48. cnobilia, rom sabazro zalauflebis borotad gamoyenebis problema
gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria liberalizebul seqtorebSi, sainteresoa am mxriv
telekomunikaciebis sfero. sakamaTo ar aris, rom telekompaniis bazrebis
liberalizaciam ( dargSi kerZo investiciebis Sesvlam) gaafarTova axali produqtebis da
momsaxurebis arCevani, Seamcira fasebi da gaaumjobesa momsaxurebis xarisxi.
rac Seexeba saqarTvelos, miuxedavad gaumjobesebuli maregulirebeli modelisa da
rigi dargobrivi parametrebisa, bazris monawileTa azriT, am sferoSi kvlav aqtualuria
sabazo Zalauflebis borotad gamoyenebis problema bazarze damkvidrebuli (an axali
da jerjerobiT ualternativo ) kompaniebis mier, rac gamoixateba iseT qmedebebSi
rogoricaa a) bazarze dominirebuli kompaniis mflobelobaSi arsebul qselebTan
daSvebis garTuleba, b) gadajvaredinebuli subsidireba da momxmareblis erTi
kategoriis xarjebis meore kategoriis momxmareblisaTvis dakisreba c) mewarme
subieqtebis aratanabar pirobebSi Cayeneba d) momxmarebleli arCevanis xelovnuli
Sezrudva, e) fasiT diskriminacia da sxva, rac, rogorc Cans aramarto qarTuli
realobaa, aramed damaxasiaTebelia am sferos (iseve rogorc sxva liberalizebuli
seqtorebisaTis) ganviTarebisaTvis gansakuTrebiT gardamaval qveynebSi, rac
dastureba konkretuli keisebiT sxvadasxva qveynebis praqtikidan.
e) gayidvebi damatebiTi pirobebis SeTavazebiT - ixileba saqonlis gayidvis
gansxvavebuli sqemebi: 1) (a + b) erTad, calke „a“ da calke „b“, da Tu erTerTs
meoresTan erTad iyidi SeRavaTiT isargebleb; 2) „a“-s ver iSeiZen, Tu ar iyide „b“-c.
aseTi midgoma xSirad gamoiyeneba im saqonlis saralizaciod, romelsac hyavs ufro
aqtiuri konkurenti da mis mier, radgan visac dominirebuli mdgomareoba ukavia
4
49. moTxovnadi saqonlis bazarze mas advilad SuZlia Tavs moaxvios momxmarebels
damatebiTi sagnis Sesyidva. cxadia, aseTi praqtika sazianoa momxmareblisaTvis da
agreTve vnebs konkurencias. iurisdiqciebis umravlsebaSi konkurenciis organo ixilavs
Sesabamis qmedebebs da paketuri SeTavazebis SemTxvevaSi iRebs garkveul
zomebs Tu dominanti firma ar daasabuTebs Tavisi qmedebis marTlzomierebas.
amerikaSi Tavsmoxveuli pirobebi ganixileba, rogorc qmedeba, rodesac erTi mxare
yidis amaTu im saqonels mxolod im pirobiT Tu meore mxare damatebiT SeiZens
sxva saqonels an momsaxurebas. an ukidures SemTxvevaSi dasTanxmdeba, rom ar
iyidis am saqonels sxva pirisagan. ( ganawilebiTi ekonomikis pirobebSi deficituri
saqonlis Tavis fasad SeZenis erTerTi piroba xSirad iyo sxva saqonlis gasaRebac,
rasac momxmarebeli xSirad siamovnebiT Tanxmdeboda, Tumca igives ver vityviT
sabazro urTierTobebze (mag. konkretuli sadazRvevo kompaniis sadazRvevo polisis
SeZena samanqano kreditis aucileblei piroba iyo wlebis ganmavlobaSi, anlaogiuri
SemTxvevebi iyo sxva qveynebSic, Tumca saqarTvelosagan gansxvavebiT, Tundac
ukrainasa da belorusSi, isini ar darCenilan Sesabamisi stuqturebis reagirebis
gareSe;
SeTanxmeba xelSemkvreli pirobebis Sesaxeb CaiTvleba ukanonod mxolod
maSin, rodesac gamyidveli sargeblobs erTi saqonlis sabazro kontroliT da aiZulebs
gamyidvelebs romlebic ar eTanxmebian SeiZinon sxva saqonelic. pasuxismgebloba
iZulebiTi asortimentisaTvis Sermanis kanonis pirveli nawilis Tanaxmad dgeba maSin,
Tu: sakiTxi exeba or gansxvavebul sagans da mopasuxe ar utovebs klients sxva
gzas, garda imisa, rom iZulebiT iyidos Tavsmoxveuli sqoneli raTa SeiZinos misTvis
sasurveli saqoneli.
