The document discusses various topics related to human factors and ergonomics. It covers psychological aspects of perception including visual perception, visual illusions and color blindness. It also discusses auditory processes and touch sensitivity. Other topics covered include cognitive processes, motor processes, physiological and anatomical aspects, biomechanics, anthropometry, and environmental factors that influence human performance and safety.
17. gender age status
experience and practice
pregnancy group factors
Trained versus untrained
Culture and ethnic group
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18. intelligence ability attitude
Physical fitness
achievementindividual differences
personality and temperament
state of health
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19. arousal drugs
nutrition
Psychophysical state variables
fatigue
sleep
fear
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20. vigilance task complexity
monotony and boredom
task related factors
stress
sensory depravation personal isolation
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37. the average U.S. woman is 5' 3.7 (162 centimeters) tall and weighs
152 pounds (69 kilograms).
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
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40. Meas. Barbie US Army
height 5’10” 5’4”
Chest circum. 35” 35.7”
Waist circum 20” 31”
Hip circum 32.50” 38.10”
Hip breadth 11.6” 13.49”
Thigh circum 19.35” 22.85”
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41. the average U.S. male stands 5' 9.1 tall and weighs 180 pounds
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
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43. Meas. Ken US Army
height 6’0” 5’9”
Chest circum. 38.4” 39”
Waist circum 28.8” 35.1”
Hip circum 36” 38.7”
Hip breadth 12.2” 13.46”
Thigh circum 20.4” 23.48”
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44. The NHANES III was a comprehensive survey
of the American population during years 1988-1994.
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53. Chopsticks
24 male subjects in ages 18-21 that were right-handed
Testing
handle diameter with three levels
Tip angle with four levels
Each subject asked to do 4 tasks with 2 different combinations
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54. Chopsticks
Food pinching - pick up peanuts from dish and put in cup and
number of peanuts were counted within a certain time limit
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55. Chopsticks
Food shearing - grip sponge cake and shear it in two.
Elapsed time was measured
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56. Chopsticks
Food thrusting - thrust 10 pieces of sumulated food into dish and then
pick it up.
Elapsed time was measured
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57. Chopsticks
Food pulling - grip a simulated food (eraser) and pull it towards the
mouth until it pulled off
Push pull scale was tied to the food.
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58. Chopsticks
Semantic differential scale
4 adjective pairs
1. Arm aching-arm unaching
2. Gripping easy - gripping difficulty
3. Exerting easy - exerting difficulty
4. Comfortable - uncomfortable
Mark these on a scale of 1 to 9
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59. Chopsticks
Conclusions
Chopstick handle diameter and tip angle have a significant influence
on eating efficiency
Optimum chopstick
1. 6 mm handle diameter
2. 2 degree tip angle
3. 4 mm dip diameter
4. 180 - 240 mm long chopsticks (earlier study)
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60. Chopsticks
The optimum length of a chopstick is 210mm (Wu, 1995) and this…
References
Wu, Swei-Pi, (1995) Effects of the handle diameter and tip angle
of chopsticks on the food serving performance of male subjects.
Applied Ergonomics 28 (4), pg. 237-244.
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61. The field of study involving
classical mechanical
principles and their
relationships as used or
applied to living organisms or
biological tissues in motion.
i.e. body movement and
bone strain.
•
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72. Biomechanics of Sport and Exercise
Motor Control
Muscle
Gait and Locomotion
Biomedical Engineering
Orthopaedics
Orthotics and Prosthetics
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74. Heart attacks
Similar to weight lifting
Lots of exertion not much movement
Raises blood pressure and heart attack
Multi-joint movement
Small muscles in the lower back
Large leg muscles
Shoveling snow can cause disc compression
(Hansson & Oberg, 1996)
Repetitive motion increases risk of injury
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75. Posture
Upright erect stance with feed wide apart
Warm up - warm down
Stretching
Clothes
Don’t over dress
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76. Freivalds, A (1986). The ergonomics of shovel design - a review of literature.
Ergonomics 29 (1): 3-18
1. Blade - plastic, aluminum, or steel?
• Steel - most durable but heaviest
• Aluminum - lighter but softer (although can have steel edge)
• Plastic - lightweight but abrade quickly
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77. Freivalds, A (1986). The ergonomics of shovel design - a review of literature.
Ergonomics 29 (1): 3-18
1. Blade - plastic, aluminum, or steel?
• Steel - most durable but heaviest
• Aluminum - lighter but softer (although can have steel edge)
• Plastic - lightweight but abrade quickly
Plastic
• Lighter the shovel the easier it will be to lift.
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78. 1. Blade size - what are the issues?
• taller and heavier people blades should be 18” x 16”
• shorter and lighter person the blades should be 16 1/2” x 14 1/2”
18” blades take up 3/4 of sidewalk and are optimum for maximizing the load
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79. 1. Shaft length - what are the issues?
• taller and heavier people the shaft should be 52” with a 1 1/4” handle
• shorter and lighter person the shaft should be 42” and 1 1/2 handle
Relatively longer shaft will reduce operators trunk flexion
However, maximum force at the right erector spinae muscle is increased
What can one do?
Make shaft adjustible
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80. • The shaft should be angled at 60 degrees towards the bottom of the shaft
and 35 degrees for the upper portion of the shaft.
• The bend should occur at the 2/3 mark of the shaft (measuring from the top)
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81. Handle - what are the issues?
• Handle should allow user to grip with mittens - cushioned D grip
• Handles should be made out of fibre glass
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85. DSGN 3210
STATURE 50.3 in
Sarah Orford
January 20, 2010
SHOULDER HEIGHT 22.2 in
HEAD LENGTH 7.5 in
MAX SEAT HEIGHT 17.6 in
HEAD WIDTH 7.2 in
SHOULDER ELLBOW CONTORL HEIGHT 13 in
KNEE HEIGHT19.25 in
STATURE 62.5 in
KNEE HEIGHT 15.8 in
HEAD WIDTH 5 in
FINGER TIP HEIGHT 23 in HEAD LENGTH 8 in
CROTCH HEIGHT 30 in
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SHOULDER HEIGHT 52.5 in
86. 63.5" STATURE
8" HEAD LENGTH
WIDTH
6.5" HEAD
25" FINGER TIP HGT
30" CROTCH HGT
52" SHOULDER HGT
16" MAX SEAT HGT 22" SHOULDER HGT SITTING
KATE MITCHELL
JANUARY 20, 2010
12" SHOULDER ELBOW
DSGN 3010 - HUMAN FACTORS
CONTROL HGTS
19" KNEE HGT
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