of works of Place Numbe
Number of
water supply system r of
exiting Problems facing by villagers
and environment in the benefi
works
village ciaries
• Discuss to raise activities to solve problems, discussion results are consolidated in to
Table 15
Table 15: Proposed activities on water sypply system and sanitation environment
Responsibili
Quanlity
Prio Soluti Objec Estimat ty
Activities Unit Place
. on tive 200 200 200 ed cost Villag Outsi
4 5 6 ers ders
PRA - VDP 27

28. 6. Appraise , make plan on rural credit
6.1. Objective :
• Assist villagers in discussing and formulating problems, obstacle, the need of villagers,
potential , related to credit issues.
• Raise issues need to be supported to reduce problems of budget for production
6.2. Methodology:
• Form a villager group consist of 5-7 villagers
• Discuss questions : “ Where do villagers get loan ?. Why do villagers get loan? How much
(average) can villagers get from existing credit sources ? Discussion result can be
consolidated in to Table 16
Table 16: Current situation of credit in the village
Credit sources Purpose of use of loan Maximum Credit Intere Target group
loan can cycle st rate
be got
• Discuss: “ what problems do villagers face to get loan from exiting credit sources ?”
Encouge villagers to discuss problems of loan procedure ( Attitude, documentation, interest rate,
credit cycle..)
Discussion results can be consolidated in to table 17
(Picture: Villagers are discussing rural credit activities )
Table 17: Problems of loan procedure in the villagers
Broblems Reasons Solutions
1. Credit
sources
2. Use of loan
3. Credit line
4. Credit cycle
5. Interest rate
6. Credit staff
PRA - VDP 28

29. • Discuss proposal to solve problems of credit and the way to use loan effectively. Proposal
activities can be consolidated in to table 18
Table 18: Proposed activities for credit issues
Responsibili
Quanlity
Prio Soluti Objec Estimat ty
Activities Unit Place
. on tive 200 200 200 ed cost Villag Outsi
4 5 6 ers ders
PRA - VDP 29

30. 7. Gender issues
7.1. Objective :
• Help female villagers to discuss and
indicate ways to improve their working
conditions, life
• Propose activities to integrate gender
issues into communal development
activities
7.2. Methodology
This work should be guided by a female villager
with participation of female villager group.
Discuss and formulate daily work of both female
villagers and male villagers in the village,
answers can be written on big size paper with
form described at Table 19
Table 19: Daily works
Working Daily works
time Female Male
• Discuss and answer question: “What problems make female difficult in their life ” ask
group members to give score to problems raised according to important level. The group
also discuss and answer question “What need to be done to solve females' problems ”
Table 20: Difficulties facing by female villagers
Problems of female Solution to solve problems Important level
• Female villagers discuss to propose what sould be done to reduce their difficulties.
Table 21: Proposed activities for gender equal
Prio Soluti Objec Estimat Responsibili
Activities Unit Quanlity Place
. on tive ed cost ty
200 200 200 Villag Outsi
4 5 6 ers ders
PRA - VDP 30

31. 8. Appraise, make plan on communication activities
8.1. Objective :
• Appraise situation of communication in the village, the way that villagers communicate
information sources.( source, channel, message, audience) Assist villagers in raising
problems of communication in the village, special communication types related to villagers'
production are emphasised.
• Assist villagers in raising problems/obstacle of communication as well as propose activities
to strengthen communication at village level
8.2. Methodology :
• Form a group consist of 5-7 villagers who understand communication activity in the village,
communication village staff should be included
• Interview: PRA staff assist villagers in raising existing communication, each type of
communication should be clarified its channel, message, source, audience. Discuss linkage
between villagers and information sources and how can villagers receive information from
information sources (by what channel), appraise situation and category, score each
communication type according to important level for villagers.
• Discussion result is consolidated into table 22
Table 22: Analysis and synthetization of communication issues
Type of communication Channel Situation Problems Solution
1. Extension
communication
2. Marketing information
3. Credit information
4. Policy information
5. Technology
information
6. Education information
7. Agriculture service
information
• Discuss to propose what should be done to strengthen communication network at local
level
Table 23: Proposed activities to strengthen communication at village level
Prio Soluti Objec Estimat Responsibili
Activities Unit Quanlity Place
. on tive ed cost ty
200 200 200 Villag Outsi
4 5 6 ers ders
PRA - VDP 31

32. 9. Appraise, make plan on education and health
9.1. Objective:
• Appraise situation on education and health service in the village
• Assist villagers in identifying the ways to improve current situation as well as seeking
contribution of villagers to implement proposed plan.
9.2. Methodology
• Discuss: Problems, constraints, obstacle of exiting activities and propose solutions. Giving
score to each activity base on its importance level, is required. ( 10 score give to most
important level, 1 score give to low important level), discussion result is consolidated into
the following table
Level of
Situation Problem Solution
important
Health care
Education
• The villagers are proposed to raise activities, their proposal can be consolidated into the
following table.
Table 24: Proposed activities on health and education
Estimat
Prio Soluti Objec Responsibili
Activities Unit Quanlity Place -ed
. on tive -ty
cost
200 200 200 Villag Outsi
4 5 6 ers ders
Health
Education
PRA - VDP 32