4
50. xaverdovani revoluciebis Semdeg centraluri da aRmosavleT evropis
qveynebis reformatorebi da swavlulebi dadgnen sakamaTo amocanis winaSe,E
sxva kanonebs Soris miRebul iqna konkurenciis Sesaxeb kanonebic (ungreTi,
poloneTi, CexeTi, litva) da gaaqtiurda teqnikuri daxmareba US, EU da EC mxridan.
imavdroulad, gansakuTrebiT pirvel etapze, aSS- Si gamoikveTa gansxvavebuli
poziciebic konkurenciis kanonebis mniSvnelobas, mizanSewonilobasa da
danergvasTan dakavSirebiT (Codec,1992). zogierTi kritikosi miiCnevda, rom sabazro
ekonomika unda iyos orientirebuli nebadarTul da ara amkrZalav qmedebebze,
mogebis maqsimizaciaze da sawarmoTa Tavisuflebaze samTavrobo
Carevebisagan. Tumca, rogorc praqtika adasturebs sabazro Zalebis Tavisuflebis
garanti swored konkurenciis damcavi normebia (PPittman,2004) . gamoiTqva
SeSfoTeba (Codec,1992, 1998), rom aseTi kanonebi da, miT umetes maTi Zalian
mkacrad aRsruleba, Seicavs safrTxes konkurenciuli qcevis waxalisebisa da
bazrebis gafarToebisaTvis.
kritikosebi kamaTobdenen, rom dominirebuli mdgomareobis borotad
gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebuli debulebebi (monopolizacia - Sermanis kanoni
mixedviT) centraluri da aRmosavleT evropis qveynebSi Seasruleben e.w. „troas
cxenis“ rols warmatebul sawarmoebSi. Cikagos skolis zemoxsenebuli
warmomadgeneli ganviTarebadi qveynebis antitrastTan dakavSirebiT aRniSnavda,
rom “ antitrastuli saagentoebi SezRudulad unda moiqcnen iZulebiT aRsrulebaSi
specifikuri perse illegal debulebebisa da fasebis fiqsaciasa da sxva debulebebTan
dakvSirebiT“. rasakvirvelia aSS aRmasruleblebica da teqnikuri daxmarebis
5
51. gamwevnic SeSfoTebulni arian am debulebebis zrvargadasuli aRsrulebiT werda
pitmani.
rac Seexeba realobas: „axla rodesac CEE yvela qveyanas aqvs konkurenciis
kanonebi da amTi aRsrulebis 10 welze meti praqtika, mizanSewonilia am praqtikis
gaanalizeba da Sefaseba, xom ar moqmedeben antitrastuli organoebi fasebis
makontroleblisa da ara konkurenciis ganviTarebisaTvis xelSmwyobisa da damcvelis
rolSi, xom ar iyo maTi qmedebebi warmosaxviTi da mimarTuli mxolod didi sabazro
wilis mqone kompaniebis mimarT. werda pitmani statiaSi ,,Abuse of Dominance
Provisions in Central and East European Competition Laws: Have Fears of Over
Enforcement Been Born Out?“. amave statiaSi avtori aanalizebs 1996 da 2001 wlebSi
dominirebuli mdgomareobis porotad gamoynebis 110 SemTxvevas (romelTa
udidesi nawili - 62 poloneTze modis) da daaskvnis, rom aRsrulebis sferoSi aqtivoba
(cxadia, rodesac misi safuZvelia saTanadod dasabuTebuli kanodarRveva da ara
mxolod firmis sabazro Zalaufleba), sruliadac ar aisaxeba negatiurad mTliani Sida
produqtis zrdis tempebze da ar aferxebs ekonomikur zrdas qveynis ekonomikis
masStabiT. sailustraciod mohyavs poloneTi, romelic Tu ganxilul saqmeTa
raodenobis mixedviT vimsjelebT, yvelaze meti antimonopoliuri aqtivobiT
gamoirCeoda, Tumca, amas qveynis ganviTarebis tempebi ar Seuferxebia. rogorc
praqtika gviCvenebs, saziano SeiZleba iyos ara zogadad kargad gaazrebuli
sakanonmdbelo debulebebi, aramed maTi araswori interpretacia, an zedmetad
mkacri aRsruleba, rac dRis wesrigSi ayenebs aRsrulebis meqanizmebis srulyofisa da
am procesSi biznesisadmi keTilganwyobis aucileblobas (OECD,2007).
5
52. rogorc avtori aRniSnavs: monopoliuri mdgomareobis borotad
gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebuli debulebebis aRsrulebis praqtikis analizi (romelic
ganxorcielda 11 qveyanis magaliTze) cxadhyofs, rom moCvenebiTi(an damaluli)
eSmakebis materializeba ar moxda. (PPittman,2004)
konkurenciis kanonebis “tolerantoba” ki swored imaSi mdgomareobs rom isini
ar iTvaliswineben Carevas sawarmos saqminobaSi, vidre TviT es ukanasknelni ar
gadawyveten sakuTari qmedebebiT xeli SeuSalon bazarze sxva sawarmoebis
Sesvlas, damkvidrebasa da Tavisufal saqmianobas.
2.3 koncentracia (Serwymebi da SeZenebi, gaerTianebebi)
Serwymebis kontroli miznad isaxavs Tavidan aicilos SeZenis an sxva
struqturuli kombinaciebiis gziT iseTi sawarmoebis warmoqmna romelTac eqnebaT
stimulebic da SesaZleblobac sabazro Zalauflebis borotad gamoyenebisa.
rogorc praqtika adasturebs, Serwymebis didi umravlesoba prokonkurenciulia.
Tumca, maT Soris arian konkurenciisaTvis safrTxis Semcveli da SemzRudavi
xasiaTis da miznebis SemTxvevebic. yvela kanoni konkurenciis Sesaxeb Seicavs
SerwymebTan dakavSirebul debulebebs, Tumca maTi Sinarsi da gamoyenebis
/aRsrulebis formebi mraval SemTxvevaSi gansxvavebulia. Sesabamisad,
5
53. gansxvavebulia damokidebulebac horizontaluri, vertikaluri da konglomeratuli
Serwymebis mimarT.
Serwymebis analizis mniSvnelovani elementebia: struqturuli da qceviTi
faqtorebi, mxareTa sabazro wili, zRvruli normebi, im kriteriumebis arseboba,
romliTac ganisazRvreba unda aikrZalos garigeba Tu CaiTvalos gamonaklisad,
proceduruli sakiTxebi, maT Soris notifikaciis sistemebi (savaldebulo da
nebayoflobiTi), post faqtum intervenciebi, sanqciebi da sxva. amasTan, rogorc
saerTaSoriso pratqikis analizi gviCvenebs Tanamedrove Serwymebis kontrolis
sistemebSi msgavseba ufro metia vidre gansxvaveba. rac mniSvnelovanwilad
Sedegia imisa, rom ukanasknel wlebSi mravalma qveyanam garkveuli damatebebi
Seitana Serwymebis kontrolTan dakavSirebul debulebebSi da am procesebSi
aSkarad SeiniSneba saerTo orientirebisadmi swrafva.
termini “koncentracia” – xSirad Serwymis/gaerTianebis sinonimad
gamoiyeneba da ganimarteba rogorc sxva sawarmoze kontrolis mopoveba
Serwymis, SeZenis an sxva gziT. koncentraciis done /xarisxi ki gamoiyeneba
sasaqonlo bazrebze konkurentuli garemos Sefasebis ZiriTad raodenobriv
kriteriumad. sabazro Zalauflebis koncentrciis raodenobrivi SefasebisaTvis
gamoiyeneba ori maCvenebeli: koncentraciis koeficienti (CR), romelic ganisazRvreba
rogorc bazarze moqmedi kompaniebis sabazro wilis jami (mag. CR CR3, CR4, CR8,
CR10) da herfindal hirSmanis indeqsi (HHI), romliTac iangariSeba, bazarze
moqmedi kompaniebis sabazro wilebis kvadratebis jami. Aam koeficientebis
mniSvnelobebis mixedviT Sesabamisi bazari kvalificirdeba, rogorc:
- maRali koncentraciis – CR3 >70%, xolo HHI > 2000
5