33. 10. Analysis, consolidation of PRA results and appraised information of each aspect
a. PRA result .
Each implemented PRA tool has its specific results, these results presented by maps, diagrams,
matrix and tables containing discussion results of villagers and minutes recorded by PRA staff
during PRA process.
Results above mentioned are recorded on A 4 size papers and have been presented at village
meeting, after that it is requested to be converted into A 4 size paper. These are real PRA results
that recorded by PRA staff.
b. Analysis, consolidation of PRA results.
This is an important step to analyse and consolidate PRA results gained into summarised PRA and
VDP that is used for village meeting with participation of all villagers.
This work including:
+ Consolidate potential, problem, current indicators
+ Solutions to solve problems
+ Propose activities of each aspect related to poverty alleviation in the village
Table that can be used for consolidation of problems, potential, and solution, proposed
activities .
Items Problem/obstacle Solutions Proposed activities
Crops
Livestock
Fruit trees
Forest
management
Rural credit
Drinking water,
sanitation,
environment
hygiene
Gender equal
Off-farm
...
PRA - VDP 33

34. Three years village Development Plan ( 2004-2006)
Ord Objective plan Solutions
er. Items Unit Curren Plan Activities Indicat Priority Unit Quanl Place Time Contributors
t ors of ity Begin Finish Amo Villager Outsiders
succe unt s
ss
A. Agriculture
a- Crop (Rice, maize….)
1 Paddy rice
- Area
- Productivity
- Production
3 Up-land rice
- Area
- Productivity
- Production
4 Maize
5 Cassava
6 Peanut
4 Home garden
b- Livestock
1 Poultry, cattle
Number of heads
Growing
B. Forestry
Area
Forest cover
PRA - VDP 34

35. Three years village Development Plan ( 2004-2006)
Ord Objective plan Solutions
er. Items Unit Curren Plan Activities Indicat Priority Unit Quanl Place Time Contributors
t ors of ity Begin Finish Amo Villager Outsiders
succe unt s
ss
Land use
planning/allocation
C. Infrastructure
a- Irrigation
b- Road
D. Credit
E. Health - Eduction
F. Environmental hygiene
PRA - VDP 35

36. Chapter IV - Consolidation of commune development plan (CDP)
1. What is commune based development plan
• This is a plan consolidated base on farmer needs and from village development plans
• Proposed activities mention in CDP are given priority and submitted to donors, Government
project/programs for getting supports and integration of implementation.
• Contribution of villagers is committed in CDP
2. Objective of commune development planning :
• Synthesize urgent needs of farmers .
• Create base to policy makers, development organizations, Government projects/programs to
respond to farmers' requirement, CDP help donors to share their responsibilities and to
integrate its activities.
• Raise community commitment to contribute to implement plan
3. Process of commune development planning
• Carry out PRA tools to collect baseline information, identify problems/obstacle and farmers'
needs as well current basic indicators for planning.
• Making village development plan of all villages of the commune
• Analyse, consolidate all VDPs into commune development plan (CDP)
• Hold commune meeting to comment and arrive agreement of CDP
CDP process
PRA
VDP 1 VDP 2 VDP 3 VDP 4
Analyze and consolidate VDP
into CDP
Commune
meeting
PRA - VDP 36

37. 4. Steps to synthesize CDP
• Village informants and PRA staff are divided
into small groups, (each group consist of 5-
7 people) T
• Each group synthesize plan on each
specific subject (agriculture, infrastructure,
forestry..)
• Specific subject is synthesized according to
the following steps:
- Analyze basic information collected
from PRA exercise, planning
indicators are emphasized:
Agriculture: Area, productivity, and
production.
Irrigation: Irrigated area /Area
without irrigation
Look at real technology, farmers'
needs
Propose situations and activities
Set up priority
• Each group synthesize specific aspect assigned
• Whole commune meeting with participation of representative from all villages and commune to
commune plan made and setting up priority to proposed activities at commune level.
• CDP is revised base on meeting comments.
Consolidation of CDP by using available forms:
PRA - VDP 37

38. Consolidation form: Commune Development Plan
Year 2004 - 2006
Objective plan Solutions
Pri Time Estimated cost (1000 VND) Contributors
Qua
o. Items Unit current Planed Activities Unit Place Amoun Com Distri CRLI Oth Village Ousid
nlity Begin Finish CACERP
t mune ct P ers r ers
I. Capacity building
II. Activities
A Crops
1 Paddy rice
2 Maize
3 Peanut
B Livestock

39. Objective plan Solutions
Pri Time Estimated cost (1000 VND) Contributors
Qua
o. Items Unit current Planed Activities Unit Place Amoun Com Distri CRLI Oth Village Ousid
nlity Begin Finish CACERP
t mune ct P ers r ers
-
C Credit
D Off-farm
E Health
care/educat
ion
F Infrastructu
re
PRA - VDP 39

40. Chapter V : Several necessary skills in application of PRA tools in
making village development plan
5.1 Skills needed to carry out PRA tools
PRA is a process with participation of many people with different background and their awareness
are also different. If strong points of PRA members are promoted and their conservative thoughts
are limited then PRA process can be implemented effectively, otherwise, probably we meet many
difficulties. The following are several skills can be used for reference during PRA process
a. Communication skills
PRA staff should be open, listening
and honest while working with
villagers. It is nesessary to take
care about issues that villagers
focus on. Speak slowly, clearly and
easy to understand.
Try to listen what villagers say,
never interrupt villager speaking, if
it is unclear please give them
suggestion to help them answer,
litening with recording villagers'
opinion is required, behaviour
shows support their opinion and
compliment to them are also
needed.
The way to introduce and ask questions is easy to understand, ask question with good
behaviour, humble, ask question one by one, try to create good conditions to villagers' anwser.
It is necessary to invite diffident villagers to present their opinion, avoid some ones speak for
long time, the other ones do not have chance to speak.
It is necessary to attract concentration of everybody, because their concentration is an
indication of interest
Villagers' interest is encouraged
Create desire of villagers.
Promote villagers to listen and understand, then their activity makes them believe that their
activities will be satisfied
It is necessary to take note issues concerning minority ethnic groups, religion, customs, culture,
elder, gender, to have suitable communication.
It is avoid to use top-down communication .
Questions shoul be related to local condition
b. Skills to collect information .
PRA is process to collect, appraise information with participation of villagers, so that skills to collect
information, are play a very important role for PRA staff.

41. A available information and data such as productivity, production, area of agriculture crops, data
and information related to livestock, crop, e.t map available, diagram can be collected at district
level: Planning unit, agriculture management division, cadastral unit, economic unit..
These data and informations are useful to carry out PRA tools in villages
• When collect information, it is necessary to collect information related to ongoing
projects/program in the village as well as projects have done to consider future plan to avoid
overlap in formulating activities
• Local staff are need to be used to provide information because they away work with villages
and are quite familiar with local condition.
• Observation : Through observation PRA staff can collect intuition information such as: Slope,
vegetation, situation of water supply system, irrigation, road.
• Direct survey : In order to have qualitative data PRA staff can use tools as balance, ruler... this
method is usual used when we need data on productivity, area, head number of livestock ..
• Visit and obser exiting farming system to have real data
• Interview individual local staff and villagers
• Small experiment in the farm may be made for baseline information.
Some methods need to be focused for information collection
Collection of information without distribution of
survey form, include:
Use data available made by former trials or
other experiments
Use available basic information .
Observation .
Directly survey.
Collection of information by using survey forms :
Interview people who have long experience
related to specific subject .
Structure interview villagers who living in the
village .
In-depth interview
Interview farmer groups ( group interview)
c. Cross check collected information
Information collected from different sources and people so that it may be not correctly. It is
necessary to cross check collected information, after each PRA exercise is completed, PRA staff
need to cross check information that collected by each group. Final information is consolidated
after checking.
Some experiences to cross check collected information :
Discuss doubtful information in group meeting to arrive agreement.
Check information collected by paying visits to the field.
PRA - VDP 41

42. Compare information collected to available maps, diagram, documents.
Checking with people who have proven experiences.
Measures for checking .
Remove overlaping informations and wrong information.
Skills to hold meeting
In order to hold group meeting effectively, it is
necessary to arrange good conditions and follow
the following principles:
• Meeting place and time, as well as meeting
subject, contents, must be clear and
announced to everybody before the meeting.
• Meeting contents and discussion subjects
must be prepared before meeting
• It is necessary to select meeting facilitator
and secretary.
• Meeting contents must be simple and easy
to understand.
• Meeting group should be small ( Number of
meeting member should not exceed 20 people )
• Promote participation of members in raising their own ideas, avoid some ones speaking long
so other ones do not have chance to share their own experiences. It is necessary to move
people who sit at the back to raise their ideas.
• It is necessary to flexible facilitate conflicts appeared during the meeting
• It is necessary to arrange Material supported for meeting such as color cards, board, big size
papers, color pen, map, diagram for meeting to make everybody easy understanding.
• Before going to next subjects, it is necessary to summarise previous subjects that have been
agreed
• Elder, gender equal, diffrent bakground levels are should be taken note during the meeting
• The meeting should be finished in time.
5.2 . Some skills needed for planning
Identification of farmers' needs .
Giving priority to proposed activities .
Find out reasons of farmers' needs that they formulated
Skills to use matrixes and diagrams to present linkage between problems and reasons.
List solution to solve problems .
Select appropriate solutions to be listed into VDP.
PRA - VDP 42

43. PRA - VDP 43